HL Paper 3
The cladogram is based on a comparison of open reading frames in DNA taken from fungi. It is an example of how open reading frames can be used in phylogenetic studies.
Outline how open reading frames are identified in DNA.
[2]
a.
Explain what the branching off points represent in the cladogram of these fungi.
[1]
b.
There are several methods of introducing DNA into a cell in the laboratory. Outline the introduction of recombinant DNA in plant cell protoplasts.
[2]
c.