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<h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Medicines have a variety of different effects on the body and act at the molecular level.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Their structures are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dose response curves are determined for each drug.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_13.15.24.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/XX"></p>
<p>Outline the significance of range “a”.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the type of reaction used to convert morphine to codeine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the action of opiates as painkillers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Solubility plays an important role in the bioavailability of drugs in the body.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why aspirin is <strong>slightly</strong> soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the conversion of aspirin to a more water soluble derivative.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction mixture, ensures the sample is dry and determines its melting point.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>Suggest why the melting point of the student’s sample is lower and not sharp compared to that of pure aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy.</p>
<p>Compare and contrast the infrared peaks above 1500 cm<sup>−1</sup> in pure samples of aspirin and salicylic acid using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest producers of waste solvents.</p>
<p>State a green solution to the problem of organic solvent waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structures of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir, stating the names of functional groups.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds, using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> ethical consideration faced by medical researchers when developing medications.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are both used as antivirals to help prevent the spread of the flu virus, but are administered by different methods.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Zanamivir must be taken by inhalation, not orally. Deduce what this suggests about the bioavailability of zanamivir if taken orally.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir does not possess the carboxyl group needed for activity until it is chemically changed in the body. Deduce the name of the functional group in oseltamivir which changes into a carboxyl group in the body. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The synthesis of oseltamivir is dependent on a supply of the precursor shikimic acid, which is available only in low yield from certain plants, notably Chinese star anise. State one alternative green chemistry source of shikimic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess stomach acid leads to medical conditions that affect many people worldwide. These conditions can be treated with several types of medical drugs.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ranitidine (Zantac) is a drug that inhibits stomach acid production. Outline why the development of this drug was based on a detailed knowledge of the structure of histamine, shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Two other drugs, omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach. Identify the site of action in the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A different approach to treating excess stomach acid is to neutralize it with antacids. Formulate an equation that shows the action of an antacid that can neutralize three moles of hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>, per mole of antacid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Consider the structures of medicinal molecules in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Name </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>two</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">functional groups that both zanamivir and oseltamivir contain.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain how zanamivir works as a preventative agent against flu viruses.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Circle the side-chain in penicillin on the structure below.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain, with reference to the action of penicillin, why new penicillins with different side-chains need to be produced.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State and explain the relative solubility of codeine in water compared to morphine and diamorphine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the natural source from which codeine, morphine and diamorphine are obtained.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Penicillin is an antibiotic which contains a beta-lactam ring. Its general structure is shown below.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”.</p>
<p>(ii) On the diagram above, label with asterisk/s (*) the carbon atom/s that experience ring strain.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin activity. Suggest how adding clavulanic acid to penicillin enables the antibiotic to retain its activity.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>(ii) Populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have increased significantly over the last 60 years. Outline why antibiotics such as penicillin should not be prescribed to people suffering from a viral infection.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A number of drugs have been developed to treat excess acidity in the stomach.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Two drugs are ranitidine (Zantac) and omeprazole (Prilosec). Outline how they function to reduce stomach acidity.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.500 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(s), is dissolved in 75.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(aq). Assume the volume does not change when the salt dissolves.</p>
<p>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 10.35.</p>
<p>Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Aspirin is formed by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride. The structure of aspirin is given in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" width="404" height="144"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the structural formula of the by-product of this reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Aspirin crystals are rinsed with water after recrystallization to remove impurities.<br>Suggest why </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>cold</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">water is used.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The solubility of aspirin is increased by converting it to an ionic form. Draw the structure of the ionic form of aspirin.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on the risk of overdose when taking aspirin as an analgesic, referring to the following values, for a person weighing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>70</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kg</mi></math>:</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Minimum therapeutic dose <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Estimated minimum lethal dose <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>=</mo><mn>15</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The buffer formed by carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) and hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq), plays an important role in maintaining the pH of blood.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of the buffer from the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>) = 6.34</p>
<p>[HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)] = 1.40 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<p>[CO<sub>2</sub>(aq)] = 1.25 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are antiviral drugs used to prevent flu.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the names of <strong>two</strong> functional groups that <strong>both</strong> compounds contain, using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how oseltamivir and zanamivir can stop the spread of the flu virus in the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The production of many pharmaceutical drugs involves the use of solvents.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> problem associated with chlorinated organic solvents as chemical waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the principles of green chemistry can be used to solve the environmental problems caused by organic solvents.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Aspirin is one of the most widely used drugs in the world.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aspirin was synthesized from 2.65 g of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) (<em>M</em><sub>r</sub> = 138.13) and 2.51 g of ethanoic anhydride (<em>M</em><sub>r</sub> = 102.10).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amounts, in mol, of each reactant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, in g, the theoretical yield of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> techniques which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how aspirin can be converted to water-soluble aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare, giving a reason, the bioavailability of soluble aspirin with aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>New drugs undergo thorough clinical trials before they are approved.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the difference between the therapeutic index in animal studies and the therapeutic index in humans.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the method of drug administration that gives the maximum bioavailability.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some analgesics are derived from compounds found in plants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark.</p>
<p>Describe how mild analgesics function.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The strong analgesics morphine and codeine are opiates. Outline how codeine can be synthesized from morphine. The structures of morphine and codeine are in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why opiates are addictive.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral drugs are designed to take different approaches to fighting viruses.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how oseltamivir (Tamiflu<sup>®</sup>) works.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir was commercially produced from shikimic acid, a precursor which is a metabolite in micro-organisms and plants.</p>
<p>Outline how green chemistry was used to develop the precursor for oseltamivir in order to overcome a shortage of the drug during the flu season.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the administration of antibiotics to humans and animals can affect the environment.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Consider the following antacids:</span></p>
<p><img 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" width="485" height="109"></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Show that antacid </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">X </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is more effective, per tablet, than antacid </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Y</strong>.</span></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat various diseases. Explain the low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess acid in the stomach can cause discomfort and more serious health issues.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ranitidine (Zantac) reduces stomach acid production.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The pH is maintained in different fluids in the body by the use of buffers.</p>
<p>Calculate the pH of a buffer solution of 0.0200 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> carbonic acid, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, and 0.400 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of carbonic acid is 6.35.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the betalactam ring in the action of penicillin, using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Penicillins and aspirin are important medicines.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of reaction used to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why aspirin is <strong>not </strong>stored in a hot, humid location.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The mild analgesic aspirin can be prepared in the laboratory from salicylic acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>COOH → CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>COOH + CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Salicylic acid Aspirin </p>
<p> </p>
<p>After the reaction is complete, the product is isolated, recrystallized, tested for purity and the experimental yield is measured. A student’s results in a single trial are as follows.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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p9nV5Z2I+b3IOUlv3MZew47tSVllCvx9WpfGG6Q8RzPlLrqi7FPJjzA5OgAfaa3Kx7kOBJYrInw+BnkKt4tWy7TF7xArf7jM0rdn/vfzF2zniUz57hf9gOXNUiuOOVPCAiBAUMAlBCsq/CvpcI5D5ww31nR8pXT6fwfZ2PJTKdSX8xLnfvPtzudzgvOusIE9dzYwjrnV84vnacqFjjNaj4lr/bv7gRngtmQ78JhZ2GCueO6nk4te4Gz4tSXTqfzH866wmn+0zDBmVVx0qlo4PnX7jy/f6nTzFjnvIq/el7y+eZfV/Ocec45iq4kOAvrLvjk6t6JdueFumJngrF+6rHZmVB42Okq/StnS8V8Vz3nVThbVAHB5FPwB+CYUOysu+BLx/lVnbNwbG/VrXskLnfq/tUv/+qsmDfWieG+bG8scSar90KsM2//pyqer+oKnWOVc2MLnXVKl3Oed35UkuXbn8Bpnlfq/EhtY3/3j6GvqjK0e9mnT/vLq8jV+7WhH7WfdFZkTfDqjxOcc+bNcOnn1tlPS7vlGsYEVS/lu7Evd9bnpzkL6/6hFe7L0+mWoY9XrqRupu6+FYCNh9rdGUc8Mvp8aW+pdi4NNNZ5tKNP1h6fcNe5szbpcemXnjFQ35SZ30HykiPVFAIDi0DH7I85fQpx4f6GqiGMmrGM3aV5uNaaKyuvt1C3899ZpLh59b2Cw+JZvNvG/hI9nUJCSVvCfttqUkcpMbjDiF28jcb9Ja7YYB2WEk6xv4L1qbf4mXnW4/SUxXhdOf2HMCp1NbbqYm3v2wnMK3wH26YF/KCzySXv3R7cexnrq7KNewSbCItdwLa6Cle4hlqHZPJKd7EtN15bFa5XzPgZZL6weHK37aZC3TBfya/x3raAWO+tlYzFy/EVJ+D2PJiTSYnz3jNFVy+ccVnPYfPoA/p9ms64gG18HZFTcyhWQoTUvxvgUn983HQLqesrtB9nUG61eRRWV7Dp8XuCj/llPq/XHdTi+DvK6OjLep9/zdBftHGhcRuLY5Uwn0v9C4ZNd8aRzvUxme9ltTLWqWFdhrTKOLarjvpXMgK0o/duD8bxpeO43/2svKGK3T0MUezq7maS9EJACFwZAiEhIerq2ysjXaT2mIDys8TjlG3KlN/qqOBPL6cyyqT8rPB6psflYkPZwWHjAP8lrB7TGfAZpV/2bhN+XV/EuLglfMwEsire4mX15fMc9UVz1S24mFdBS6AYZOWF0ZLGFulTvdsoA7S0QH3T33TKAK2iqC0EhIAQ6KcErhnL5MemqcrZrWmMDlVmU0IZqhq+ikGczJ3f7iRouJ9WS9QSAn1B4JroH/OYEr+q/DR32hhCVY/HP7sMX8UgfjDWZ6u2vtBDyrx6CYjxe/W2rdRMCAiBfkNgGLG5L1NXoewyYVQqmbyS/djWz2CUjMZGMHI8mAn4hNhoMDoNQxrMwKTu3SUgYQ/dJSbphcAVJBDIhXMFVRLRQmDQE5B+OehvAQHQTwkE6psy19BPG0zUEgJCQAgIASEgBISAEOh9An6DzBRLWf6EgBDonwSkf/bPdhGtBjcB6ZeDu/2l9gOLgF/jV6mCbAIxsBpStB0cBAK5cAZH7aWWQqB/EpB+2T/bRbQSAoFeSiXsQe4NISAEhIAQEAJCQAgIgUFDQIzfQdPUUlEhIASEgBAQAkJACAgBMX7lHhACQkAICAEhIASEgBAYNATE+B00TS0VFQJCQAgIASEgBISAEBDjV+4BISAEhIAQEAJCQAgIgUFDoPvGr6MBa4qFkBQrTY7gOTmarKSExJFf85mWqZWmvc9TUNaAq5gvaLLOIsRSQE1rsAVrebqpS/Ba6ym95GgMLPk1tOpJLvHTxWcW1qYvgJ6wuEQFAmUPqq6fUZMf1+17IpBIOS8E+j+Bc9QX3U9wY4DWn9WfaFV+1lj/ZyHFqo9/4BoD9GuGT+P41tZEjTWfye4yYsgoqqKpLdgxs/+TFQ2FgBAQAn1NIOBWZ70t2BSVRZUzq6PY1jpKMp7l6Kpk7dx1RGXtwJikI3E/OzKNI6uqBUNtelnBfsSiz+vay+ikOCHQ5wRaaShbQ8Fvj8DEYIS1carxNMklH/F21jj8zzg4aDvVzLHkEhrfziLKXyLHJ1TmpLHw68fY1fIl8eYhOOyHWP/UYyTk/Jo/vZwqP5EcTHNIGiEgBAY9AX9D7KCHIgCEgBAQAv4IOOy1lOUX8Nb4B5gd5i+Fn3OtH1BV/iW3jRkRwPBV8pylrqoabhvDyACjsqN5P5ut15KeMVs1fJVcJvM95Cx7khjrap636V41PzrIKSEgBISAEHATCDDMuq8HcaC7vDdRU1tO/mSLy61nyaBobxNtWgkeYQ+tNeSPS2Kd3U519nhC1VCHz33DHhx26iuLyLDoLkALk/Ot1DR1J9iglaYaa4deIX7K6K4cv6EAF7HX+6v/RU5XLsTiL5xD4WAxhoLouP2FPQQqX8/j71PJU0lRRkyHq3VyPtaajnZRcyn1L+twpVoynmOvzthPXR32eiqLMrCorlfF7fomR8586U8BOScErh4CjgZKM5+mMWUpuXHfDLpejjMnOWqPIHp0J9ay4zNOHj1HTLSFQKlc3rM61iaO8CO7haMnP9NCyPxcllNCQAgIASHgJtALxq9WVvUzrKy4gezdp3A6v6RlawR7knN5sf6cW5j7IDyRtQ37yTObVVdge8tqEsO9VTlHffGjTH/jGyyo/1L9xTln+59YEbqdpPkl1AcV4+agrb6E+XMPEf1Cg2cZi3ZqMcu9IUcxcHOJjdsKi2q44GznQk0ixzLSyKm0Y56SSjq7eXXf3wwPJwetdfsoJ5mUuOFuNP4POiv/E0OZxtxK3TcxZ/obhC6opt3pdLXLiuspTzK0i+JKfTSZuNJQFjWex+k8T82k42QkFFB5+qKxQNdxWy3Fc2az4dMHsV1ox+k8xLKIZvZsOe6bVs4IgauJgGk0U0tfY3XiqE5mcL0rrIUzmL/Bf1XO114YQ7BkFFFZb+/ou20tNB77BiP/azuP6C/7ygRCZT32oMJ5JzJ74phu6OWtp3wXAkJACAweAt4WZ89rbs5kxbIZRIUpRQ7BHPcj4s1H2Pv+mY4Bvjultx5hR/EZDxcfplEkZM4m2fYe77f4Mcx8yr9Iy/vvYYu5h4lR4a6rplEkrq7CWaXF1fWGHMcJqjZXQl4+y1LHEYaJsHHTyEi/Fuvm/TSH3c6s3Ftcx+4HmebmTJ9CnI/h71WRrsp3l2nMd5baHa/SmJ5BdrxZeygOwZwwm/TkBne76K7UvBW5pKqMwhn30MOkU8nmqhNebeegtXYXxY2zDG0dTlRqLivyYo3C5VgIXIUEwjCbA83LBqruRc6cbMYeHUF8xsu0qC+h7TQti+Dw4l9QrE0OuGaHLYyK/395pUV5UXXibFpKxOFfMae41u1B85Hi+IRda5/jWNa/kBJ5nc9lOSEEhIAQEAK+BPpuwVuYhegYKG9soQ3FIOzmnzI73FIHyurmyndR54/PHWZD9jpszGR2UMUNwfL9u0jI/g0lu75LCu2MTv6xZqBrBfSCHEfzH9leDTGzjS7LESSurcOpiXE8kEryknc42DyHqKjrQI0DhPStt6KY5X7tVz1vEOX74nDJb0EJ+3iDfefagf/L4Q2/Yp0NklWAX9B88B2qiWC20SWrMmlxFeloMBTtMtjtMb9gtPqSo18KY3R0BBzVv8unEBACLgL+Fq+aCIv6MSnxq0kqqOQBZYGb94JgJXNYFFNSbmVhUhE7HthCljJuePy10lD6NAtPPMTWbffLYjcPNvJFCAgBIRCYQO/N/AaW0cMrrTRYs7EMjSZpw2GX8TtsKi/UvUQyJ2g8pUcTd1a8ibDYHHY3FnHnubdYmTaZ6KGhhHjEvfaGnM50cF0zRSYxP+sjlpf8kVa0kIfoh5kV31XIQ9dl+0/hoK2hjAzLjUQn/YbD5xTz+lukvFBJSTIcU19K/OcMeFaNS9SM4oCJ5IIQEAJdE9BeGI81cypgCJeJsNGRxPgd75Rx60kSl8OqF54k0Tyka5GSQggIASEgBFQCfTfze4mAHU07ycmuZWrFSV5OvUVz2ztoranmGHBb0OUrsywJpCr/staiLNba9erzLEyaQ+P+d1gz+s1ektOFQqabmfLwdJi7j7plE6DqADHpJfzAYwa1izK6c9nRxI6cpeydWsEp4xZIyiK7Y/buAOyQahrBmNssMsPbQUSOhMDlJ+CwU7v+KWYUXsOqmufIGqeFdF1+TUSiEBACQmBAEuinM7/aIhHGc8+EbxsWcXzNhXPd2enBt01M5lhSf5ZBullZHf1fnFf21rxEOabIu5ntM5uqb2yv/3CFifD4GeRGV/Pq9tfZUz4q6AUqwZXvVVd1AQ3E3PM9zIZWdlw4R8eGSNcROfE+35l0bYcH3x8yGU5cSjJmn9kqZR/TE14KyFchIATws1uKi4qrz5jVmP+LvjvdqIn0xXIdi2Id9r0UJMVy55uj2GgTw1fuMCEgBIRATwgYzKKeZL+EPGpM8PWuAj5vw9PzZyI8bgrp5oOUl/5BW+18EXvtyxQs3IQ9aLGaATq5gEp96y4lBnbfPmpJZX5KJP/cG3JMEUzNn0/0urU8W3Najd912P9AafkREgoXM0uP1Qu7lQfSI7D+bCHFMfcxMdgFKsGWb+QSfisp6Raqy7djs7sWB6ob4hf8CqsBoCkyhfyl32Tdyk3UqOkuYrdtp7z6dgpXp3pttm8iPGE+G6fuZu6ichrURmulqbKYlevqjdLlWAgIAYWAKYpZq5cQXf4qOxv0F3clJGkPZRU/ZOPjEwnnOqJmLaYwupqynR92LG5r+5CdZe8xdeN8EpRFsepOKxmsaUylYuv/0RaoCmYhIASEgBDoLoErZ/yqBl06F5V9fm/IYkez8rO+hr/wiTyxey3x72VgCVX2+Y3lqXdHkLHrdfLMhnSdHl5HVOZ66hYN542EG7W9bm8k4Y3hLNq9jBmjhkCvyBmCOXEp2+rm0r7yDkJDQgi1FNGeuY1tufGGxX7XEZnyL2QpW7zNvpvIoOkHW74RxggSnvgNpfF/JMlyrVr30U+9x80Zv6HCuDODsvvFqlLqMj9npZruWiwrPyez7mVyY4cZC3Qdm24hdX0FZTE1JCrx0yHjmH94PIsKZ/imlTNCYLAR0L0m7n29lXUHC9i2expn19yjjUGjmf5KOxm/W02qMgYpf2Hx5G7bzINnC4nSf7p4ejlkbGa9Gvb1BU07ilhis4N9E2mjXX2646eSQ4L8qeXB1iBSXyEgBISAL4EQp7KnjtefMqD6Oe2VSr72hIDyYx9TE44w/0/FHQ++nhQkeQYlAembg7LZpdL9nID0y37eQKLeoCUQqG8GPfc4aMn1ZsUdp7GVVnIxdx7J+oxPb5YvZQkBISAEhIAQEAJCQAh0SkCM307x9NZFLfY49A5Wtmex+bE4QyhEb8mQcoSAEBACQkAICAEhIAS6IiBhD10RkutCoB8RCOTC6UcqiipCYNARkH456JpcKjxACATqmzLzO0AaUNQUAkJACAgBISAEhIAQuHQCYvxeOkMpQQgIASEgBISAEBACQmCAEAj4C2/KVLH8CQEh0P8ISN/sf20iGgkB6ZdyDwiBgUMgoPErW50NnEYUTQcPgUDxS4OHgNRUCPQ/AtIv+1+biEZCQCEQ6KVUwh7k/hACQkAICAEhIASEgBAYNATE+B00TS0VFQJCQAgIASEgBISAEBDjV+4BISAEhIAQEAJCQAgIgUFDQIzfQdPUUlEhIASEgBAQAkJACAgBMX7lHhACQkAICAEhIASEgBAYNAQuwfhtpalmO0UZMepqOmVFXYglg6KdNpraHH0I0EFrTQGWkFlYm77oQzl9VHRrDfkWCynWBnqXUitNe5+noKy3y+0jDlKsEBjQBM5RX3Q/lvwaWrush4O2pirDWBlDRlGV7zjZ1kSNNZ/JylgaEoIl4zn2NnmXfhF7fTn5ky3auJtCflkt9puTlZsAAB8/SURBVN4dTLqskSQQApePgIO2+ueYbCmgptXrRnfYqS/r6DMhISnkW9+i3n7RUz3vdJPzKau3X9ozuK2Wosn3kF/zmacs97cgxwjHJ1RmxwQ5lrgLl4NLJNAz47etgcr8mUSvPMJNj1fT7nTidLZzwTYHdi8ievp66vvUAL7EWl+N2VvrKMl4lvr2q7FyUich0J8ItNJQtoaC3x4JSinH6V3kJBTz6YOvc0EZKy+8zoOfFnuOk8oDMGcOKxvvZPOFdpStJk89O4Hfz8+gqP6cJkcxAjYxZ/ph7tx6Uk3jbH+JO9/9BXOKa2kLShtJJAQGEgEHbQ2vsbLgVWw+al/k9K5nmF4KmXUtqh3S3vJLRh5YyvR/O9jxUqr0rUfn8Hx7OrtVW+U8jYtCKY3LobSnE2htxylbuYbf2r700cp1ItgxQqlDIQutxwOUI6f7ikAPjN9z1L+4mLTy71KxdSUZsWZchZgIi0ph8aYSCilk+kpbx83XV9pLuUJACAiBy0jAYa+lLL+At8Y/wOywYAR/hu351bydns+y1HGoWcLGMSN7Nsm2V9lRexZw0GrbzEJrBOnZPyEqTBtRzT8iM/2fWFJQSZM64XWW2h2v0pieypRRQ1zCTTcz5eFkGot3Ues9KxaMepJGCPRXAups7XIWvGVh1uwIXy0dJ6ja/A4x6Y+QrtkhJvM95Cx7kpjyfdSp/UHrW2/fRcZD33P1P8KJSs1lRd4Jlpf8sZt2iuZ5WVDD+Fk/0crzVC34MUIx7P+Dgrw/E3232bMQ+dbnBLpv/LYeYUfxEZJXLWSGPgAb1Qy7jYeL/p2NKaNdRrHm5p+c/7zb7WfJ38rO/DhCvN0YatoQz+l/pQNUFpFh0V2Bxbx95LRRonrsuuFSNFeghcn5Vmp8XIbGbJ9Ro+iQsoma/9zkLj/Ewx2ih1ikkP/ys1qaOM3NoYR9WD3dj9YaL1em0lEq3fVWw0LePsIZtxp6+XqZ+gVNNw8+Xu5OJcRkb5NrtkfhNi6JdXY71dnjCfXIp5cpn0JACFwSAUcDpZlP05iylNy4bwZZ1AgS19bRsjaR8IA5LnLmZDN2cyRjRmpGrZp2CCPHRGKufoeDzV2EeNmbOXnGy9UbUJ5cEAL9ncAXNJUuZnHjZJ7N/SFD/anb1kLjsWHcNmaENgHnSmQaOYbbqKaqTnmxPEtdVTWkTyEu3GjuBNMvfYU6mraSufgEKc8+RtzQUD8JujFGtNXx4s83cM2zS5kT1Iu0rzg503MCxrshiFIctNbto9xu8bnhOjIPwRz7E1ITowxvRXZs5e8zfOkhnO1/x/azuxjekaGTo3PUFz9K3IazPGg7r4ZWNC2L4MievdgNuRynK3k0Npuakb+kpV0JwWjghehDzE0ooPJ0Fw+E6oXMfQEW1H+J06m7Qx6l2O1qVARVU37QzNKmdtpbtvOz+FAarE+SMPcAI9fWG9wtOQZXpuaijNvc4e5sWkrEkb1sMSpvqEfgw4ucrswlNm4rLKrhghJiUpPIsYw0cio/wRGeyNqG/eSZzSSXfER7y2oSPTp64JLlihAQAkESMI1maulrrE4c5fGwDTK3O5nDfoj1zzzHsawCHk8Y4T4f+OAEjaeUoIbhxM96mOjySvbp45rDTt2+D4guXMysqOsCFyFXhMCAIjAEy9Tn2L36XswBrBTHmZMcDfgsbeHoyc9wOD7j5NFzxERfT4thssp/PH3XgEyW+yndvYJEs/El1ZAv6DFC8aA/TXFEAU/PiMSPGW0oVA77gkCA2yqQKG2GggiiR3fvVcWc/jAPjQsH07eIGntjIAGe59VZ5jPkrcglNUqZN1FCK2awbEUmHU4Cl1vRGvMky3Lu0TpKOOOy1rI1/T9Z+Lwh9sezdNc38wI2rn6UePVm1t0hZyjeccTgDoklPWMa48JMmMxjGev4M68sr2XqxqfJiXeFfSjulic3rCevsZCCHU040FyUeZ7uztRl+eR1KO9PI99zqnunEtxlmQgbN42M9Guxbt5Ps9caAN8C5IwQEAKXTiAMs7l7456HTEcD1hQLoZaJ5O69nSXz79LGK22G1yOx8kUfb/ULJsJif87mVf9F2uhrXV6u0NEk1aeyOTfeMNmgp5dPITBQCZgIM3+rk3vaQdupZo51VT11dvhz2sqXkrPvZp7Y3+KaRFs6nK0/CWJyzLv8sG9h1sKSvC+5vgczRigTY6+weE8Su9fPYFQ3rTD/cuVsdwn0Y+z6LLO3oW0ibHQkMXpNWz+gqrwe821jGOlRmzBGR0dgd8f+6Bm8PmNuZ4LHW1xX+XS9xnPPhG97zgCFWYiOgWONLbSperUQE23x7MBqmuu9lOj8q6P5j2yvxqssl9vGWZVFlEe9Oy9LrgoBIXCFCJjGkVWlPHy/pGVrBG/emcyjiucGE+EJ89k4tZqVz+7Xdm64iL22hLXbP+Vut7rK6vGHSDgwjY+0RXGKt+qj2Yf4ySNlNMgiYzcpORACHQTs/HFIOhtW6bPI2uRRWhCTYx2F9NqRugB2+n6mFT1CbKeGdK+JlIL8EOim2aTPUOhuOD8l9top71mPzgu2r0viRm2LIHXbtZBvEJ39eueZOrsaMIaua73sR0/S0tKZS6YzwXJNCAiBq5vAEMyJC1iRZ/DcmG4hdf02CoZvJTZUWd8wnX/76A6eXp9OmO5p0zxhuhfKxSiccQ89TNreDbyiLp67uslJ7YSAi4DXJFgXWAJOjh1tpmGvsnWqa02Ry3bwd9xLW6s6PmHXL1dzIveXPBY7rAut5XJfEuim8WsiPG4K6WYtniaQZsoitTcudb9f3dAOJMR4Xot1VbcxUWJ+Df96Gv/qs/hEl9e1XkpHs1jGcFt3wxt0EfIpBITA4CBwrJlT+oxtWBT3Li6jRR2/qlibEcfQlmaOqWPRNdp6Cz9YVG9SC+VVHxhCtfykk1NC4CoioC5sC/iM1dYlhd9KSnpsJ7W+hmFJq7U+Z7AbjDaEeryDrF6IqXc072eztR7bkjsZqhvcoePJrrbjmsDrJSO7kxrLJReBbhq/QPjtzMq9nerlG9mlL7ow0mw7jvWRZKa/eZYbrg9UvCu0wJjN91g3tL1nmb1ifdSb28KxQx96bfTu2mA6JMWqbRPkK0E9Y3z4qCfaONV4ArPP6lA9v67XRxw6/nfPTbLV+CItPEHXSwmB0LMqn1oMkutUcG+vpsi7mZ2shVO4y/qCJussQgbqj3246yEHQuAqJqDF+Qb6MQx9nHE0WUnx2aXF5WVyrVS/Rpt48MNKHVMspKfc2smOEn7yySkhMJAJqC9951wL2wz1cC2E08Mlw4m+84fgE/6oPOdPk3DvBCyBzBRDmb11aIrKosrbsG7/iJJkM+a8/Zx39o6R3Vv6Xs3l9KDZhxH72LOU3HuAtLkrDL+Sov2K0YKfkv3Xh9i66v5OArmvI3LifSTbd1O280OXcaj8cMYza1lnXL0ZPpHHN/6Q8rn5WBuUXzpSZOzimZWlht0eRpDweAFT3/4VBesPaQZwK02V61i8BApXp3YeE2svZeUzu7QtylppsOYzt/yHbHx8YuAHSXgcj6yK5+2Fv2R9rfYrMYrRvyiHddFLWD0rChOaXuU5LLIeD1hHl2HbQnnZHi1mT9G9mJXr6jvuO1MEU/PnE71uLc/WnFYNbof9D5SWHyFBX+VtjCX+vA19MqmjEDkSAkLgshMwRTFr9RKiy19lpzqGKRpcxF6ziZXl32fVI3HqOKOOAzE7PGN+61+nZLulYyxSx504jla9adjGsZWGna9SHv0ws+KD20PnsjMQgUKgLwiYIkiZfx/HlhdSqvUt904qeY/xkDpTO4RRyfPIjd7BypfqtIkoJZ5+O2UVP2DRT2/zXJPTF3pKmf2SQA+MXyBsAlmvVFP3RCQfLo4lVJ2+D2VowjaYvoHGzrYC0TCYoh5iQ3UWLI9xTf9Pf4ULaYt5KdnoxxjCqNTV2MomcCDxRkJCQhk6v447Fj1OsgGnadQM1tvWM+nM01jUeLkbSXhjOIvqXia3q7iahHTS7zjBM1GhhITcSOKBCZTZVpPqbw9jt0xlN4nnsG2dxJl8rf5D/zeNk9bTuDvHHcTu0quImAM/ddVxaA6H78iiMNmw4E15OG54hVyKGD9U0WEmJReSWfHSTLc0UGIEl7Ktbi7tK+9QeYdaimjP3MY2fZW3aiCnc1HZ5/eGLHZ0tS+ooXQ5FAJCoJcIaDO9HXuYKzs0LGDb7mmcXXOPtg/5GOZU3cwK23NkKTvgKH+mcWSWbiOzvUgbw8YwZwfMKl1nGIuUcWcdG1Kgav44rax7WHN2FjbDuNNLNZFihEA/J6AYto+zddUIyscr9kEIoZbHOBrza3Y/YZi8Cotn8e7fUcAmolRb5VpiN11k7u+6es738+qLepdEIMSpBMh6/Sk3kZ/TXqkG+lflhyTuI+noL2h8W3ZMGOitOVj0Hxx9c7C0ptTzaiEg/fJqaUmpx9VGIFDf7NnM79VGR+ojBISAEBACQkAICAEhMCgIiPE7KJpZKikEhIAQEAJCQAgIASGgEBjEYQ9yAwiBgUcgkAtn4NVENBYCVw8B6ZdXT1tKTa4uAoH6psz8Xl3tLLURAkJACAgBISAEhIAQ6ITANYGuKday/AkBIdD/CEjf7H9tIhoJAemXcg8IgYFDIKDxe/Xv9jBwGkk0FQI6gUAuHP26fAoBIXD5CUi/vPzMRaIQCIZAoJdSCXsIhp6kEQJCQAgIASEgBISAELgqCIjxe1U0o1RCCAgBISAEhIAQEAJCIBgCYvwGQ0nSCAEhIASEgBAQAkJACFwVBMT4vSqaUSohBISAEBACQkAICAEhEAwBMX6DoSRphIAQEAJCQAgIASEgBK4KAt03fltryLeEoKyg8/lnyaCosh67o6/YOGitKcASMgtr0xe9KMRBW1MVRQXbaLpk3ZWyKsmfbHHxSbHS1NrE3qJnKOtVnXux+leqqLaecPmCJussQhSuSls5GrCmRJJibUBtOvW7BUt+Da29WS9vXftKTm/qLGX1IYFz1Bfd34P7LFA+ZdyowZqf0jGuKuPp3ibaAtbiIqcrF2KxFFDTeskDV0ApckEIXFECbbUUTb6H/JrPvNRopanG2vGsDQnBkvEce5uMI39P+pWXGL9fL7Efa88PHxuq120bv8rLSaD7xq+GzZy3n/NOJ8qWaK5/7VyoSeTYwunMKa7tZMDuj9zPUluyjCX1vWBQO5rYsWgh5REbOdXuxFmVyci6UjKWvE97f6z6FdPJQWttH3AxjSOrqoWWtYmE91rd/OjaJ3J6TWEpqE8JtNJQtoaC3x7pppTA+Rynd5GTkMOBkb+kRRk3nF/SsiueYxlp5FR+4nqx85LmOP0Wv1y4CbvXefkqBK4aAm3HKVu5ht/avvSqkvLiV0DC3AOMXFtPu2KHtLew67ajZCQUUHn6opq+J/3KS5Cfr73Qj9taaDw2kZLG/zHYUEq/30FW1HV+ZMqp3ibQY+PXVxETYeNms2zVRGxLitgx2Gc5RwxjaC/S9eUtZ4SAELjcBBz2WsryC3hr/APMDgteeuf5vqC56jWsTCcj+y7M6rgxBHN8NstWjce6cDM275ndtuOUFvwrJ6Jjg1dCUgqBAUPgIvb6cvIX1DB+1k/w6WqOE1RtroT0DLLjza5ZPJOZ+JylrIqpZOHzB2mlB/2qCz69048dtNbto5xIxowc0oVEudxXBPrIPDtB46k2UEMkLEzOf56ijBjVned2R7c1UWPNZ7IePjE5H2uNl4vPYae+sogMLczCklHM20dOG1h8Rk1+HCHebj8tNMMtS8mhlFXWIa/DPaKUcR9J6+qhOpvo0Dg/7hVdpNIhK911UV0WBr0dTVZSQseTXW3Hvi6JG0P+Hx7OTGNc0hrsvE529DcMblKtc+vhESEp5FtraGrT3Zda3Sbn83JRBhaFk3c9VbX0UJAU8l9+VmPVUQdXZ9VdqUpbWKnxcAt1xga/bRhyz2QmWzpk6HTApbOLux93k5uVovNy/1y82jwkJIDOHUI9jzzCETSG+j3m8WkxhEp43meeMgPo6iFHU6Gre1rrDykv76XW773oWRX51s8IOBoozXyaxpSl5MZ9M3jlusx3HVFZO3C2rCYx3M+QbG/m5BnXTJZL6DnqX3yK5dc8RsGciOD1kJRCYIAQcDRtJXPxCVKefYy4oaG+WnfhebMfPckZR3f7la8YjzO91o8vcuZkM/aYSEaH+envHkLlS18R6Bvy5mRS4oZrOtuxlb/P8KWHcLb/HdvP4ghvO451QRpzD3yHtS1fulx8a7/DgbkJTC/SQybOUV/8KHEbzvKg7TxOZztNyyI4smdv9918jk+ofDSZuNJQFjUqZZ2nZtJxzT0STuLad9ifFwvJJTS217E2cYQf3g7a6jcxZ/obhC6odrlZFNfkiuspT8rlxfpzmKKyqGr/iJJkM66wkP+PV0sraNi/FDMzVReHyx2vuGxyiZ2+r8Nlc+FfiT6QQ0LOLk7r9q+ihe13HBy+hCZFlm0+8f4ejqq21ZQfNLO0qZ32lu38LH44jtOVPBqbTY3bldrAC9GHmGtwC9EpG/2B69mGjVv+nRXpUP7qu566tn5AVTmkp9xKeFsdL87P40D0v3JBDY3RWS1nR9NFwhNX+eHiavPpb3yDBfXKfaG4sv7EitDtJM0vod79YuCnefyeGkHi2jpPt1L7KfYvTYaEJayeFYWJrmQSQFcvgUHd00oeO9U/K6Ji6CPsVut3iq2j3iG5R/Xz0kG+9i0B02imlr7G6sRR3YsX62k+vTbJ9zExUneFKuPQKywuHsPGpx/kFj92gZ5NPoXAQCVgstxP6e4VJJp7MjN6Pcmz7yayK+vGo18FQarX+nEbpxpPYB75NyofcU0KhoTEkFFUSb1df+YGoY8kuSQCXd0e3Sj8IvbaEp5ZfpCE3BkeRpo5/WEeGhcOpm8RNTaM1tptLN87iY2rHyVevbkVF9/P2bA1k0Y9ZKL1CDuKz5C3IpfUKCV600RY1AyWrcjE3A2tlKSO5v1stl5rKCuccQ89TDqVbK464TeezlfEWWp3vEqj0c3CEMwJs0lPbmDv+2eCLEeZTT3I8wsriVm1lBzdZRM2gawN60l/ezXP2wyB/ebpZDz0PcIUWVG3+Lp/3IrGkp4xjXFhJkzmsYwNO4vt+dVYY55kWc49mis1nHFZa9ma/p+aWyh4Np5t+L+In/Uw0dbXqGrW46R1V47rxcfRcpy9tggmTYzUdB6COfFX/L6zmCatzdMzZmv3hdLso0jInE2y7T3eb7nUgaGVhtJfMrd0NCUvZBOrvHX3ikwlJjiIe1prK3NePstSx7m4mMzETYnF3Cv1c98MctAnBMIwm30csEFI6lk+x+nfsXb5R2TNT+p4kCsvlYvfZdruVaSO6olhEIS6kkQIXGkCYd/C3O1Z0Yuc3rWR5cfuY35KRMAXVL/9Kqj69lI/dnzGyaPniB51NxmvHNMmZw6xLKKOxXM29WCSJyjlJZEXgWu8vgf9VXXrr/NKnpBHyQu7mTo9thMj7Sx1VdXYY37BBI+3OhNhoyOJoZrGU620ntpHuT2CVaONDxs9TbOX4M6+fkHzwXeoJoLZxrLCE1nb0qJlNBibAYtyzSK2oKwwfYN955Tla/+Xwxt+xTobJM8OmNHrgmYk2i2kjxnh2UHDLETHtLC86gOWJd7qla+bX9VZ2HrM6WMY6fGKE8bo6Ajsy/dRt+yHjO6KTavOyCjfRNgPppKevIntB0+SGTUOE652JX0dceEmTKYJ3JuwnOUlbzEh5TraRv+YRPUlxliO17HaJnWghA9Uvss55fK5w2zIXoeNmQSN2KtY11dlxqyEn2efInO/lUzlZUz56xWZwdzTbTDSJdLzf/2eVu77NpDFDp54Bus3NaZ3NScyi9k24xbXOKF4aXJ+wZ5pv2F37DBAf/EcrJCk3kJAJ+CgreE/KFj4FzK3WpkR6MXQX7/Si+iLT3/y1JCNZrI85IUTNWUK8QvnUrBjKm9nKc9U+etLAj3m67vbgxPn79eS9WCsNssYQG31rcefQaWnb+HoydO0KDEx+ql+8al0rjIyLDcSnfQbDp9TYhO+RcoLlZQkw7HGlm7ucFHPuqSbOrY1UuJRtXjh3qyuK/bYuC3dN4jOfv3SRZgiSJl/H8eWb3EtxlGN7ZHkzrrdtctCWDyLd9vYeuc/qFj5M5KibyTEJ67ZW41WGqzZWIZGk7ThsMv4HTaVF+peIhktjtw7S5Df1VW/0618p+RfKfBwW/eCzKDu6c+C9wwEWSdJdpUSUENofspyFvFCQZI2niqzWoUsPPEwRY/FdTK5cJUykWoJgYAElGdzOQsSi2CV9/huyOSvX3W2dat7jYhhfYihuC4P/cnrLJM6+dUTW6KzQuVaIAI9nvkNVGCX500jGHObBY4GSmnhtjGjsBCJme7M8AYqr5fOK1uY5Sxl79QKTr2cyij9tUHpPMfscFt35SgxwFs62dYkmNnormSaSS6p6eQt8guauioi4PUhjJqSSjp5VNU9QRz7KI9JxfYDZUZK+wuLIjFV+fcoa5WFbLte5fmFSSQ07qdhbYKeyv3paNpJTnYtUytO8nKqNtuFsuCsmmP0ALFeclstxXMX8vbUjfwpc4KH4dArMoO6p5VZ/s5e+nRl5XMwE3DYD7H+qccoZDE1m9LVMCaVh7a63W6zEzc01wdR0o2lXfR1nyxyQghcBQSUcMuXeWrGi7DqP9iU5Tm+6xUM2K9Uz5+TtXrCXvoMKK+XypdiLp2AbsJdeklBlzCcuJRkzMeOcNwjuNtB26lmjhFB9OhwwuOmkG72nu3T0+jCXC58/Zv/z+uInHif78yhvsm0/mMJ/jN3nFX35YOYe77nMbPtuHCO7pmpJq1uH3Ho+N89ZwPVzbwNP9jQIb37R+G3kpJu4dihD71+dMS1ObfrRyKCYNPZ5sThtzMrdyTlr77G9j0HiOlskYHJTGxqJhnpsbhW4npXSW/b8dwz4dsGl8/XXDhn3LTcO18X31VXcTZLWMLu9TM6XlrUbL0lM5h72hi+04XOcnkQEriIvebXJFlm8ubIX2MzGr4KDW11e8e+6sqeoP9DY8lMMC9l//lTVImrdBDeN4O4yo7T1BRMx3Lnm4zc+HoAw7eLftXr+LqWp+4KFeJntyTVxrC4Foz3ul5SoDeBK2D8mgiPn8Oqew+wsOBlalUD2OW2WDS3lOjCxcxS4h7DJ/L4xh9SPjcfa4Ni/ChbZ+3imZWlhnAIzXiz76Zs54eusIO2BiqfWcs6Q8yEKTKF/KXfZN3KTdSo8i5it22nvPp2ClenEmUyGtFf0Nb2tTcn0IzJ6vLt2DSjXX27K/gVVoMs34x6TKdyxcHnbZ/jUOs2ibcX/pL1tXaXAazovXIFS1ig7ULgW1L3zowg4fECpr79KwrWH9IM4FaaKtexeAlavaFLNp2uJh/GDx5IJcaaw8+KRzF74hi30erq4CnkVzZo4SBK+71LVS3aAh5vLl8Qpr7wHKS89A+avq63+oIeb+SvLHB7moVvT6Ji6wLXAjcPiPqLSFcyvXX93POlhSDvaQ/Z8kUI6AS0nWSS/g+NWRvZuiaVqG4v9tHLkk8hMBgIKLv0zCdpTQtZFS+xRl9A7FH1y92vgpNnikpldeFIysv20ODewaiVhp2vUjG1gMcT/O025VEx+dILBK6A8QsoOxtsqmDrpL+Sb7mWkJBQhv78QyZttbF7cbzmlh7CqNTV2MomcCBRiRcNZej8Ou5Y9DjJhoqboh5iQ3UWLI9hqBKjM/0VLqQt5qVkw54QplEkriqlLvNzVqryrsWy8nMy614mV104ch2RUx9l6cXlRIdGkLaj2cu4UQSOIOGJ31Aa/0eS1DJCGP3Ue9yc8RsqlG3SOvlzGZjnyY6+gRvSXqPZodVt6yTO5McSqug9dCZv3DSfum3+jLROCu/kkmnUDNbb1jPpzNNYQpW43xtJeGM4i9z1du2m0DmbTgQo2SOTmJ81Aby2jTFFzaW0bj43vTHT1S5K+yW8wU2LNrNKW8DjwyVsIk/sXkv8exmavrE89e4IMna9Tp6hOTvXyHC1tY5Xllux2zeRNlq5z4yxzyGuPZfDg5Ppo6txOzpFZFD3tEE3Obw6CegeJb97cgeoshJSVVCITdkIz5rGaLWvGu9VP7NEAYqS00JgMBBwNFVSsGQPcBxr2hjXM9Q4viv97x8Nl7dfBd2PhxGb+zK7H/yUNVGh2nNpJq/wML/z8U4Ohta8MnUMcSp+NK8/xUjwc9orlXwVAspkdgPWqXM5NL/CEKcrZPqKgPTNviIr5QqBnhOQftlzdpJTCPQlgUB988rM/PZlTaXsy0hACx+5+DC/SL7ZHfJwGRUQUUJACAgBISAEhIAQ6BYBMX67hUsS6wRcMb1K+MiXLNqs/WCEflE+hYAQEAJCQAgIASHQTwlI2EM/bRhRSwj4IxDIheMvrZwTAkLg8hCQfnl5OIsUIdBdAoH6psz8dpekpBcCQkAICAEhIASEgBAYsATE+B2wTSeKCwEhIASEgBAQAkJACHSXQMBfeFOmiuVPCAiB/kdA+mb/axPRSAhIv5R7QAgMHAJ+jV/Z5mzgNKBoKgSEgBAQAkJACAgBIRA8AQl7CJ6VpBQCQkAICAEhIASEgBAY4AT+f52h77Z2mBasAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p>Literature melting point data: aspirin = 138–140 °C</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage experimental yield of the product after recrystallization. The molar masses are as follows: <em>M</em>(salicylic acid) = 138.13 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, <em>M</em>(aspirin) = 180.17 g mol<sup>−1</sup>. (You do not need to process the uncertainties in the calculation.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify the conclusion that recrystallization increased the purity of the product, by reference to <strong>two</strong> differences between the melting point data of the crude and recrystallized products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many drugs, including aspirin, penicillin, codeine and taxol, have been modified from compounds that occur naturally.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the bioavailability of a drug.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the IR spectrum of aspirin with that of salicylic acid, using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>consequences of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Outline how strong analgesics function.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why codeine is more widely used than morphine as an analgesic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral medications such as zanamivir (Relenza) are commonly available for consumer use.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the names of <strong>two </strong>functional groups present in zanamivir using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between bacteria and viruses.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Opiates are strong analgesics.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why diamorphine (heroin) crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily than morphine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the analgesic action of an opiate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the meaning of the bioavailability of a drug.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral drugs are a major research focus.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are used against flu viruses. Explain how these drugs function.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Shikimic acid, the precursor for oseltamivir (Tamiflu), was originally extracted from star anise, and is now produced using genetically modified <em>E. coli </em>bacteria.</p>
<p>Suggest <strong>one </strong>difficulty associated with synthesizing oseltamivir (Tamiflu) from star anise.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Drug testing is necessary to determine safe and effective doses.</p>
<p>Distinguish between the lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) and the toxic dose (TD<sub>50</sub>).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess stomach acid can be counteracted by a range of medications.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An antacid tablet contains 680 mg of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and 80 mg of magnesium carbonate, MgCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>State the equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the amount, in mol, of hydrochloric acid neutralized by <strong>one antacid </strong><strong>tablet</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) reduces stomach acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structure of penicillin is shown in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the internal bond angles in the β-lactam ring and the expected bond angles for the same atoms in an open structure.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the open β-lactam ring kills bacteria.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>one</strong> effect of over-prescription of penicillin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the structure of penicillin can be changed to combat this effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why human cells are not affected by penicillin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Buffer systems control pH in the body.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.0100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate and 0.0200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium carbonate, using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (hydrogen carbonate ion) = 4.8 × 10<sup>−11</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate, the active ingredient in some antacids, with stomach acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a technique for measuring the percentage mass of calcium carbonate in this type of antacid tablet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Describe the proper disposal of low-level radioactive waste in hospitals.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline a green chemistry solution for problems generated by the use of organic solvents.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mild heartburn is treated with antacids such as calcium carbonate.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate an equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the volume of CO<sub>2</sub> (g), in dm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP, when 1.00 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) reacts completely with stomach acid.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>M<sub>r</sub></em> CaCO<sub>3</sub> = 100.09</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Acid secretion can be regulated by other types of drugs such as omeprazole and ranitidine. Outline how each of these drugs acts to reduce excess stomach acid. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Omeprazole:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ranitidine:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Drug synthesis often involves solvents.</p>
<p>Identify a common hazardous solvent and a Green solvent that could replace it.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structures of morphine, diamorphine and codeine are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reagent used to prepare diamorphine from morphine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> reason why codeine is available without prescription in some countries whilst morphine is administered under strict medical supervision.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Opium and its derivatives have been used for thousands of years as strong analgesics.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how opiates act to provide pain relief.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how the difference in structure of two opiates, codeine and morphine, affect their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aspirin can be obtained from salicylic acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Unreacted salicylic acid may be present as an impurity in aspirin and can be detected in the infrared (IR) spectrum.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="392" height="175"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name the functional group and identify the absorption band that differentiates salicylic acid from aspirin. Use section 26 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name: </span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Absorption band:</span></span></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why chlorinated solvents should neither be released into the atmosphere nor incinerated (burnt).</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Excess acid in the stomach can cause breakdown of the stomach lining.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how ranitidine (Zantac) inhibits stomach acid production.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>two</strong> advantages of taking ranitidine instead of an antacid which neutralizes excess acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Some antacids contain carbonates.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.160 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> and 0.200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, using section 1 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">p<em>K<sub>a</sub></em> (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) = 10.32</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about antiviral drugs.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Oseltamivir, used for the treatment of severe flu, is inactive until converted in the liver to its active carboxylate form.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a circle around the functional group that can be converted to the carboxylate by hydrolysis.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="329" height="226"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a reason for using a phosphate salt of oseltamivir in oral tablets.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Anti-HIV drugs, such as zidovudine, often become less effective over time.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain the development of resistant virus strains in the presence of antiviral drugs.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Medicines and drugs are tested for effectiveness and safety.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between therapeutic window and therapeutic index in humans. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Therapeutic window:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Therapeutic index:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> advantage of using morphine as an analgesic.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why diamorphine (heroin) is more potent than morphine using section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Viruses and bacteria both cause diseases and are frequently confused.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> way in which viruses differ from bacteria.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two</strong> different ways in which antiviral medications work.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) infections have been successfully treated with penicillin and penicillin derivatives.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the feature in penicillin responsible for its antibiotic activity.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The widespread use of penicillin and its derivatives has led to the appearance of resistant <em>S. aureus</em> strains.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how these bacteria inactivate the antibiotics.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how the structure of penicillin has been modified to overcome this resistance.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student synthesized aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, in a school laboratory.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" 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" width="203" height="273"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">0.300 g of crude aspirin was dissolved in ethanol and titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH (aq).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NaOH (aq) + C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (in ethanol) → NaC<sub>9</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict <strong>one</strong> absorption band present in an infrared (IR) spectrum of aspirin, using section 26 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the mass of aspirin which reacted with 16.25 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the percentage purity of the synthesized aspirin.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how aspirin can be chemically modified to increase its solubility in water.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State why aspirin should not be taken with alcohol.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>two</strong> factors which must be considered to assess the greenness of any chemical process.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Antiviral medications have recently been developed for some viral infections.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one</strong> way in which antiviral drugs work.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss <strong>two</strong> difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Body fluids have different pH values.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the compound responsible for the acidity of gastric juice, and state whether it is a strong or weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An antacid contains calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with excess stomach acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how ranitidine reduces stomach acidity.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.20 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> ethanoic acid and 0.50 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium ethanoate. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (ethanoic acid) = 4.76</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria or viruses.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> difference between bacteria and viruses.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss <strong>two</strong> difficulties, apart from socio-economic factors, associated with finding a cure for AIDS.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The discovery of penicillins contributed to the development of antibiotics.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the beta-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic properties of penicillin. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Codeine, morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are derived from opium.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">S</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">tate the names of <strong>two</strong> functional groups present in all three molecules, using section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why diamorphine has greater potency than morphine.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The structure of aspirin is shown in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="161" height="171"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest <strong>one</strong> reactant used to prepare aspirin from salicylic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aspirin, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COOH, is only slightly soluble in water.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline, including an equation, how aspirin can be made more water-soluble. Use section 37 in the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Disposal of chemical waste is a growing problem in industry.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline the impact of antibiotic waste on the environment.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a concern about the disposal of solvents from drug manufacturing.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess acid in the stomach is often treated with calcium carbonate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate a chemical equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of stomach acid neutralized by an antacid tablet containing 0.750 g calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) regulates pH in the stomach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Methadone, a synthetic opioid, binds to opioid receptors in the brain.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving their names. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Methadone is sometimes used to help reduce withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of heroin addiction. Outline <strong>one</strong> withdrawal symptom that an addict may experience.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are both opioids.</p>
<p>Explain why diamorphine is more potent than morphine using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Most of the nuclear waste generated in a hospital is low-level waste (LLW).</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline what is meant by low-level waste.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline the disposal of LLW.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>