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28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17705/transcription-of-mrna-from-dna.html" title="Transcription of mRNA from DNA">Transcription of mRNA from DNA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17707/translation-of-mrna-into-amino-acids.html" title="Translation of mRNA into Amino Acids">Translation of mRNA into Amino Acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19635/cell-respiration.html" title="Cell Respiration.">Cell Respiration.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19636/respiration-experiments.html" title="Respiration experiments.">Respiration experiments.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15713/photosynthesis-theory.html" title="Photosynthesis Theory">Photosynthesis Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20556/photosynthetic-pigments-.html" title="Photosynthetic pigments ">Photosynthetic pigments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15727/photosynthesis-experiments.html" title="Photosynthesis Experiments">Photosynthesis Experiments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16980/genetics-activities-for-learning.html" title="Genetics Activities for Learning">Genetics Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17813/chromosomes-genes-alleles.html" title="Chromosomes genes & alleles">Chromosomes genes & alleles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17822/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17827/base-substitution-mutation.html" title="Base substitution mutation">Base substitution mutation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17859/chromosomes.html" title="Chromosomes">Chromosomes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17816/karyograms-and-non-disjunction.html" title="Karyograms and non-disjunction">Karyograms and non-disjunction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17814/introduction-to-meiosis.html" title="Introduction to Meiosis">Introduction to Meiosis</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17817/theoretical-genetics-1.html" title="Theoretical Genetics 1">Theoretical Genetics 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23787/stargardt-disease.html" title="Stargardt disease">Stargardt disease</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17818/theoretical-genetics-2.html" title="Theoretical Genetics 2">Theoretical Genetics 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17819/sex-linked-genes.html" title="Sex Linked Genes">Sex Linked Genes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17825/is-genetics-an-embarrassment-to-biology-education-.html" title="Is genetics an embarrassment to biology education? ">Is genetics an embarrassment to biology education? </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17809/hairy-hands-genetics-of-mid-digital-hair.html" title="Hairy Hands - genetics of mid-digital hair">Hairy Hands - genetics of mid-digital hair</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17810/pedigree-chart-phenotype-ratios.html" title="Pedigree Chart & Phenotype Ratios">Pedigree Chart & Phenotype Ratios</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17820/ia-maize-genetics-experiment.html" title="IA Maize Genetics Experiment">IA Maize Genetics Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17823/genetically-modified-organisms.html" title="Genetically Modified Organisms.">Genetically Modified Organisms.</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17824/introduction-to-cloning.html" title="Introduction to Cloning.">Introduction to Cloning.</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33736/cloning-ethics-quiz.html" title="Cloning ethics - quiz">Cloning ethics - quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17811/therapeutic-cloning-debate-.html" title="Therapeutic Cloning Debate ">Therapeutic Cloning Debate </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16981/ecology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Ecology Activities for Learning">Ecology Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17905/ecological-terms.html" title="Ecological terms.">Ecological terms.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17906/food-webs.html" title="Food Webs">Food Webs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17927/mesocosm-lab.html" title="Mesocosm Lab">Mesocosm Lab</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23435/ecology-mini-investigation.html" title="Ecology mini investigation">Ecology mini investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33629/ecology-field-trip-at-home.html" title="Ecology field trip - at home">Ecology field trip - at home</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17907/energy-flow.html" title="Energy Flow.">Energy Flow.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17912/carbon-cycle-skills.html" title="Carbon Cycle Skills">Carbon Cycle Skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17908/enhanced-greenhouse-effect.html" title="Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.">Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17909/climate-change.html" title="Climate Change.">Climate Change.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16985/evolution-activities-for-learning.html" title="Evolution: Activities for Learning">Evolution: Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15988/evolution-introduction.html" title="Evolution introduction">Evolution introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15990/variation-overproduction.html" title="Variation & overproduction">Variation & overproduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15989/evolution-examples.html" title="Evolution examples">Evolution examples</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19320/classification-binomial-names.html" title="Classification & binomial names">Classification & binomial names</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15991/classification-of-plants.html" title="Classification of Plants">Classification of Plants</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19306/plant-classification-quiz.html" title="Plant classification quiz">Plant classification quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15993/classification-of-animals.html" title="Classification of Animals">Classification of Animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23751/classification-games.html" title="Classification games">Classification games</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18912/intro-to-cladistics.html" title="Intro to cladistics">Intro to cladistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18910/reclassification-of-figworts-using-cladistics.html" title="Reclassification of figworts using cladistics">Reclassification of figworts using cladistics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18027/humans-activities-for-learning.html" title="Humans Activities for Learning">Humans Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18028/digestion-enzymes-intro-.html" title="Digestion & Enzymes Intro ">Digestion & Enzymes Intro </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18029/ia-lipase-experiment.html" title="IA Lipase Experiment">IA Lipase Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18033/structure-of-the-digestive-system.html" title="Structure of the digestive system.">Structure of the digestive system.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18030/intestine-structure-function.html" title="Intestine Structure & Function.">Intestine Structure & Function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18031/blood-and-blood-vessels.html" title="Blood and Blood Vessels">Blood and Blood Vessels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18032/heart-dissection-diagram.html" title="Heart Dissection & Diagram">Heart Dissection & Diagram</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18026/controlling-heartbeat.html" title="Controlling Heartbeat">Controlling Heartbeat</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18590/blood-clotting-and-heart-disease.html" title="Blood clotting and heart disease.">Blood clotting and heart disease.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18117/antigens-and-antibodies-.html" title="Antigens and antibodies ">Antigens and antibodies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18180/hiv-and-aids.html" title="HIV and AIDS">HIV and AIDS</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18116/immune-system-.html" title="Immune System ">Immune System </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18115/alveoli-gas-exchange.html" title="Alveoli & gas exchange">Alveoli & gas exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19330/ventilation-lung-disease.html" title="Ventilation & lung disease">Ventilation & lung disease</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18421/nerve-impulses.html" title="Nerve impulses.">Nerve impulses.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18461/synapses.html" title="Synapses">Synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31311/chemicals-which-affect-synapses.html" title="Chemicals which affect synapses">Chemicals which affect synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19886/hormones-introduction.html" title="Hormones introduction">Hormones introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19894/homeostasis-of-glucose.html" title="Homeostasis of Glucose.">Homeostasis of Glucose.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19907/harvey-and-the-search-for-ova.html" title="Harvey and the search for ova">Harvey and the search for ova</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19908/hormones-and-the-menstrual-cycle.html" title="Hormones and the menstrual cycle">Hormones and the menstrual cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19927/hormones-in-ivf.html" title="Hormones in IVF">Hormones in IVF</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17178/additional-hl.html" title="Additional HL">Additional HL</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17917/hl-nucleic-acids-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Nucleic Acids Activities for Learning">HL Nucleic Acids Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17918/dna-structure-extras-for-hl.html" title="DNA structure - Extras for HL">DNA structure - Extras for HL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16141/dna-replication-for-hl-students.html" title="DNA Replication for HL Students">DNA Replication for HL Students</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17920/transcription-extras-for-hl.html" title="Transcription - extras for HL">Transcription - extras for HL</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37259/extension-concept-hydrolysis-of-atp.html" title="Extension concept - Hydrolysis of ATP">Extension concept - Hydrolysis of ATP</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18048/translation-ribosomes.html" title="Translation & ribosomes">Translation & ribosomes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17921/four-levels-of-protein-structure.html" title="Four levels of protein structure">Four levels of protein structure</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18211/hl-metabolism-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Metabolism Activities for Learning">HL Metabolism Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19840/activation-energy-and-enzyme-pathways.html" title="Activation energy and enzyme pathways">Activation energy and enzyme pathways</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19850/emergency-room-activity-enzyme-inhibition.html" title="Emergency room activity - enzyme inhibition">Emergency room activity - enzyme inhibition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19865/toxicology-training-course.html" title="Toxicology training course">Toxicology training course</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17923/end-product-inhibition-of-enzymes.html" title="End product inhibition of Enzymes.">End product inhibition of Enzymes.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17922/hl-respiration-introduction.html" title="HL Respiration introduction">HL Respiration introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16207/glycolysis-and-the-krebs-cycle.html" title="Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle">Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18214/electron-transport-chain.html" title="Electron transport chain">Electron transport chain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16209/chloroplasts-and-photosynthesis.html" title="Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis">Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16210/light-dependent-reactions.html" title="Light Dependent Reactions">Light Dependent Reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16211/light-independent-reactions.html" title="Light Independent Reactions">Light Independent Reactions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17720/hl-plant-biology-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Plant Biology - Activities for Learning">HL Plant Biology - Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17726/leaf-stomata-transpiration.html" title="Leaf stomata & transpiration">Leaf stomata & transpiration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17721/vascular-tissues-introduction.html" title="Vascular tissues - introduction">Vascular tissues - introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17723/transport-in-xylem.html" title="Transport in xylem">Transport in xylem</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17727/experiments-on-transpiration.html" title="Experiments on Transpiration.">Experiments on Transpiration.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17724/transpiration-and-xerophytes-.html" title="Transpiration and Xerophytes ">Transpiration and Xerophytes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17763/phloem-and-translocation.html" title="Phloem and translocation">Phloem and translocation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17722/meristems-and-growth.html" title="Meristems and Growth.">Meristems and Growth.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17804/hormonal-control-in-plants.html" title="Hormonal control in plants">Hormonal control in plants</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17725/reproduction-in-angiosperms.html" title="Reproduction in angiosperms.">Reproduction in angiosperms.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17808/seeds-flowering-phytochromes.html" title="Seeds, flowering & phytochromes">Seeds, flowering & phytochromes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17888/hl-genetics-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Genetics Activities for Learning">HL Genetics Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17889/meiosis.html" title="Meiosis.">Meiosis.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17890/di-hybrid-crosses.html" title="Di-Hybrid Crosses.">Di-Hybrid Crosses.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17892/polygenic-inheritance.html" title="Polygenic Inheritance.">Polygenic Inheritance.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17891/gene-linkage-1.html" title="Gene Linkage 1">Gene Linkage 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17894/gene-linkage-2.html" title="Gene Linkage 2">Gene Linkage 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17901/gene-pools.html" title="Gene pools">Gene pools</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19670/polyploidy.html" title="Polyploidy">Polyploidy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19559/hl-animal-physiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Animal Physiology Activities for Learning">HL Animal Physiology Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19560/antibody-production.html" title="Antibody production">Antibody production</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19566/monoclonal-antibodies.html" title="Monoclonal antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19565/vaccination.html" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19561/muscles-joints.html" title="Muscles & joints">Muscles & joints</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19564/muscle-structure-function.html" title="Muscle structure & function.">Muscle structure & function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19681/osmoregulation.html" title="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19562/kidney-and-nephrons.html" title="Kidney and nephrons.">Kidney and nephrons.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18813/gamete-formation.html" title="Gamete formation">Gamete formation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16365/fertilization-blastocyst.html" title="Fertilization & blastocyst">Fertilization & blastocyst</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20080/pregnancy-and-birth.html" title="Pregnancy and birth">Pregnancy and birth</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../17193/options-.html" title="Options ">Options </a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21490/option-a-neurobiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology - Activities for learning">Option A - Neurobiology - Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21399/nervous-system-formation.html" title="Nervous system formation">Nervous system formation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21401/synapses-and-nervous-system-plasticity.html" title="Synapses and nervous system plasticity">Synapses and nervous system plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21519/brain-structure-and-function.html" title="Brain structure and function">Brain structure and function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21520/the-cerebral-cortex.html" title="The Cerebral cortex">The Cerebral cortex</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21525/sensory-receptors-and-smell.html" title="Sensory receptors and smell">Sensory receptors and smell</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21526/the-eye-and-photoreceptors.html" title="The eye and photoreceptors">The eye and photoreceptors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33371/reflexes.html" title="Reflexes">Reflexes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33372/conditioning-and-imprinting.html" title="Conditioning and imprinting">Conditioning and imprinting</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25280/option-b-biotechnology-and-bioinformatics.html" title="Option B - Biotechnology and bioinformatics">Option B - Biotechnology and bioinformatics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32571/batch-fermentation-and-continuous-culture.html" title="Batch fermentation and continuous culture">Batch fermentation and continuous culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25411/cryptic-messages-bioinformatics-introduction.html" title="Cryptic messages - bioinformatics introduction">Cryptic messages - bioinformatics introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25364/orf-activity.html" title="ORF activity">ORF activity</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22063/option-c-ecology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option C - Ecology Activities for learning">Option C - Ecology Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22081/describing-communities.html" title="Describing communities">Describing communities</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="limits-and-zones-lab.html" title="Limits and zones lab">Limits and zones lab</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22084/symbiosis-v-competitive-exclusion.html" title="Symbiosis v Competitive exclusion">Symbiosis v Competitive exclusion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22085/modelling-energy-flow.html" title="Modelling energy flow">Modelling energy flow</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22086/predicting-ecosystems.html" title="Predicting ecosystems">Predicting ecosystems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22089/modelling-nutrients.html" title="Modelling nutrients">Modelling nutrients</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22088/disturbance-vs-diversity.html" title="Disturbance vs Diversity">Disturbance vs Diversity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22807/invasive-species.html" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22810/biomagnification.html" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22958/plastic-debris.html" title="Plastic debris">Plastic debris</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23153/indicator-species-biotic-index.html" title="Indicator species & biotic index">Indicator species & biotic index</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23154/conservation-methods.html" title="Conservation methods">Conservation methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22059/biodiversity-estimations.html" title="Biodiversity estimations">Biodiversity estimations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22060/lincoln-index-activities.html" title="Lincoln Index activities">Lincoln Index activities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27387/population-growth-curves.html" title="Population growth curves">Population growth curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27433/fisheries-and-populations.html" title="Fisheries and populations">Fisheries and populations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18998/nitrogen-cycle-applications.html" title="Nitrogen cycle - applications">Nitrogen cycle - applications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28235/phosphorus-cycle.html" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20088/option-d-human-physiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option D - Human physiology Activities for learning">Option D - Human physiology Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20215/is-it-so-bad-to-eat-only-pizza.html" title="Is it so bad to eat only pizza?">Is it so bad to eat only pizza?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20220/appetite-and-malnutrition.html" title="Appetite and malnutrition">Appetite and malnutrition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20284/exocrine-glands.html" title="Exocrine glands">Exocrine glands</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20300/control-of-digestive-secretions.html" title="Control of digestive secretions">Control of digestive secretions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20259/a-miracle-cure-for-ulcers.html" title="A miracle cure for ulcers">A miracle cure for ulcers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20664/liver-structure-function.html" title="Liver structure & function.">Liver structure & function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20665/jaundice-liver-function.html" title="Jaundice & liver function">Jaundice & liver function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20692/cardiac-muscle-myogenic-control.html" title="Cardiac muscle & myogenic control">Cardiac muscle & myogenic control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20707/cardiology-role-play.html" title="Cardiology Role play">Cardiology Role play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24113/epidemiology-framingham-heart-study.html" title="Epidemiology - Framingham heart study">Epidemiology - Framingham heart study</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20706/pituitary-gland-and-hormones.html" title="Pituitary gland and hormones">Pituitary gland and hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20732/oxygen-dissociation-curves.html" title="Oxygen dissociation curves">Oxygen dissociation curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20708/carbon-dioxide-and-bohr-shift.html" title="Carbon dioxide and Bohr shift">Carbon dioxide and Bohr shift</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17622/the-investigation.html" title="The Investigation">The Investigation</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21187/individual-investigation-skills-introduction.html" title="Individual investigation - skills introduction">Individual investigation - skills introduction</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17179/practical-scheme-of-work.html" title="Practical Scheme of Work">Practical Scheme of Work</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16860/lab-protocols-for-the-biology-ib-guide.html" title="Lab protocols for the Biology IB guide">Lab protocols for the Biology IB guide</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17623/planning-for-skills-progression.html" title="Planning for skills progression">Planning for skills progression</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17624/personal-engagement.html" title="Personal Engagement">Personal Engagement</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19063/personal-engagement-personality-quiz.html" title="Personal Engagement - personality quiz">Personal Engagement - personality quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34461/three-ways-to-choose-a-topic-for-the-ia.html" title="Three ways to choose a topic for the IA">Three ways to choose a topic for the IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17625/exploration.html" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23429/focusing-a-research-question.html" title="Focusing a research question">Focusing a research question</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17626/analysis.html" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26255/ia-analysis-anova-or-t-test.html" title="IA Analysis - ANOVA or t-test?">IA Analysis - ANOVA or t-test?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17627/evaluation.html" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17628/communication.html" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38973/ia-ideas-during-a-pandemic-2020-21.html" title="IA ideas during a pandemic 2020-21">IA ideas during a pandemic 2020-21</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30218/ia-avoiding-common-errors.html" title="IA - Avoiding common errors">IA - Avoiding common errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34356/ia-experiments-that-could-be-done-at-home.html" title="IA Experiments that could be done at home">IA Experiments that could be done at home</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34574/ia-experiment-ideas-inspired-by-youtube.html" title="IA experiment ideas inspired by Youtube">IA experiment ideas inspired by Youtube</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15992/6-ecological-ideas-for-your-ia.html" title="6 Ecological ideas for your IA">6 Ecological ideas for your IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20852/30-investigation-ideas-for-biology-ia.html" title="30 investigation ideas for Biology IA">30 investigation ideas for Biology IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39689/investigating-strawberries-with-a-glucose-test-meter.html" title="Investigating strawberries with a glucose test meter">Investigating strawberries with a glucose test meter</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23240/16-new-experiment-ideas-for-biology-ia.html" title="16 new experiment ideas for Biology IA">16 new experiment ideas for Biology IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26171/12-investigation-ideas-with-a-biological-twist.html" title="12 Investigation ideas with a biological twist.">12 Investigation ideas with a biological twist.</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26186/body-temperature-data.html" title="Body temperature data">Body temperature data</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19329/ia-investigation-marking-sheet.html" title="IA Investigation - marking sheet">IA Investigation - marking sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21859/marking-rigour-ia-assessment-criteria.html" title="Marking rigour & IA assessment criteria.">Marking rigour & IA assessment criteria.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18404/quizzes-tests-revision.html" title="Quizzes tests & revision">Quizzes tests & revision</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17665/the-exams.html" title="The Exams">The Exams</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19051/describing-trends-in-ib-graphs.html" title="Describing trends in IB graphs">Describing trends in IB graphs</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20791/paper-3-section-a-questions.html" title="Paper 3 Section A - questions">Paper 3 Section A - questions</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26073/graphical-analysis-skills-for-life.html" title="Graphical analysis - skills for life!">Graphical analysis - skills for life!</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18403/a3-topic-revision-sheets.html" title="A3 topic revision sheets">A3 topic revision sheets</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18405/topic-1-cells-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 1 - Cells revision activities">Topic 1 - Cells revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22372/topic-1-cells-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 1 - Cells SL revision list">Topic 1 - Cells SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19003/topic-2-molecular-biology-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 2 - Molecular biology revision activities">Topic 2 - Molecular biology revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22373/topic-2-bio-molecules-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 2 - Bio molecules SL revision list">Topic 2 - Bio molecules SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18999/topic-3-genetics-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision activities">Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22378/topic-3-genetics-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision list">Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19480/topic-4-ecology-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 4 - Ecology SL revision activities">Topic 4 - Ecology SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22395/topic-4-ecology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 4 - Ecology revision list">Topic 4 - Ecology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19006/topic-5-evolution-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 5 - Evolution SL revision activities">Topic 5 - Evolution SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22474/topic-5-evolution-revision-list.html" title="Topic 5 - Evolution revision list">Topic 5 - Evolution revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20121/topic-6-human-physiology-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 6 - human physiology SL revision activities">Topic 6 - human physiology SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22396/topic-6-human-physiology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 6 - Human physiology revision list">Topic 6 - Human physiology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20196/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision activities">Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20139/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision list">Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20787/topic-8-metabolism-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision activities">Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20198/topic-8-metabolism-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision list">Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20122/topic-9-plant-biology-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 9 - Plant biology HL revision activities">Topic 9 - Plant biology HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20773/topic-9-plants-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 9 - Plants HL - revision list">Topic 9 - Plants HL - revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20849/topic-10-genetics-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 10 - Genetics HL Revision activities">Topic 10 - Genetics HL Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20128/topic-10-genetics-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 10 - Genetics HL revision list">Topic 10 - Genetics HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 11 - Physiology HL Revision activities">Topic 11 - Physiology HL Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20115/topic-11-animal-physiology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 11 - Animal physiology revision list">Topic 11 - Animal physiology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23821/option-a-neurobiology-revision-activities.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology - Revision activities">Option A - Neurobiology - Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23822/option-a-neurobiology-sl-revision-list.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology SL Revision list">Option A - Neurobiology SL Revision list</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="limits-and-zones-lab" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Limits and zones lab</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Options </span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Option C - Ecology Activities for learning</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Limits and zones lab</span></li></ul>
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<p><img alt="" class="Left" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/options/c/wolves_elk-1.jpg" style="height: 81px; width: 109px; float: left;">This lesson begins by getting students to consider what it is like to be a small plant growing in some dunes. Understanding the needs of an individual illustrates the concepts of limits of tolerance and zones of stress. A practical online activity measuring the distribution of animals on a rocky shore is next followed by a field work exercise sampling plants on a dunes. There is a final simple data analysis activity, as well as some sample data for the rocky shore analysis.</p>
<hr class="hidden">
<div class="greyBg">
<h3>Lesson Description</h3>
<div class="blueBg">
<h3>Guiding Questions</h3>
<p>Why doesn't every species on Earth live everywhere on Earth?</p>
<p>Why don't we find monkeys in the Arctic or Polar bears in the Saraha desert?</p>
</div>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Activity 1 - Limiting factors</h3>
<p>Every species is adapted to a specific range of abiotic conditions outside of which they cannot survive. There are many abiotic factors and a mixture of limiting factors control the distribution of each species.</p>
<p>The principals of "limiting factors","limits of tolerance" and "zones of stress" apply to all species.</p>
<p>Use the following slides to explain these concepts.</p>
<div id="myCarousel-1" class="carousel slide" data-id="306"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide1.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide1.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide2.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide2.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide3.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide3.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide4.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide4.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide5.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide5.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide6.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide6.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide7.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide7.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide8.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide8.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide9.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide9.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide10.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide10.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide11.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide11.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide12.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide12.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide13.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide13.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide14.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide14.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide15.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide15.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide16.JPG" rel="gallery-306" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide16.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Limiting factors: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-1" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-1" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide12-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide13-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide14-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide15-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-306/slide16-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p>
<p> Complete the worksheet <a href="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/limiting_factors_activity_ws.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> limiting factors student questions</a> as notes about these concepts.</p>
<p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="yes" src="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/limiting_factors_activity_ws.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></p>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Activity 2 - Transect Experiments</h3>
<p>The best thing to do would be to go to a rocky shore ecosystem and to carry out a transect analysis of the zonation on the beach. The tide rises and falls every day and the amount of time the animals are exposed to the air changes very regularly as you go up the rocks from the low tide mark. This is a great environmental gradient and usually produces some clear zonation.</p>
<p>If you haven't the opportunity to visit a rocky shore ecosystem then one of the following simulations will be an interesting study of zones of stress and limits of tolerance in animal species.</p>
<h3>Carry out this online rocky shore simulation</h3>
<ol>
<li> Study <a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/back_info06.htm" onclick="window.open(this.href, '', 'resizable=yes,status=no,location=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no,fullscreen=no,scrollbars=no,dependent=no,width=600,left=50,height=600,top=50'); return false;">the species which live on the rocky shore</a></li>
<li> Read about <a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/conduct_survey.htm" target="_blank">the sampling methods used</a></li>
<li> Look at the background information which explains;
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/back_info01.htm" target="_blank">abiotic factors down the transect.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/back_info02.htm" target="_blank">limits of tolerance of these animal species</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/back_info03.htm" target="_blank">three types of adaptation: structural, behavioural and physiological.</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Carry out the <a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/virtual_fs.htm" target="_blank">Virtual Field study</a> by analysing species abundance in 12 quadrats<br>
<img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/options/c/rocky_shores_study.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 213px;"></li>
<li> Analyse some data from the site - <a href="http://www.rockyshores.net.au/view/viewdata.asp?func=all&id=&transect=1&output=screen" target="_blank">Average transect data from 11 school surveys</a><br>
or as <a href="../../../ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/rockyshore_data_averages.ods">Average data as an Excel sheet</a></li>
</ol>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Carry out an in situ Rocky shore transect.</h3>
<p>This is a simple protocol for a transect over some dunes. It could be used for rocky shore work too.</p>
<p> <a href="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/transect_fieldactivity_ws.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Transect field work activity sheet</a>.</p>
<section class="tib-hiddenbox">
<p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="yes" src="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/transect_fieldactivity_ws.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></p>
</section>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Activity 3 - Data analysis activity</h3>
<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/options/c/dune_transect_image.jpg" style="width: 199px; height: 95px; float: left;">A group of scientist were interested to see if there was a correlation between three species of plants on a set of dunes in Spain. </p>
<p>Study the data in the following worksheet <a href="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/options/opc/dune_transect_data_activity_ws.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Dune transect student activity </a>and answer the questions.</p>
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<h3>Teacher's notes</h3>
<p>If you like the Sea sandwort you may be interested to know it was one the first of the higher plant species to colonise Surtsey (a new volcanic island) formed after the eruption of 1965. In the first spring after the formation of Surtsey, seeds washed up on the newly formed shore. For further information about this plant and others which have adapted and grown on this island, see <a href="http://www.surtsey.is/index_eng.htm" onclick="window.open(this.href, '', 'resizable=yes,status=no,location=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no,fullscreen=no,scrollbars=no,dependent=no,width=400,left=50,height=400,top=50'); return false;">www.surtsey.is</a> from which this information was obtained.</p>
<p>There are model answers, which teachers can control student access to, on this page: <a href="../25015/limiting-factors-model-answers.html" title="Options » Option C - Ecology Activities for learning » Limits and zones lab » Limiting factors - model answers">Limiting factors - model answers</a></p>
<p>There is a really excellent slide show about Sand dune ecology from The Macaulay Institute here:</p>
<div>
<div>
<p><strong><a href="http://slideplayer.com/slide/783650/" target="_blank" title="Higher Geography Biosphere Vegetation Succession: Sand Dunes A PowerPoint resource to accompany the posters available at:">Higher Geography Biosphere Vegetation Succession: Sand Dunes A PowerPoint resource to accompany the posters available at:</a></strong></p>
<p><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="325" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://player.slideplayer.com/3/783650/" style="border:1px solid #CCC;border-width:1px 1px 0" width="400"></iframe></p>
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<div>There is an excellent visit to a Sustainable Managed Forest here: <a href="http://www.upmforestlife.com/" target="_blank">UPM Forest live virtual tour</a></div>
<div></div>
<div>There is an excellent article from Nature magazine which describes <a href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/physiological-optima-and-critical-limits-45749376" target="_blank">Physigiological optima and critical limits.</a> Could be a nice extension task.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Story maps are great ways to explore Ecosystems of the world. One of the most thorough is the recent <a href="http://arcg.is/1xqpoQX" target="_blank">Global Ecosystems map from the US Geological society</a>.</p>
<div><iframe frameborder="0" height="400px" scrolling="yes" src="http://story.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=dc91db9f6409462b887ebb1695b9c201" width="100%"></iframe></div>
<p>This study might be useful as the basis of some research about limits of tolerance.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nextgenerationportotago.nz/assets/Uploads/PDF-Uploads/monitoring-and-reports/5d-extra-rocky-transects-report.pdf">http://www.nextgenerationportotago.nz/assets/Uploads/PDF-Uploads/monitoring-and-reports/5d-extra-rocky-transects-report.pdf</a></p>
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Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(t,e){var o=$(e).position();return o.top>200?"top":o.left<515?"right":o.top<200?"bottom":o.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(t){t.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var t=$(this).index(),e;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(t)})),setShowResultsListeners($("#container")),addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
</a>