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auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19258/nuclear-medicine-.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19273/drug-detection-analysis-.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia-.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/16682/internal-assessment.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/18892/scaffolding-the-investigation.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18896/timing-organisation-.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18905/choosing-the-research-question.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18946/personal-engagement.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18950/exploration.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18957/analysis.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18965/evaluation.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18966/communication.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../../page/37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia-.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19506/ia-example-marking-exercise-.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../../page/23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../../page/25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports-.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../../page/37542/history-of-internal-assessment.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16598/mandatory-laboratory-components.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide-.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16615/acid-base-titrations-.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16616/a-green-acid-base-practical.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16618/caco3-in-egg-shells.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16644/enthalpy-changes.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16631/reaction-rates.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16635/rate-dependent-factors.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16637/iodination-of-propanone.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4-.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16640/voltaic-cells.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16659/3-d-molecular-modelling-.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/17168/other-good-practicals.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17196/common-chemical-reactions.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period-.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17239/the-halogens.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17170/polarity-of-molecules.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18083/le-chateliers-principle-.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium-.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools-.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution-.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18356/electrolytic-cells-.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene-.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19887/preparation-of-nylon-66.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content-.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19342/hydrolysis-of-starch-.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin-.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/18851/ict-in-practical-work.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/18852/data-logging-.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18853/software-for-graph-plotting-.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing-.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18855/databases.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18856/computer-modelling-simulations-.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16594/group-4-project.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16595/practicalities.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16596/reflective-statement-.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../../page/20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17793/hl-questions-on-the-options.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks-.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41465/complete-course-for-students-.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a 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<h1 class="section-title">A novel use for biscuits</h1>
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Sunday 7 August 2011
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<p>In an <a href="../7438/sticky-tape-a-pencil.html">earlier blog</a> about the winners of the 2010 Nobel Prize for Physics I explained how Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discovered graphene using very simple equipment – essentially some sticky tape and a pencil. Graphene is a single layer of graphite which is literally one carbon atom thick. It is about one hundred times stronger than steel and a better electrical conductor than copper. It is thought that it can replace silicon in transistors and find uses in touch screens and solar cells for example.</p>
<p>Now <a href="http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=16014">scientists from Rice University</a> in the USA have shown that it is easy to make graphene from almost anything that contains carbon, for example food, insects and waste. A graduate student was explaining this to a group of Girl Scouts and said that it could even be made from their special Girl Scout biscuits. One of the scouts challenged him to do it. The graduate student, Gedung Ruan together with another student Zhengzong Sun invited the Girl Scouts to watch the process at the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology. They showed how high quality graphene could be made from the biscuits (as well as grass, plastics and even the dog faeces which were provided by their lab manager’s dog called Sid Vicious!). The process uses carbon deposition on copper foil. The graphene forms on the opposite side of the foil as the solid carbon sources decompose after fifteen minutes in a furnace at 1050 <sup>o</sup>C in an argon/hydrogen atmosphere.</p>
<p>The process produced a sheet of graphene with an area nearly the size of thirty football pitches. Zhengzong Sun estimated that with each two-inch square piece of graphene worth US$250 it would turn in a US$15 billion profit on the original purchase price of the biscuits. The serious point is that cost of producing graphene is now very low and this means that it will be more readily available for further research into its potential benefits such as for use in flat-panel and touch-screen displays, solar cells and LED lighting.</p>
<p>The chemists from Rice University have posted a <a href="http://youtu.be/loLvULmacw4">video of the process</a> on You Tube.</p>
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<p class="search-tags"><strong>Tags: </strong><a href="../../search/graphene.html">graphene</a>, <a href="../../search/%20nanotechnology.html"> nanotechnology</a>, <a href="../../search/%20LED.html"> LED</a>, <a href="../../search/%20solar%20cells.html"> solar cells</a></p>
<div class="prevnext-posts"><div class="pull-right text-right"><a href="../10648/bodyscanners.html" style="font-style: normal">Bodyscanners <i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-right"></i></a><br><em class="gray"><small>29 Aug 2011</small></em></div><div class="pull-left"><a href="../10387/teaching-with-ketamine.html" style="font-style: normal"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-left"></i> Teaching with ketamine</a><br><em class="gray"><small>23 Jul 2011</small></em></div></div>
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Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));
$('.page-bookmarker').click(function(e){
e.preventDefault();
var pid = $(this).data('pid');
var random = $(this).data('ticket');
bookmarkPage(pid, random);
});
function bookmarkPage(pageId, random){
$.get(
'pages/bookmarks.php',
{
'id' : pageId,
'ticket' : random
},
function(data){
if(data['success'] == '1') {
var buttonTitle = 'Favourite';
if( $('.page-bookmarker').attr('title') == 'Favourite' ) {
buttonTitle = 'Unfavourite';
}
$('.page-bookmarker > i').toggleClass('colored');
$('.page-bookmarker.stacked > span').text(buttonTitle);
$('.page-bookmarker').attr('title', buttonTitle);
}
},
'json'
);
}
// the comment icon becomes a popover
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){
var comment = $(this).attr('title');
$(this).removeAttr('title');
$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />');
});
$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){
var comment = $(this).attr('title');
$(this).removeAttr('title');
$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />');
});
$('.tib-popover').popover({
html : true,
trigger : 'hover',
delay : {show: 300, hide: 300},
placement : function (context, source) {
var position = $(source).position();
if (position.top > 200) { return "top";}
if (position.left < 515) { return "right"; }
if (position.top < 200) { return "bottom";}
if (position.left > 515) { return "left"; }
return "top";
}
}).click(function(e){
e.preventDefault();
});
// LIVE CAROUSEL MANAGEMENT
// Miliseconds for the next slide
var carouselTime = 6500;
// Start carousels
$('div.carousel.slide').carousel({interval: carouselTime});
$('.tib-indicators > img').click(function(){
// IN
var index = $(this).index();
var container = $(this).closest('.carousel.slide');
container.carousel(index);
});
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>