File "the-nature-of-science-1.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/page/16441/the-nature-of-science-1html
File size: 144.32 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="separate tags by commas, chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education"><meta name="description" content="I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear..."><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16441/the-nature-of-science">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear...">
<meta name="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="keywords" content="Separate tags by commas, Chemistry, Inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, Thinkib, Baccalaureate, Education, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta itemprop="description" content="I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min-1.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min-1.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min-1.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>function inIframe () {try {return window.self !== window.top;} catch (e) {return true;}}if( inIframe() ) { window.location.href = "/mb/embed?mbtest=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"; }</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom-1.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min-1.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min-1.css?v=202212151220"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/toplevel-map-1.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min-1.css?v=20220520"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min-1.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min-1.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2) Team", userTicket = "IB Docs (2) Team";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196-1.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96-1.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32-1.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16-1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128-1.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="/chemistry"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/sitemap"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/last-updates"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/blog"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li><a href="../16256/start-here-1.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../36257/how-to-navigate-the-site-1.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="../24826/using-student-access--1.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27330/creating-student-accounts--1.html">Creating student accounts </a></li><li><a href="../32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page-1.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="../27328/setting-assignments-1.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="../27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book-1.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="../27362/using-qbank-1.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry-1.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16258/dart-board-chemistry-1.html">'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../16274/essential-resources-1.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="../16276/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16278/possible-teaching-schedule-1.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../46318/teaching-learning-resources-1.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17394/approaches-to-teaching-1.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17395/teaching-styles--1.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="../17396/teaching-skills--1.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="../17398/workshops--1.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="../17397/teacher-recommendations--1.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27280/approaches-to-learning-1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27208/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../27216/reflection-1.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="../27209/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../27211/social-skills-1.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="../27232/self-management-1.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="../27312/research-1.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17120/resources-1.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17119/ib-specific-books-1.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="../17121/general-text-books-1.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="../17131/post-ib-text-books-1.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="../17132/journals-1.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="../17133/newspaper-articles-1.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="../17124/demonstrations-1.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="../17139/chemistry-videos-1.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="../17140/web-links-1.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="../17138/chemistry-apps-1.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="../17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet--1.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="../17392/books-for-enjoyment--1.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27313/unit-plans-1.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="../22523/critical-thinking-1.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="../18044/do-you-speak-ib-1.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17382/changes-to-terminology-1.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning-1.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16344/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16328/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16907/topics-2-12--1.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="../17021/topics-3-13-1.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="../17114/topics-4-14-1.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="../17669/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17848/topics-6-16-1.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="../17023/topics-3-13--1.html">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li><a href="../17055/topics-4-14--1.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="../17270/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17854/topics-6-16--1.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="../18041/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18099/topics-8-18-1.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="../17269/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41528/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../41657/group-4-project-1.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41387/approaches-to-learning--1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41380/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../41383/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../41384/social-skills--1.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="../41385/self-management-skills-1.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="../41386/research-skills-1.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="../41382/reflection-skills--1.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41488/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41489/key-terms-concepts--1.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="../41492/how-the-elements-were-named--1.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="../41490/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../41493/the-culture-of-chemistry--1.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="../41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41403/essential-facts--1.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="../41409/paper-1-multiple-choice--1.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="../41417/paper-2--1.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="../41431/paper-3--1.html">Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41662/extended-essay--1.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41685/preparation-1.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="../41686/researching--1.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="../42075/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../41687/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div class="dropdown" id="userbox"><a class="dropdown-toggle btn" data-toggle="dropdown" onclick="return false;"><img src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;"> IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down gray"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 200px"><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry" class="" title=""><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth colored"></i>IBDP Chemistry</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user" class="" title="Check & modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/sitemap" class="" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/std-access" class="" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/teacher-accounts" class="" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/bookmarks" class="" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/messages" class="" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li><a href="/help/thinkib" class="pop-up-help" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" class="" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry?logout=1"><i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth colored"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></div><div id="std-teacher-only" style="padding-bottom: 10px;"><div style="display:flex;align-items:center"><img src="../../../img/icons/teacher.svg" style="margin: 0px;width:32px;height:auto;"><span style="color: #224466; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 5px;">Teacher only page</span></div></div><nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16344/syllabus-1.html" title="Syllabus">Syllabus</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" title="Teaching each topic & sub-topic">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16328/topic-1-1.html" title="Topic 1">Topic 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16354/nature-of-matter-chemical-change-1.html" title="Nature of matter & chemical change">Nature of matter & chemical change</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24342/mc-test-nature-of-matter-chemical-change-1.html" title="MC test: Nature of matter & chemical change">MC test: Nature of matter & chemical change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16424/nature-of-matter-chemical-change-questions--1.html" title="Nature of matter & chemical change questions ">Nature of matter & chemical change questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16334/the-mole-avogadros-constant-1.html" title="The mole & Avogadro's constant">The mole & Avogadro's constant</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24344/mc-test-the-mole-concept-1.html" title="MC test: The mole concept">MC test: The mole concept</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40826/empirical-molecular-formula-questions-1.html" title="Empirical & molecular formula questions">Empirical & molecular formula questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40823/the-mole-avogadros-constant-questions-1.html" title="The mole & Avogadro's constant questions">The mole & Avogadro's constant questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16333/reacting-masses-and-volumes-1.html" title="Reacting masses and volumes">Reacting masses and volumes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24345/mc-test-reacting-masses-volumes-1.html" title="MC test: Reacting masses & volumes">MC test: Reacting masses & volumes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40827/reacting-masses-and-volumes-questions-1.html" title="Reacting masses and volumes questions">Reacting masses and volumes questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16907/topics-2-12--1.html" title="Topics 2 & 12 ">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16914/the-nuclear-atom--1.html" title="The nuclear atom ">The nuclear atom </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24350/mc-test-the-nuclear-atom-1.html" title="MC test: The nuclear atom">MC test: The nuclear atom</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16919/the-nuclear-atom-questions--1.html" title="The nuclear atom questions ">The nuclear atom questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16951/electron-configuration-1.html" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37492/the-electron-configuration-of-scandium-1.html" title="The electron configuration of scandium">The electron configuration of scandium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24349/mc-test-electron-configuration-1.html" title="MC test: Electron configuration">MC test: Electron configuration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40876/electron-configuration-questions-1.html" title="Electron configuration questions">Electron configuration questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16946/electrons-in-atoms-1.html" title="Electrons in atoms">Electrons in atoms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24348/mc-test-electrons-in-atoms-1.html" title="MC test: Electrons in atoms">MC test: Electrons in atoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40879/electrons-in-atoms-questions-1.html" title="Electrons in atoms questions">Electrons in atoms questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17021/topics-3-13-1.html" title="Topics 3 & 13">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17022/the-periodic-table--1.html" title="The periodic table ">The periodic table </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24358/mc-test-periodic-table-1.html" title="MC test: Periodic table">MC test: Periodic table</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40926/periodic-table-questions-1.html" title="Periodic table questions">Periodic table questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17037/periodic-trends-1.html" title="Periodic trends">Periodic trends</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24359/mc-test-periodic-trends-1.html" title="MC test: Periodic trends">MC test: Periodic trends</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40928/periodic-trends-questions-1.html" title="Periodic trends questions">Periodic trends questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17041/first-row-d-block-elements--1.html" title="First-row d-block elements ">First-row d-block elements </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24442/mc-test-first-row-d-block-elements-1.html" title="MC test: First-row d-block elements">MC test: First-row d-block elements</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40929/first-row-d-block-elements-questions-1.html" title="First row d-block elements questions">First row d-block elements questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17040/coloured-complexes--1.html" title="Coloured complexes ">Coloured complexes </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24443/mc-test-coloured-complexes-1.html" title="MC test: Coloured complexes">MC test: Coloured complexes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40931/coloured-complexes-questions-1.html" title="Coloured complexes questions">Coloured complexes questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17114/topics-4-14-1.html" title="Topics 4 & 14">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17115/ionic-bonding-structure-1.html" title="Ionic bonding & structure">Ionic bonding & structure</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24470/mc-test-ionic-bonding-structure-1.html" title="MC test: Ionic bonding & structure">MC test: Ionic bonding & structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40897/ionic-bonding-structure-questions-1.html" title="Ionic bonding & structure questions">Ionic bonding & structure questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17110/data-response-question-1.html" title="Data response question">Data response question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24177/data-response-answers-1.html" title="Data response answers">Data response answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17117/covalent-bonding-1.html" title="Covalent bonding">Covalent bonding</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24471/mc-test-covalent-bonding-1.html" title="MC test: Covalent bonding">MC test: Covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40902/covalent-bonding-questions-1.html" title="Covalent bonding questions">Covalent bonding questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17127/covalent-structures-1-1.html" title="Covalent structures (1)">Covalent structures (1)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24480/mc-test-covalent-structures-1-1.html" title="MC test: Covalent structures (1)">MC test: Covalent structures (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40919/covalent-structures-1-questions-1.html" title="Covalent structures (1) questions">Covalent structures (1) questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17122/covalent-structures-2-1.html" title="Covalent structures (2)">Covalent structures (2)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24481/mc-test-covalent-structures-2--1.html" title="MC test: Covalent structures (2) ">MC test: Covalent structures (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40918/covalent-structure-2-shapes-polarity-questions-1.html" title="Covalent structure (2) Shapes & polarity questions">Covalent structure (2) Shapes & polarity questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17160/intermolecular-forces-1.html" title="Intermolecular forces">Intermolecular forces</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24512/mc-test-intermolecular-forces-1.html" title="MC test: Intermolecular forces">MC test: Intermolecular forces</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40937/intermolecular-forces-questions-1.html" title="Intermolecular forces questions">Intermolecular forces questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17237/metallic-bonding-1.html" title="Metallic bonding">Metallic bonding</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24513/mc-test-metallic-bonding-1.html" title="MC test: Metallic bonding">MC test: Metallic bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40939/metallic-bonding-questions-1.html" title="Metallic bonding questions">Metallic bonding questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17260/further-aspects-of-covalent-bonding--1.html" title="Further aspects of covalent bonding ">Further aspects of covalent bonding </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24553/mc-test-further-aspects-of-covalent-bonding-1.html" title="MC test: Further aspects of covalent bonding">MC test: Further aspects of covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40940/further-aspects-of-covalent-bonding-questions-1.html" title="Further aspects of covalent bonding questions">Further aspects of covalent bonding questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17258/hybridization-1.html" title="Hybridization">Hybridization</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24555/mc-test-hybridization-1.html" title="MC test: Hybridization">MC test: Hybridization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40941/hybridization-questions-1.html" title="Hybridization questions">Hybridization questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17669/topics-5-15--1.html" title="Topics 5 & 15 ">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17685/measuring-energy-changes-1.html" title="Measuring energy changes">Measuring energy changes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24581/mc-test-measuring-energy-changes-1.html" title="MC test: Measuring energy changes">MC test: Measuring energy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39536/measuring-energy-changes-questions--1.html" title="Measuring energy changes questions ">Measuring energy changes questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17689/hesss-law--1.html" title="Hess's Law ">Hess's Law </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24582/mc-test-hesss-law-1.html" title="MC test: Hess's Law">MC test: Hess's Law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39546/hesss-law-questions-1.html" title="Hess's Law questions">Hess's Law questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17774/bond-enthalpies-1.html" title="Bond enthalpies">Bond enthalpies</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24591/mc-test-bond-enthalpies-1.html" title="MC test: Bond enthalpies">MC test: Bond enthalpies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39547/bond-enthalpy-questions--1.html" title="Bond enthalpy questions ">Bond enthalpy questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17776/energy-cycles--1.html" title="Energy cycles ">Energy cycles </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24593/mc-test-energy-cycles-1.html" title="MC test: Energy cycles">MC test: Energy cycles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39569/energy-cycles-questions--1.html" title="Energy cycles questions ">Energy cycles questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17780/entropy-spontaneity--1.html" title="Entropy & spontaneity ">Entropy & spontaneity </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24608/mc-test-entropy-spontaneity-1.html" title="MC test: Entropy & spontaneity">MC test: Entropy & spontaneity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39650/entropy-spontaneity-questions--1.html" title="Entropy & spontaneity questions ">Entropy & spontaneity questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17848/topics-6-16-1.html" title="Topics 6 & 16">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17850/collision-theory-rates-of-reaction-1.html" title="Collision theory & rates of reaction">Collision theory & rates of reaction</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24640/mc-test-collision-theory-rates-of-reaction-1.html" title="MC test: Collision theory & rates of reaction">MC test: Collision theory & rates of reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40946/collision-theory-questions-1.html" title="Collision theory questions">Collision theory questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40947/rates-of-reaction-questions-1.html" title="Rates of reaction questions">Rates of reaction questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17870/rate-expression-reaction-mechanism-1.html" title="Rate expression & reaction mechanism">Rate expression & reaction mechanism</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24645/mc-test-rate-expression-reaction-mechanisms-1.html" title="MC test: Rate expression & reaction mechanisms">MC test: Rate expression & reaction mechanisms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40949/rate-expression-questions-1.html" title="Rate expression questions">Rate expression questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40950/reaction-mechanisms-questions-1.html" title="Reaction mechanisms questions">Reaction mechanisms questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17876/activation-energy-1.html" title="Activation energy">Activation energy</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24651/mc-test-activation-energy-1.html" title="MC test: Activation energy">MC test: Activation energy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40954/activation-energy-questions-1.html" title="Activation energy questions">Activation energy questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html" title="Topics 7 & 17 ">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18040/equilibrium--1.html" title="Equilibrium ">Equilibrium </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24656/mc-test-equilibrium-1.html" title="MC test: Equilibrium">MC test: Equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40959/equilibrium-questions-1.html" title="Equilibrium questions">Equilibrium questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18091/equilibrium-law--1.html" title="Equilibrium law ">Equilibrium law </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24660/mc-test-the-equilibrium-law-1.html" title="MC test: The equilibrium law">MC test: The equilibrium law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40961/equilibrium-law-questions-1.html" title="Equilibrium law questions">Equilibrium law questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18 ">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18124/theories-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases ">Theories of acids & bases </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24662/mc-test-theories-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Theories of acids & bases">MC test: Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40963/theories-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases questions">Theories of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18126/properties-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases">Properties of acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24663/mc-test-properties-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Properties of acids & bases ">MC test: Properties of acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40964/properties-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases questions">Properties of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18140/ph-scale-1.html" title="pH scale">pH scale</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24668/mc-test-the-ph-scale-1.html" title="MC test: The pH scale">MC test: The pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40971/ph-scale-questions-1.html" title="pH scale questions">pH scale questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18152/strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="Strong & weak acids & bases">Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24670/mc-test-strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases">MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40972/strong-weak-acid-bases-questions-1.html" title="Strong & weak acid & bases questions">Strong & weak acid & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18156/acid-deposition-1.html" title="Acid deposition">Acid deposition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24674/mc-test-acid-deposition-1.html" title="MC test: Acid deposition">MC test: Acid deposition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40983/acid-deposition-questions-1.html" title="Acid deposition questions">Acid deposition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18160/lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases">Lewis acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24710/mc-test-lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Lewis acids & bases">MC test: Lewis acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40986/lewis-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases questions">Lewis acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18250/acid-base-calculations-1.html" title="Acid base calculations">Acid base calculations</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24714/mc-test-calculations-involving-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases ">MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40988/acid-base-calculations-questions--1.html" title="Acid-base calculations questions ">Acid-base calculations questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26161/ph-titration-curves-1.html" title="pH titration curves">pH titration curves</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26158/mc-test-ph-curves-1.html" title="MC test: pH curves">MC test: pH curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41000/ph-curves-questions--1.html" title="pH curves questions ">pH curves questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18365/oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction">Oxidation & reduction</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24725/mc-test-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="MC test: Oxidation & reduction">MC test: Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41033/oxidation-reduction-questions-1--1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (1) ">Oxidation & reduction questions (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41034/oxidation-reduction-questions-2-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (2)">Oxidation & reduction questions (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41035/oxidation-reduction-questions-3-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (3)">Oxidation & reduction questions (3)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18383/electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells">Electrochemical cells</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24740/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells">MC test: Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41072/electrochemical-cells-questions--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells questions ">Electrochemical cells questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18401/electrochemical-cells-ahl--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (AHL) ">Electrochemical cells (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24742/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)">MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41098/electrochemical-cells-1-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41099/electrochemical-cells-2-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20 ">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18497/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry--1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry ">Fundamentals of organic chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24749/mc-test-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry">MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41111/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41112/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-2-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18597/alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24750/mc-test-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41121/alkanes-questions-1.html" title="Alkanes questions">Alkanes questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41124/alkenes-questions-1.html" title="Alkenes questions">Alkenes questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18741/alcohols--1.html" title="Alcohols ">Alcohols </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24772/mc-test-alcohols-1.html" title="MC test: Alcohols">MC test: Alcohols</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41125/alcohols-questions-1.html" title="Alcohols questions">Alcohols questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18742/halogenoalkanes-benzene--1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene ">Halogenoalkanes & benzene </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24797/mc-test-halogenoalkanes-benzene-1.html" title="MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene">MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41130/halogenoalkanes-benzene-questions-1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions">Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18762/nucleophilic-substitution--1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution ">Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24757/mc-test-nucleophilic-substitution-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleophilic substitution">MC test: Nucleophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41138/nucleophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution questions">Nucleophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18766/electrophilic-addition--1.html" title="Electrophilic addition ">Electrophilic addition </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24805/mc-test-electrophilic-addition-electrophilic-substitution-reacti-2.html" title="MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions">MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41148/electrophilic-addition-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic addition questions">Electrophilic addition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18780/electrophilic-substitution--2.html" title="Electrophilic substitution ">Electrophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41149/electrophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic substitution questions">Electrophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18793/reduction-reactions--1.html" title="Reduction reactions ">Reduction reactions </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24811/mc-test-reduction-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Reduction reactions">MC test: Reduction reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41150/reduction-reactions-questions-1.html" title="Reduction reactions questions">Reduction reactions questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18797/synthetic-routes--1.html" title="Synthetic routes ">Synthetic routes </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24822/mc-test-synthetic-routes-1.html" title="MC test: Synthetic routes">MC test: Synthetic routes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41152/synthetic-routes-questions--1.html" title="Synthetic routes questions ">Synthetic routes questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18844/stereoisomerism--1.html" title="Stereoisomerism ">Stereoisomerism </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24817/mc-test-stereoisomerism-1.html" title="MC test: Stereoisomerism">MC test: Stereoisomerism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41166/stereoisomerism-questions-1.html" title="Stereoisomerism questions">Stereoisomerism questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 ">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17276/uncertainty-errors--1.html" title="Uncertainty & errors ">Uncertainty & errors </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24818/mc-test-uncertainties-errors-1.html" title="MC test: Uncertainties & errors">MC test: Uncertainties & errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../38869/uncertainty-error-questions--1.html" title="Uncertainty & error questions ">Uncertainty & error questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../15014/graphical-techniques-1.html" title="Graphical techniques">Graphical techniques</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24819/mc-test-graphical-techniques-1.html" title="MC test: Graphical techniques">MC test: Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39387/graphical-techniques-questions--1.html" title="Graphical techniques questions ">Graphical techniques questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18968/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24820/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds--1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds ">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39388/index-of-hydrogen-deficiency-questions-1.html" title="Index of hydrogen deficiency questions">Index of hydrogen deficiency questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39351/identification-from-spectra-question-1-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 1">Identification from spectra - Question 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39353/identification-from-spectra-question-2-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 2">Identification from spectra - Question 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39354/identification-from-spectra-question-3-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 3">Identification from spectra - Question 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39355/identification-from-spectra-question-4-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 4">Identification from spectra - Question 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39356/identification-from-spectra-question-5-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 5">Identification from spectra - Question 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39357/identification-from-spectra-question-6-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 6">Identification from spectra - Question 6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39358/identification-from-spectra-question-7-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 7">Identification from spectra - Question 7</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39359/identification-from-spectra-question-8-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 8">Identification from spectra - Question 8</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39360/identification-from-spectra-question-9-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 9">Identification from spectra - Question 9</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39361/identification-from-spectra-question-10-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 10">Identification from spectra - Question 10</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19027/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl--1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) ">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24821/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39375/identification-from-spectra-question-11-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 11">Identification from spectra - Question 11</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39376/identification-from-spectra-question-12-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 12">Identification from spectra - Question 12</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39377/identification-from-spectra-question-13-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 13">Identification from spectra - Question 13</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39378/identification-from-spectra-question-14-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 14">Identification from spectra - Question 14</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39379/identification-from-spectra-question-15-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 15">Identification from spectra - Question 15</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39380/identification-from-spectra-question-16-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 16">Identification from spectra - Question 16</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39381/identification-from-spectra-question-17-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 17">Identification from spectra - Question 17</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39382/identification-from-spectra-question-18-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 18">Identification from spectra - Question 18</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39383/identification-from-spectra-question-19-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 19">Identification from spectra - Question 19</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39385/identification-from-spectra-question-20-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 20">Identification from spectra - Question 20</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="the-nature-of-science-1.html" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html" title="Key terms & concepts">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html" title="How the elements were named">How the elements were named</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html" title="The Culture of Chemistry">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html" title="Nature of Science questions">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" title="Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html" title="Topic 1">Topic 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html" title="Topics 2 & 12">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17023/topics-3-13--1.html" title="Topics 3 & 13 ">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17055/topics-4-14--1.html" title="Topics 4 & 14 ">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17270/topics-5-15--1.html" title="Topics 5 & 15 ">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17854/topics-6-16--1.html" title="Topics 6 & 16 ">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18041/topics-7-17--1.html" title="Topics 7 & 17 ">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18099/topics-8-18-1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19 ">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17269/topics-11-21--1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 ">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" title="'Utilization' - Relationships between topics ">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html" title="Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html" title="Example of connections">Example of connections</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html" title="Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html" title="Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" title="Multiple choice tests for each topic">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="SL Questions by topic">SL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16903/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1--1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (1) ">1. Stoichiometric relationships (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16904/1-stoichiometric-relationships-2--1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (2) ">1. Stoichiometric relationships (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16710/2-atomic-structure-1.html" title="2. Atomic structure">2. Atomic structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16738/3-periodicity-1.html" title="3. Periodicity">3. Periodicity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16822/4-chemical-bonding-structure-1-1.html" title="4. Chemical bonding & structure (1)">4. Chemical bonding & structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16823/4-chemical-bonding-structure-2-1.html" title="4. Chemical bonding & structure (2)">4. Chemical bonding & structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16887/5-energetics-thermochemistry-1.html" title="5. Energetics & thermochemistry">5. Energetics & thermochemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16906/6-chemical-kinetics-1.html" title="6. Chemical kinetics">6. Chemical kinetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17464/7-equilibrium-1.html" title="7. Equilibrium">7. Equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17420/8-acids-and-bases-1.html" title="8. Acids and bases">8. Acids and bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17416/9-redox-processes-1.html" title="9. Redox processes">9. Redox processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17411/10-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (1) ">10. Organic chemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17412/10-organic-chemistry-2--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (2) ">10. Organic chemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17286/11-measurement-data-processing-1--1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (1) ">11. Measurement & data processing (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17287/11-measurement-data-processing-2-1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (2)">11. Measurement & data processing (2)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="HL Questions by topic">HL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16709/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16735/1-stoichiometric-relationships-2-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37016/2-12-atomic-structure-1-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (1)">2 &12. Atomic structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16721/2-12-atomic-structure-2-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (2)">2 &12. Atomic structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16815/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-1--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16816/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-2--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16861/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16862/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-2-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16894/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-1--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16893/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-2--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17654/6-16-chemical-kinetics-1--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17655/6-16-chemical-kinetics-2--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17471/7-17-equilibrium-1--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17472/7-17-equilibrium-2--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17421/8-18-acids-bases-1--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17422/8-18-acids-bases-2--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17417/9-19-redox-processes-1--1.html" title="9 & 19 Redox processes (1) ">9 & 19 Redox processes (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17418/9-19-redox-processes-2--1.html" title="9 & 19. Redox processes (2) ">9 & 19. Redox processes (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17413/10-20-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10 & 20. Organic chemistry (1) ">10 & 20. Organic chemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17415/10-20-organic-chemistry-2--1.html" title="10 & 20. Organic chemistry (2) ">10 & 20. Organic chemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17288/11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1-1.html" title="11 & 21. Measurement, data processing & analysis (1)">11 & 21. Measurement, data processing & analysis (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17289/11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-2--1.html" title="11 & 21. Measurement, data processing & analysis (2) ">11 & 21. Measurement, data processing & analysis (2) </a></li></ul></ul></ul></nav></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"><article id="main-article"><a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt"></i></a><ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker stacked" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16441" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i><span>Favourite</span></a><textarea data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16441" id="editor" class="favcomms hidden" placeholder="Your personal notes..."></textarea></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i><span>Feedback</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:" since="" i="" am="" new="" to="" the="" ib,="" could="" you="" tell="" me="" what="" has="" been="" the="" toughest="" topic="" for="" students="" generally="" in="" the="" exams="" over="" the="" past="" few="" years,...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16441%2fthe-nature-of-science"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16441" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:" since="" i="" am="" new="" to="" the="" ib,="" could="" you="" tell="" me="" what="" has="" been="" the="" toughest="" topic="" for="" students="" generally="" in="" the="" exams="" over="" the="" past="" few="" years,...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16441%2fthe-nature-of-science"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">The Nature of Science</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Core & AHL" href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>The Nature of Science</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><div id="modal-feedback" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>
<h3>The Nature of Science: Feedback</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form method="post" id="feedback-form">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12" style="margin: 12px 0">
<p>
Which of the following best describes your feedback?
</p>
<label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" checked="checked" value="useful" name="feedback-type">
Recommend
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="error" name="feedback-type">
Report a problem
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="improve" name="feedback-type">
Suggest an improvement
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="other" name="feedback-type">
Other
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<label>Comments:</label>
<div class="row-fluid">
<textarea class="span12" name="feedback-comment" placeholder="Your feedback... (optional)"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="feedback-submited" value="1">
</form>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn btn-large" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
<i class="fa fa-remove"></i>
Cancel
</button>
<button class="btn pull-right" id="submit-feedback" onclick="javascript:$('#feedback-form').submit();return false;">
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
Submit
</button>
</div>
</div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1>What is the Nature of Science?</h1><p>I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">"Since I am new to the IB, could you tell me what has been the toughest topic for students generally in the exams over the past few years, and also, from a quick look at the syllabus, what is this nature of science business?”</p><p>It is not only students who wonder, “What is this nature of science business?” Many teachers are not clear either.</p><p>So what exactly does the IB mean by the Nature of Science? There is seven page description of it given in the current (2014) Subject Guide and you should certainly read this (pages 6 to 12). Essentially it covers five key points and lists sub-headings under each of these five points.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?<br>2. The understanding of science<br>3. The objectivity of science<br>4. The human face of science<br>5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of science</p><p>It is then followed by two short sections one on ‘The Nature of Chemistry’ and one on 'Science and Theory of Knowledge’.</p><p>When I first saw it I thought that NOS is simply Theory of Knowledge as applied to the Natural Sciences and in our case to chemistry in particular. To confirm whether I was right or not I showed what is written by the IB about the Nature of Science to senior examiners, authors and teachers of TOK. All of them agreed with me that the Nature of Science is essentially the application of TOK to the Natural Sciences. One of them has put it eloquently:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">"What is written in the Nature of Science document are areas that could/would be looked at in TOK in a specific sense, whereas what is written in the TOK document is very generic. Pretty much everything in the nature of science document could be explored from a TOK perspective, but the way it is looked at would probably be formulated into questions which are not how this document is set out. For example, 1.7 in a TOK sense might be set out as the question: "To what extent does doubt play a role in the acquisition of knowledge in the natural sciences and how does this effect reliability and validity in this subject area?" 1.9 might become: "Why is it important to distinguish between hypotheses, laws and theories in the natural sciences and what do these distinctions tells us about knowledge in these areas?" I would suggest that from a teacher's perspective there is no difference between the two sections. If you were to re-label "nature of science" as "nature of scientific knowledge" then, in my view, this would be a one sentence description of what we do in TOK when we look at the natural sciences."</p><p>Another, an author of a highly respected book on TOK, simply said,</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">“In my book, this is TOK! If not, I would like someone to explain the difference. In one sense, I don’t see any problem with this. TOK is supposed to complement the focus on methodology & critical thinking that should naturally happen in subject areas. Historians talk about primary and secondary sources and we do that in TOK too. However, I think it would create a lot of confusion if the Nature of Science and the Science element of TOK are quite different. If someone wants to claim that, it is incumbent on them to explain in detail how the two differ.”</p><p>What I infer from all of this is a teacher in the past who incorporated TOK into their chemistry teaching can carry on doing exactly that to cover NOS. Where there is confusion is that NOS can be assessed whereas TOK will not be assessed. The problem with this is that there is considerable overlap between what is written for NOS (assessable) and TOK (not-assessable). To give one example, in 1.1 under TOK it states “Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen, which overturned the phlogiston theory of combustion, is an example of a paradigm shift. How does scientific knowledge progress?” and yet in Topic 2.1 under NOS it states, “Paradigm shifts—the subatomic particle theory of matter represents a paradigm shift in science that occurred in the late 1800s.” From this it seems quite clear that the concept of paradigm shifts can be examined. (Note that in the updated version of the Guide published in February 2018 the statement 'Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen' has now been changed to just 'The discovery of oxygen' as Lavoisier did not actually discover oxygen - he only realised its significance).</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="228" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg" width="211"> <img alt="" height="227" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/lavoisier (1).jpg" width="162"></p><p style="text-align: center;">The human face of science</p><p style="text-align: center;">Einstein’s paradigm shift is NOS so can be assessed; Lavoisier’s paradigm shift is TOK so cannot be assessed!!!!</p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><h2>So what is the best way to incorporate NOS into your teaching?</h2><p>My suggestions are:</p><ul class="branded"><li>Know what is written about the Nature of Science on pages 6-12 of the 2014 Chemistry Guide.</li><li>Make sure you understand how TOK works and how it can be applied to chemistry. You can read about this in the <a href="chemistry/go/307">TOK section under IB Core</a>. You can then provide examples which will help students when it comes to writing their TOK essay or delivering their seminar. (This is because TOK examiners tend to give credit for relevant specific examples taken from subjects studied by students to back up their arguments. Too often they just see students using the typical examples provided by TOK class teachers who of course cannot be experts in all the different IB disciplines.). There are many good examples of TOK/NOS as it relates to chemistry in Peter Wother's book Antimony, Gold & Jupiter's Wolf which I've reviewed in <a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html" title="Core & AHL » The Nature of Science » How the elements were named">How the elements were named</a>.</li><li>Look at what is written for NOS at the head of each sub-topic in the guide and read what I have written to supplement this on the relevant page for each sub-topic. Often what is written under 'Pause for thought' at the start of each sub-topic relates to the Nature of Science. Also look at what is written for each topic under the heading <a href="chemistry/go/16413">“Incorporating IM, TOK, Utilization etc.”</a>.</li><li>Use the accompanying glossary of <a href="chemistry/go/16450">key terms and concepts</a>. If students (and teachers) know what is meant by key terms such as ‘Paradigm shift’ and Occam’s razor’ and can illustrate them with examples they will be well-prepared to answer NOS questions.</li><li>Practice with past NOS questions. Certain areas of NOS such as falsification and the need for repeatable and accurate data will crop up time and time again.</li></ul></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="yellowBg"><h2>Possible discussion on ‘The scientific method’</h2><hr class="hidden"><p>To initiate a discussion with your students on the Nature of Science before bringing in the ideas of Popper and Kuhn etc. and the importance of serendipity you might like to show the 14 minute TEDx talk given by a theoretical physicist, Dr Teman Cooke, entitled “The scientific method is crap”. </p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/j12BBcKSgEQ?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/j12BBcKSgEQ" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> The scientific method is crap </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p>In this talk he defines what he sees as the scientific method as being linear in nature that follows the sequence</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 1. Identify a problem</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 2. Do some research</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 3. Form a hypothesis</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 4. Do an experiment with independent and dependent variables to test your hypothesis</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 5. Analyse your data</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 6. Draw a conclusion</p><hr class="hidden"><p>You may well recognise this as a basic formula used by many students for both their IA and EE in chemistry.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>He then goes on to talk about the ‘Cycle of scientific thinking’.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/cycle-of-scientific-thinking.png" style="width: 576px; height: 410px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>To stimulate discussion you might like to refer to some of the comments posted below the YouTube video, For example:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-1.png" style="width: 600px; height: 73px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-2.png" style="width: 600px; height: 110px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-3.png" style="width: 600px; height: 59px;"></p></div><div class="blueBg"><h2>A good resource for NOS activities</h2><p>It is well worth looking at a website developed by Oliver Canning who now teaches Chemistry and Theory of Knowledge at TASIS, England having previously taught at the United World College of S.E. Asia in Singapore. It has many activities on the Nature if Chemistry that you can do with your students.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/screenshot-2019-11-01-at-07.56.38.png" style="width: 650px; height: 305px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.natureofchemistry.com/" target="_blank" title="Activities"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/activities.png"> The Nature of Chemistry by Oliver Canning</a></p><p style="text-align: center;">(You may find that this link does not load from this site as it is not secure in which case type http://www.natureofchemistry.com/ separately into your browser and it should work.)</p></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16441" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16441%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=I received an e-mail from a student (not someone I teach) which included the following:" since="" i="" am="" new="" to="" the="" ib,="" could="" you="" tell="" me="" what="" has="" been="" the="" toughest="" topic="" for="" students="" generally="" in="" the="" exams="" over="" the="" past="" few="" years,...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16441%2fthe-nature-of-science"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square-1.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square-1.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square-1.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-36000"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack-1.js"></script>
<script>var pageId = 16441;</script><script src="../../../js/autosize.min-1.js" media="screen"></script><script src="../../../js/user/section-faves.min-1.js?v=202110111730"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/build/app-1.js?v=202204141130"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min-1.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min-1.js?v=202109221648"></script><script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min-1.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/header-circle.min-1.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="../../../js/password-toggler.min-1.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IB Docs (2) Team&x=973';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ4hvT)hIn82Oc2UjpCqiT2UMWinVkSIxZ8hvr)o|w8LIbcUNZ|UIn4hNTs+ir[UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[/[UxbOqNuc2|w6IicY/4FMUxbeqIn9LIb4qTZ80Ipc/4F[2vwOqt/6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIicY/4F[]-+8nVW[ak==';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = 'f150edcc1eaf3f9a95756efab000581a';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater-1.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
function loadComments(){$.get("pages/comment.php",{action:"get-list",ticket:"IB Docs (2) Team",site_with_comments:"1",general_id:"3",sitename:"chemistry",section_id:"16441"},(function(t){"1"==t.success?($("#comments").html(t.html),"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor()):alert("Error (lc1): please contact support")}),"json")}$(document).ready((function(){loadComments()}));let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));$('#tl-tabs a').click(function (e) {e.preventDefault();$(this).tab('show');});$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();return position.top>200?"top":position.left<515?"right":position.top<200?"bottom":position.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var index=$(this).index(),container;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(index)}));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>