File "annotated-extended-essay-sample-2.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/bm_econ/economics/page/20792/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2html
File size: 139.11 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Economics: Annotated extended essay sample 2</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="annotated extended essay sample 2Economics, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="Annotated extended essay sample 2. ThinkIB.net Economics is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202308071530" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=2023061230"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "economics";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "1164ffdb5b0fa1709243f22ebefcb0a3", userTicket = "fd6a5e8a06cfccf2";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP Economics - Student pages</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: <br>Teacher: </em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../20131/start-here.html">Start here</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../27378/the-ib-core.html">The IB core</a></li><li><a href="../32112/textbook.html">Textbook</a></li><li><a href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><li><a href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><li><a href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><li><a href="../21380/assessment.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html">Exam style questions</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="economics/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Economics..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../thinkib/user/generic/32-generic-user.png">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Business Management</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="padding: 0; border-radius: 3px; margin-left: -4px; margin-top: -1px;"><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-5.html?lg=51189"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 1</a></li><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-6.html?lg=51192"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 2</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Economics</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-dashboard fixwidth colored"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-3.htm?pan=tasks"><i class="fa fa-pencil fixwidth colored"></i> All tasks</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i> My profile</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li>
<a href="../../../index-2.htm?logout=1">
<i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth"></i> Log out
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div style="margin: 20px 0;"><a href="../../sitemap.html" class="btn btn-default btn-block"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></div><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20131/start-here.html" title="Start here">Start here</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46026/getting-started-for-students.html" title="Getting started for students">Getting started for students</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45198/predicted-grade-calculator.html" title="Predicted grade calculator">Predicted grade calculator</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Using the student access on the site ">Using the student access on the site </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32021/giving-students-access-to-the-inthinking-site.html" title="Giving students access to the Inthinking site">Giving students access to the Inthinking site</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20150/recommended-reading-.html" title="Recommended reading ">Recommended reading </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Economics games">Economics games</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26967/activities-and-simulations.html" title="Activities and simulations">Activities and simulations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41381/crosswords.html" title="Crosswords">Crosswords</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Old curriculum resources">Old curriculum resources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29986/price-discrimination-old-syllabus-hl.html" title="Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL">Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../27378/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB core">The IB core</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../1583/extended-essay.html" title="Extended essay">Extended essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27917/the-5-year-rule-in-economics-.html" title="The 5 year rule in economics ">The 5 year rule in economics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21411/using-the-ee-markbands-.html" title="Using the EE markbands ">Using the EE markbands </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21412/focus-on-the-criteria-.html" title="Focus on the criteria ">Focus on the criteria </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20780/extended-essay-checklist.html" title="Extended essay checklist">Extended essay checklist</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20786/exemplar-extended-essay-.html" title="Exemplar extended essay ">Exemplar extended essay </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20819/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36082/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1">Annotated extended essay sample 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36110/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="annotated-extended-essay-sample-2.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2">Annotated extended essay sample 2</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20820/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26701/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3">Annotated extended essay sample 3</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26702/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32112/textbook.html" title="Textbook">Textbook</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33061/contents-page.html" title="Contents page">Contents page</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37990/textbook-approach-to-the-new-ib-economics-examination-specificat.html" title="Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification">Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33060/chapter-1-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics">Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32395/unit-11-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics">Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32541/unit-12-how-do-economists-approach-the-world.html" title="Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?">Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33063/chapter-2-microeconomics.html" title="Chapter 2: Microeconomics">Chapter 2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32533/unit-21-demand-theory.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand theory">Unit 2.1: Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32555/unit-22-supply-theory.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply theory">Unit 2.2: Supply theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32567/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32575/unit-241-behavioural-economics-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)">Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32798/unit-242-business-objectives-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)">Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32663/unit-251-price-elasticity-of-demand-ped.html" title="Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)">Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32788/unit-252-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed--1.html" title="Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) ">Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32789/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply-pes--1.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) ">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33388/unit-271-governments-in-markets-tax-and-subsidy-.html" title="Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy ">Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33424/unit-272-governments-in-markets-price-controls.html" title="Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls">Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33665/unit-281-market-failure-externalities.html" title="Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities">Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33808/unit-282-market-failure-merit-goods-and-demerit-goods-.html" title="Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34054/unit-283-government-intervention-to-manage-externalities-merit-a.html" title="Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34082/unit-284-common-access-pool-resources.html" title="Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources">Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34087/unit-29-public-goods.html" title="Unit 2.9: Public goods">Unit 2.9: Public goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34247/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35118/unit-2111-market-power-theory-of-production-and-costs-hl.html" title="Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)">Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35125/unit-2112-market-power-perfect-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35147/unit-2113-market-power-monopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35151/unit-2114-market-power-monopolistic-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35153/unit-2115-market-power-oligopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41603/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43378/opportunity-cost-and-production-possibility-curves.html" title="Opportunity cost and production possibility curves">Opportunity cost and production possibility curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42559/demand-theory.html" title="Demand theory">Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41886/the-price-mechanism.html" title="The price mechanism">The price mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43188/market-demand-and-supply.html" title="Market demand and supply">Market demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41705/demerit-goods.html" title="Demerit goods">Demerit goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42275/market-failure-and-climate-change.html" title="Market failure and climate change">Market failure and climate change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42925/market-power.html" title="Market power">Market power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42099/applying-game-theory.html" title="Applying game theory">Applying game theory</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34407/chapter-3-macroeconomics.html" title="Chapter 3: Macroeconomics">Chapter 3: Macroeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34355/unit-311-measuring-the-level-of-economic-activity.html" title="Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity">Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34432/unit-312-measuring-economic-development.html" title="Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development">Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34485/unit-321-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-demand-ad-.html" title="Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) ">Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34487/unit-322-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-supplyas.html" title="Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)">Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34758/unit-331-macroeconomic-objectives-economic-growth.html" title="Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth">Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34771/unit-332-macroeconomic-objectives-unemployment-.html" title="Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment ">Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34778/unit-333-macroeconomic-objectives-inflation-and-deflation--1.html" title="Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation ">Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34925/unit-341-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34946/unit-342-policies-to-improve-equality-equity-and-poverty.html" title="Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty">Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34993/unit-35-government-management-of-the-economy-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy">Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34962/unit-36-government-management-of-the-economy-fiscal-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy">Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35017/unit-371-market-based-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35018/unit-372-interventionist-supply-side-policies-.html" title="Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45803/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material--1.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42639/measuring-economic-well-being-1.html" title="Measuring economic well-being">Measuring economic well-being</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43044/inflation.html" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42350/inequality.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41639/inequity-1.html" title="Inequity">Inequity</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35414/chapter-4-the-global-economy.html" title="Chapter 4: The Global Economy">Chapter 4: The Global Economy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35346/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade-1.html" title="Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35348/unit-4243-trade-protectionism-1.html" title="Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism">Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35407/unit-44-economic-integration-.html" title="Unit 4.4 Economic integration ">Unit 4.4 Economic integration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35409/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5 Exchange rates">Unit 4.5 Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35413/unit-46-balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Unit 4.6 Balance of payments ">Unit 4.6 Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35675/unit-47-sustainable-development.html" title="Unit 4.7 Sustainable development">Unit 4.7 Sustainable development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35685/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8 Measuring development ">Unit 4.8 Measuring development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35687/unit-49-barriers-to-economic-development-1.html" title="Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development">Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35702/unit-410-economic-growth-and-economic-development-strategies.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45804/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41927/foreign-currency-1.html" title="Foreign currency">Foreign currency</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43532/exchange-rates-1.html" title="Exchange rates">Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43804/balance-of-payments.html" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41796/economic-development-1.html" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html" title="Units 1-2: Microeconomics">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 1: Introduction to economics">Unit 1: Introduction to economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20091/introductory-activity-1.html" title="Introductory activity">Introductory activity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20093/unit-11-scarcity-choice-and-opportunity-cost.html" title="Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost">Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21647/factors-of-production-1.html" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20114/economic-systems.html" title="Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20134/public-and-private-sectors-1.html" title="Public and private sectors">Public and private sectors</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28055/unit-12-economics-as-a-social-science-1.html" title="Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science">Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29921/circular-flow-of-national-income.html" title="Circular flow of national income">Circular flow of national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29829/unit-1-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 1: Review terms">Unit 1: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41600/introduction-to-economics-crossword-1.html" title="Introduction to economics crossword">Introduction to economics crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4331/unit-1-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20177/unit-21-23-competitive-markets-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply">Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28517/unit-21-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand">Unit 2.1: Demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22349/determinants-of-demand-1.html" title="Determinants of demand">Determinants of demand</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29949/unit-22-supply-.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply ">Unit 2.2: Supply </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20184/changes-to-supply-and-demand-.html" title="Changes to supply and demand ">Changes to supply and demand </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21992/practise-exercises-1.html" title="Practise exercises">Practise exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26112/gold-exchange-game-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Gold exchange game: Demand and supply">Gold exchange game: Demand and supply</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20194/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium-1.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20144/producer-and-consumer-surplus-1.html" title="Producer and consumer surplus">Producer and consumer surplus</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22351/veblen-goods-and-super-luxury-goods-1.html" title="Veblen goods and super luxury goods">Veblen goods and super luxury goods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25677/are-cryptocurrencies-the-new-tulipmania.html" title="Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?">Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20472/unit-21-23-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20113/unit-24-consumer-and-producer-behaviour-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)">Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36073/behavioural-economics-consumer-biases-nudge-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)">Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20378/business-objectives-hl-only.html" title="Business objectives (HL only)">Business objectives (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28741/unit-21-24-review-terms--1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms ">Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20195/unit-25-26-elasticity-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity">Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28713/unit-25-price-elasticity-of-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand">Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21545/determinants-of-price-elasticity-.html" title="Determinants of price elasticity ">Determinants of price elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21532/ped-elasticity-and-sales-revenue.html" title="PED elasticity and sales revenue?">PED elasticity and sales revenue?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21259/unit-25-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed.html" title="Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)">Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21200/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20207/perfectly-elastic-inelastic-supply-curves.html" title="Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves">Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20230/a-mathematical-note-about-elasticity-.html" title="A mathematical note about elasticity ">A mathematical note about elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39037/demand-and-supply-crossword.html" title="Demand and supply crossword">Demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29021/unit-25-26-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms">Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20474/unit-25-26-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44474/unit-21-25-competitive-markets-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz">Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20243/unit-27-the-role-of-government-in-microeconomics--1.html" title="Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics ">Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26590/indirect-taxation.html" title="Indirect taxation">Indirect taxation</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20246/ped-and-the-burden-of-tax-hl-only-.html" title="PED and the burden of tax (HL only) ">PED and the burden of tax (HL only) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20277/government-subsidies--1.html" title="Government subsidies ">Government subsidies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29117/unit-27-indirect-tax-and-subsidy-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms">Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20287/price-controls-maximum-price--1.html" title="Price controls − maximum price ">Price controls − maximum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20288/minimum-price-.html" title="Minimum price ">Minimum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21540/minimum-wage-.html" title="Minimum wage ">Minimum wage </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38849/labour-market-crossword-1.html" title="Labour market crossword">Labour market crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29260/unit-27-price-controls-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms">Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20303/unit-28-210-market-failure--1.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure ">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21543/unit-28-merit-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Merit goods ">Unit 2.8: Merit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23123/unit-28-demerit-goods-negative-externalities-1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities">Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38850/market-failure-crossword-1.html" title="Market failure crossword">Market failure crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29262/unit-29-economics-of-the-environment-and-public-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods ">Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20332/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29828/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29827/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-terms.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20479/unit-27-210-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44501/unit-27-210-government-failure-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz">Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20330/unit-211-market-power-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29835/assessment-map.html" title="Assessment map">Assessment map</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21528/production-hl-only.html" title="Production (HL only)">Production (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29978/revenue-theory-hl-only.html" title="Revenue theory (HL only)">Revenue theory (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20357/costs-of-production-hl-only.html" title="Costs of production (HL only)">Costs of production (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21286/economies-and-diseconomies-of-scale-hl-only.html" title="Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)">Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22494/long-run-average-cost-curves-hl-only.html" title="Long run average cost curves (HL only)">Long run average cost curves (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29838/breakeven-hl-only.html" title="Breakeven (HL only)">Breakeven (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20340/economic-profit-hl-only.html" title="Economic profit (HL only)">Economic profit (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39082/market-power-crossword.html" title="Market power crossword">Market power crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22495/revision-exercise-on-cost-and-revenue-hl-only.html" title="Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)">Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29845/unit-211-costs-revenue-and-profit-review-sheet-hl-only.html" title="Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44484/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-sl-units-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29846/market-structures-hl-only-1.html" title="Market structures (HL only)">Market structures (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29981/perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Perfect competition (HL only)">Perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24486/profit-in-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit in perfect competition (HL only)">Profit in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21302/efficiency-in-perfect-competition-hl-only.html" title="Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)">Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20430/monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopoly (HL only)">Monopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24529/profit-and-revenue-maximisation-in-monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)">Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21306/a-comparison-of-monopoly-and-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)">A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20435/monopolistic-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopolistic competition (HL only)">Monopolistic competition (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20436/oligopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Oligopoly (HL only)">Oligopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22310/game-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Game theory (HL only)">Game theory (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29918/unit-211-market-structures-review-sheet-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32337/unit-211-diagram-revision-.html" title="Unit 2.11: Diagram revision ">Unit 2.11: Diagram revision </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20480/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32425/unit-212-the-markets-inability-to-achieve-equity-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)">Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html" title="Unit 3: Macroeconomics ">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../3942/unit-31-measuring-economic-activity-and-illustrating-its-variati-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations">Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20558/calculating-national-income-1.html" title="Calculating national income">Calculating national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21297/gdp-gni-as-a-measure-of-living-standards.html" title="GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards">GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20567/national-income-statistics-1.html" title="National income statistics">National income statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21580/the-business-cycle-1.html" title="The business cycle">The business cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29931/unit-31-economic-activity-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet">Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20592/unit-32-variations-in-economic-activityaggregate-demand-and-aggr-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply">Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29933/aggregate-demand-and-supply.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply">Aggregate demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21582/components-of-aggregate-demand-1.html" title="Components of aggregate demand">Components of aggregate demand</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20634/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-neo-classical-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20439/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-keynesian-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21349/john-maynard-keynes-1.html" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20650/keynesian-v-free-market-debate--1.html" title="Keynesian v free market debate ">Keynesian v free market debate </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21342/changes-in-the-long-run-aggregate-supply-1.html" title="Changes in the long run aggregate supply">Changes in the long run aggregate supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30055/unit-32-aggregate-demand-and-supply-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet">Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20610/unit-35-and-36-demand-management-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy">Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30058/government-budget.html" title="Government budget">Government budget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21585/fiscal-policy--1.html" title="Fiscal policy ">Fiscal policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21343/multiplier-hl-only.html" title="Multiplier (HL only)">Multiplier (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21795/monetary-policy--1.html" title="Monetary policy ">Monetary policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30071/independent-central-banks-1.html" title="Independent central banks">Independent central banks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30083/unit-35-and-36-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet">Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20615/unit-37-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Supply side policies">Unit 3.7: Supply side policies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20651/the-role-of-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="The role of supply side policies">The role of supply side policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20622/market-based-and-interventionist-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Market based and interventionist supply side policies ">Market based and interventionist supply side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39129/aggregate-demand-and-supply-crossword-1.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply crossword">Aggregate demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30086/unit-37-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Review sheet">Unit 3.7: Review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20755/unit-31-32-and-35-37-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44522/unit-31-32-and-35-37-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20686/unit-33-macroeconomic-objectives.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30118/unemployment.html" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21351/types-of-unemployment.html" title="Types of unemployment?">Types of unemployment?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21593/equilibrium-unemployment-.html" title="Equilibrium unemployment ">Equilibrium unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21594/disequilibrium-unemployment-1.html" title="Disequilibrium unemployment">Disequilibrium unemployment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30458/unemployment-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unemployment review sheet">Unemployment review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20713/inflation--1.html" title="Inflation ">Inflation </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20712/measuring-inflation-hl-only-1.html" title="Measuring inflation (HL only)">Measuring inflation (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20685/costs-of-inflation-and-deflation-1.html" title="Costs of inflation and deflation">Costs of inflation and deflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30465/inflation-review-sheet.html" title="Inflation review sheet">Inflation review sheet</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20716/unemployment-v-inflation-trade-off-hl-only-1.html" title="Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)">Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39133/macroeconomic-objectives-crossword-1.html" title="Macroeconomic objectives crossword">Macroeconomic objectives crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44511/unit-33-macroeconomic-indicators-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20741/unit-34-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32398/inequality-1.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21356/the-role-of-spending-and-taxation-on-inequality--1.html" title="The role of spending and taxation on inequality ">The role of spending and taxation on inequality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21313/consequences-of-economic-growth-1.html" title="Consequences of economic growth">Consequences of economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30257/economic-growth-and-inequality-review-sheet-1.html" title="Economic growth and inequality review sheet">Economic growth and inequality review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20756/unit-33-34-multiple-choice-.html" title="Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice ">Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html" title="Unit 4: Global economy">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21367/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30529/benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Benefits of international trade">Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20823/absolute-and-comparative-advantage-hl-only-1.html" title="Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)">Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20845/unit-42-43-trade-protection-1.html" title="Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection">Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32419/barriers-to-trade-calculations-are-hl-only-1.html" title="Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)">Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21610/case-study-on-tata-steel-1.html" title="Case study on Tata Steel">Case study on Tata Steel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23455/the-defence-industry-1.html" title="The Defence industry">The Defence industry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30610/unit-41-43-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet">Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20894/unit-44-economic-integration--1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Economic integration ">Unit 4.4: Economic integration </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30634/economic-integration-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Economic integration (some HL tasks)">Economic integration (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20840/world-trade-organisation-wto-1.html" title="World trade organisation (WTO)">World trade organisation (WTO)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30635/unit-44-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Review sheet">Unit 4.4: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20853/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Exchange rates">Unit 4.5: Exchange rates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30611/floating-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Floating exchange rates">Floating exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31824/fixed-managed-exchange-rate-systems-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)">Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21624/the-market-for-foreign-exchange-1.html" title="The market for foreign exchange">The market for foreign exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30614/unit-45-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Review sheet">Unit 4.5: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20859/unit-46-balance-of-payments-1.html" title="Unit 4.6: Balance of payments">Unit 4.6: Balance of payments</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30624/balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Balance of payments ">Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21386/current-account-hl-only-1.html" title="Current account (HL only)">Current account (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20872/the-marshall-lerner-condition-j-curve-hl-only-1.html" title="The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)">The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20899/units-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42989/unit-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz-ii-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II">Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39438/unit-41-46-international-trade-crossword-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword">Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32423/unit-47-sustainable-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.7: Sustainable development ">Unit 4.7: Sustainable development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26092/water-scarcity-activity-1.html" title="Water scarcity activity">Water scarcity activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32426/sustainable-development.html" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20928/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8: Measuring development ">Unit 4.8: Measuring development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30686/measuring-development-1.html" title="Measuring development">Measuring development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21627/economic-development--1.html" title="Economic development ">Economic development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30679/unit-47-48-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet">Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 4.9: Barriers to development">Unit 4.9: Barriers to development</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30727/barriers-to-development-in-international-trade-1.html" title="Barriers to development in International trade">Barriers to development in International trade</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32430/unit-410-economic-growth-andor-economic-development-strategies-1.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30687/the-role-of-domestic-factors-1.html" title="The role of domestic factors">The role of domestic factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30688/the-role-of-international-trade-and-development-1.html" title="The role of international trade and development">The role of international trade and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30689/the-role-of-foreign-direct-investment-fdi-1.html" title="The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)">The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25240/the-role-of-foreign-aid--1.html" title="The role of foreign aid ">The role of foreign aid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30819/multilateral-development-assistance-1.html" title="Multilateral development assistance">Multilateral development assistance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21632/the-role-of-international-debt-1.html" title="The role of international debt">The role of international debt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25242/the-balance-between-markets-and-intervention-1.html" title="The balance between markets and intervention">The balance between markets and intervention</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30926/unit-49-410-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet">Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21380/assessment.html" title="Assessment">Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Internal assessment ">Internal assessment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20608/how-to-write-your-ia-student-handout.html" title="How to write your IA? (student handout)">How to write your IA? (student handout)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21428/how-to-interpret-the-assessment-criteria-1.html" title="How to interpret the assessment criteria?">How to interpret the assessment criteria?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Grading practise ">Grading practise </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Sample 3a">Sample 3a</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32083/sample-3b-1.html" title="Sample 3b">Sample 3b</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32022/assessment-markbands-1.html" title="Assessment markbands">Assessment markbands</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html" title="Exam style questions">Exam style questions</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 1 style examination questions">Paper 1 style examination questions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40100/unit-211-212-questions.html" title="Unit 2.11-2.12 questions">Unit 2.11-2.12 questions</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45102/paper-1-guidance-on-essay-writing-1.html" title="Paper 1 guidance on essay writing">Paper 1 guidance on essay writing</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-thinker-sib.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="annotated-extended-essay-sample-2" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Annotated extended essay sample 2</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../economics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">The IB core</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Extended essay</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Annotated extended essay sample 2</span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<div class="blueBg"><div><h3>Classroom activity</h3><p><em>Read the extended essay below, which came from one of my former Economics students. After doing so, apply the extended essay rubric and justify your marks. My comments are on the next page as well as an annotated copy of the EE.</em></p><p><strong>Title</strong>: <em>To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Center actively practise price discrimination?</em></p><p><strong>Word count</strong>: 3897 words</p></div></div><div class="blueBg"><table border="3" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Section</strong></td><td><strong>Page Number</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Introduction</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Methodology</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Background Information</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>What is Price Discrimination?</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Types of Price Discrimination?</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>First Degree Discrimination</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Second Degree Discrimination</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Third Degree Discrimination</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Investigation</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>How can Palandoken Resort Hotels use Price Discrimination?</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Primary Research Findings</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Conclusions</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Improvements</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Appendix</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Interview</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Bibliography</td><td>21</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="blueBg"><h3 id="anchor-2">Introduction</h3><p>Erzurum Palandöken Ski Center is an important tourist attraction of Turkey in which there are 22 ski tracks, 5 hotels and about 5000 visitors every day. It is the best ski center in Turkey for skilled skiers because of the steepness of slopes, quality of snow, length of trail etc. This makes Palandöken Ski Centre a popular destination for tourists and the resort welcomes visitors from all over the world, including Turkey.</p><p>There are 5 hotels which sell tickets to the ski lifts, rent ski equipment to visitors as well as hotel rooms to the visiting tourists and local people. For my essay, I will focus on whether the resort hotels use price discrimination as a method of maximising their sales revenues. To investigate this price discrimination, I will compare the prices paid by three different groups of customer – Turkish residents of Erzurum, Turkish people living in other cities of Turkey and foreigners. It is my opinion that the hotels will actively pursue price discrimination, charging lower prices to locally based customers. This is based on my own experience having spoken to foreign tourists and asking them how much they paid for those items.</p><p>My essay will be based firstly on secondary research where I will outline the theory behind price discrimination and secondly, I will conduct a series of short interviews and surveys to collect my data. I intend to test my thesis and answer the question:</p><p> “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”</p><p>The reason why I have chosen this topic is because I have been a keen skier since I was 8 years old and I have been skiing for 9 years. I also enjoy speaking to foreigners and sharing experiences with them. I will enjoy working on this essay.</p><h4 id="anchor-3">Methodology</h4><p>In writing this essay, I intend to complete the following: </p><p>Firstly, I will complete my secondary research where I will summarise ‘Price Discrimination’. After completing my secondary research I will start my primary research which will be based on surveys of customers at the ski centre as well as interviews with hotel owners and the salesmen who rent ski equipment. I will start by going to Palandöken Ski Centre to check the price of accommodation, ski equipment and ski lifts.</p><p>I will record this data and then choose 10 people from Erzurum, 10 from other cities of Turkey (who are here as tourists) and 10 foreigners. Then I will ask this sample to fill in a short questionnaire where they will detail the price that each paid for their accommodation, ski lifts and ski equipment.</p><p>Finally, I will make a table to record all the data. This data table will help me to compare the results and decide whether my results support my hypothesis or not. I intend to use the data as the basis for my in depth questionnaires, which will also help me to form my conclusions.</p><p>Lastly, having collected all of my data I will attempt to reach a conclusion as to the question: “To what extent does the Palandöken Ski Centre actively practise price discrimination?”</p><h5 id="anchor-4">What is Price Discrimination?</h5><p>Price discrimination is the way of selling in which the producer charges different prices to different consumers for the exact same product or service. For example a cinema may charge a lower price for students but a higher price for the adults. In this case there is a price discrimination caused by the age of the two consumers. For a producer there should be three conditions which are listed below so that the producer can be able to price discriminate:</p><ol><li value="NaN">To be able to price discriminate easily, the producer should have the price-setting ability. The more price-setting ability the producer has, the easier to price discriminate. Price discrimination generally occurs in imperfect markets rather than the perfect competition. That is why price discrimination mostly occurs in monopoly and oligopoly.This is because the more competitive the market and the more firms in the industry, the less ability each firm has to control prices – i.e. they become price takers, not price makers.</li><li value="NaN">A product with inelastic demand would generally be easier to price discriminate. This is because the more important a product is to a consumer, then the easier it to charge them higher prices. So another condition for price discrimination is that the consumers should have different price elasticities of demand for the product.</li><li value="NaN">The third condition is that the producer must be able to separate the consumers so that the segment(s) that pays a lower price for a product must not be able to resell the product on to a customer paying a higher price for the same product.</li></ol><p>In order for producers to price discriminate, they must be able to separate the different markets by using the ways listed below:</p><ul><li>Time: Some consumers may be ready to pay higher prices at some certain times. For example a hotel may have more visitors at weekend rather than weekdays so the producer, in this case the hotel room, may charge lower prices at weekdays but higher prices at weekend. If the hotel can set the price correctly and discriminate the price well, they can maximise their revenue.</li><li>Age: Different ages may pay different prices for the exact same product or service. For example an airline company may charge less to a child than an adult for the flight ticket. The reason is that children has lower income so that their demand for the flight ticket is more price elastic.</li><li>Income: Some firms may change prices according to the income level of the customer. Under this method, people with higher incomes (e.g foreign tourists) would pay more than people with lower incomes (Erzurum residents). Another example might be a university charging lower tuition fees for a student with lower income and higher tuition fees for a student with higher income.</li><li>Types of the consumer: A firm that sells their product to the different consumers charges different prices to these consumers. Firms determine different rates for the different types of the consumer and these rates are determined with respect to the elasticities of demand of the consumer. For example ski resorts may charge different prices to foreign tourists than local consumers, because the hotel believes that foreign tourists and local residents have different PEDs, i.e. tourists are simply more willing and able to purchase the hotel at a higher price than the local resident.</li></ul><p style="margin-left:1.0cm;">In order to discriminate the price, at least three of the above conditions above should exist; if not price discrimination will not be possible. Generally people think that sales promotion is also a type of price discrimination but actually it is the shrewd attitude of the seller in order to attract the customers. For example nightclubs’ idea of taking the girls in with a lower price is actually a way for them to attract more boys to come in their nightclubs. In this sense sales promotion is not included to price discrimination.</p><h5 id="anchor-5"><img alt="" height="189" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1.png" style="float: right;" width="278"> Types of Price Discrimination</h5><p>There are three levels of price discrimination to be considered:</p><h5 id="anchor-6">First Degree Discrimination</h5><p>For the Figure 1.1, to the right, the trader sells the product to different consumers at different prices. If that trader sells his product with the price where MC=MR, he would receive a revenue which is only the pale blue area but if the trader sells his products by discriminating the price, selling with higher prices to tourists, he will also get the dark blue triangle as a revenue. In this case the hotel will charge higher prices during the peak season when demand is higher and less during the off peak season. This method effectively charges different prices for the same hotel room, depending on the time of the season that they want it.</p><h5 id="anchor-7"><img alt="" height="175" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2.png" style="float: left;" width="246">Second Degree Discrimination</h5><p>This is basically charging different prices depending on the quantity consumed. (Philips, 1999)</p><div><p>For the Figure 1.2 the GSM company decreases the price if the user sends more than 50 messages per month. Normally if the price stays the same GSM Company should get only the pale blue rectangle as a revenue but by discriminating the price they could also earn the dark blue rectangle as a profit. Relating this method of discrimination to my essay, the hotel would charge a lower daily rate to visitors staying longer periods. As the consumers are willing and able to stay more, then the hotel will charge these consumers less per night which will help hotel to maximise their profits. In my research the quantity stands for the number of nights that consumers will stay.</p><h5 id="anchor-8">Third Degree Discrimination</h5><p>This means charging different prices depending on a particular market segment, e.g. age profile, income group, time of use. examples of each are shown on the diagrams below:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3.png" style="width: 526px; height: 176px;"></p><p>Here in figure 1.3, above the cinema knows that students have more price elastic demand for going to the cinema because they have lower income. I.e. they are more sensitive to price than people in fulltime employment. In this sense they charge lower prices to students, by contrast they charge higher to adults since they have higher income. In this example the student price would be 7.5 TL and the adult price 10.25. Both prices are higher than the marginal cost of the ticket at 5TL. If the cinema did not price discriminate they would have to charge either 7.5 TL and miss out on additional revenue from adults or charge 10.25 and have lower demand from students. In this way consumer surplus is reduced and profits are raised as the cinema is filled with discounted tickets, rather than having this segment ignore the cinema.</p><h4 id="anchor-9">Investigation</h4><h5 id="anchor-10">How can Palandoken Resort Hotels Use Price Discrimination?</h5><p>It is my belief that Palandöken hotels are able to use first, second and third degree price discrimination because they are able to separate the market. For my essay I will presume that there are three different types of customer – local residents (people living in Erzurum), Turkish tourists from Istanbul, Izmir and other wealthy Turkish cities as well as foreign (i.e. non-Turkish speaking) tourists.</p><p>The reason why foreigners cannot simply get Turkish people to purchase their hotel rooms is that the identity card of the customers are needed during the check in process. This is really important for hotels since they separate their market in this process. The identity card gives enough information about the nationality of the customer so that hotels are getting information in order to practise third degree price discrimination. This process enables hotels to separate the Erzurum residents from Istanbul and other wealthy Turkish cities’ residents. Distinguishing them from foreigners is very easy. They are looking at the hometown of the customer and trying to offer the best price, based on what they believe customers are willing and able to pay.</p><h5 id="anchor-11">Primary Research Findings</h5><p>The survey that I completed in Palandöken Ski Center shows the price discrimination clearly. Data tables are created and shown below:</p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:466px;height:24px;"><p align="center"><strong>Table 1: Price paid by local people</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:57px;"><p align="center"><strong>Home City</strong></p></td><td style="width:283px;height:57px;"><p align="center"><strong>Price paid for one night in Dedeman Hotel (TL)</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:28px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:28px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">235</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">240</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum *</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">210</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum *</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">210</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum *</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">210</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:183px;height:24px;"><p align="center">Erzurum *</p></td><td style="width:283px;height:24px;"><p align="center">225</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:461px;height:35px;"><p align="center"><strong>Table 2: Price paid by people from different cities of Turkey</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:43px;"><p align="center"><strong>Home City</strong></p></td><td style="width:279px;height:43px;"><p align="center"><strong>Price paid for one night in Dedeman Hotel (TL)</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:30px;"><p align="center">Ankara</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:30px;"><p align="center">235</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Ankara</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">235</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Ankara</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">235</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Kocaeli</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Kocaeli</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Eskişehir</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Adana</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Istanbul</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">235</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:181px;height:26px;"><p align="center">Istanbul*</p></td><td style="width:279px;height:26px;"><p align="center">215</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Finally the last table shows the prices paid by foreign tourists:</p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:469px;height:32px;"><p align="center"><strong>Table 3: Price paid by foreigners</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:42px;"><p align="center"><strong>Subjects</strong></p></td><td style="width:284px;height:42px;"><p align="center"><strong>Price paid for one night in Dedeman Hotel (TL)</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:24px;"><p align="center">England</p><p align="center">(but living in Erzurum)</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:24px;"><p align="center">245</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">USA</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">300</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Bulgaria</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">280</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Finland</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">280</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Austria</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">280</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Russia</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">265</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">USA*</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">245</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">New Zealand*</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Georgia*</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">220</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:184px;height:25px;"><p align="center">Iran*</p></td><td style="width:284px;height:25px;"><p align="center">230</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Note: Subjects with (*) near them are taken towards the end of the season. (March 15, 2015)</strong></p><p>The Following tables are illustrated in the following three graphs:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-4.png" style="width: 526px; height: 265px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-5.png" style="width: 496px; height: 227px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/annotated-extended-essay-sample/annotated-extended-essay-sample-6.png" style="width: 494px; height: 231px;"></p></div><p>Average percentage change of the above data is as follows calculated by the formula:</p><p>average price of a hotel room paid by foreigners - average price paid for the same room by local residents / average price paid by local residents x 100 will provide us with the average level of discrimination paid by foreign tourists at the ski hotels.</p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="width:641px;"><p align="center">Table 4: Average Prices and the Percentage Change of Prices</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:144px;"><p align="center"></p></td><td style="width:166px;"><p align="center">Local Residents</p></td><td style="width:163px;"><p align="center">People from Turkey (Others)</p></td><td style="width:168px;"><p align="center">Foreigners</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:144px;"><p align="center">Average Prices in the Season</p></td><td style="width:166px;"><p align="center">232,5</p><p align="center"></p></td><td style="width:163px;"><p align="center">232,5</p><p align="center"></p></td><td style="width:168px;"><p align="center">275</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:144px;"><p align="center">Average Prices towards the end of the season</p></td><td style="width:166px;"><p align="center">213,75</p><p align="center"></p></td><td style="width:163px;"><p align="center">215</p></td><td style="width:168px;"><p align="center">231,25</p><p align="center"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:144px;"><p align="center">Percentage Change in the Season</p></td><td style="width:166px;"><p align="center">-</p></td><td style="width:163px;"><p align="center">0%</p></td><td style="width:168px;"><p align="center">18.2796%</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:144px;"><p align="center">Percentage Change Towards the end of the season</p></td><td style="width:166px;"><p align="center">-</p></td><td style="width:163px;"><p align="center">0.939%</p></td><td style="width:168px;"><p align="center">8.4507%</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="blueBg"><h5 id="anchor-12">Conclusion</h5><p>In this investigation, there had been 10 sample prices for each of the 3 types of costumers: Local residents, people from different cities and foreigners. All the data are from two different weeks in which one of them is taken during the ski season and the other one is taken towards the end of the ski season. (Marked with “*” sign.)</p><p>According to the results, in the ski season, people from other cities of Turkey pay approximately same price (0%) with the local residents. On the other hand, foreigners pay approximately 18.2796% more than the local residents. Towards the end of the season this percentage falls to 8.4507%.</p><p>Data tables above have shown that customers have paid different prices for the same product or service at a given time. This shows that hotels are practising the price discrimination depending on the criteria listed in the introduction part. According to the tables above there are two factors that the hotels use to separate the markets: Income, based on the nationality of the customers and the time, based on the ski season when more or less customers are willing and able to pay for their goods and services.</p><p>Starting from the income of the customers, results show that local people pay the least price compared to the people from other cities and the foreigners. This result depends on the fact that local people earn less than the rest of the country and foreigners because of the cheaper living standards as a result of the geographical position of Erzurum which is the east part of the Turkey.</p><p>People from the other cities of Turkey pay slightly more than the local residents. This result depends on the fact that as you go from east to west part of the Turkey, the living standards rise and causes an increase in the wages. As a result of a difference in wages, hotel management sets different prices for the customers coming from different parts of the Turkey. Within the results of the people from other cities of Turkey, the hypothesis of “the prices rise as you go from east to west” is supported. In fact, not the geographical position of the city but the importance of the city and living standards determine the price of the hotels. According to the results taken from the questionnaire, people in Istanbul which is the most well-known and expensive city of Turkey pay more than anyone in the Turkey as a result of the highest wages in the country. Ankara is the second city that pays more than other cities of Turkey. This is because Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and like İstanbul, Ankara is also an expensive city which is a result of higher wages. Rest of the results for the other cities of Turkey, the prices are approximately same with the local residents which might seem a little bit strange. According to the price discrimination logic, people from different cities of Turkey other than Erzurum are supposed to pay more than the local residents. Probably; since the skiing is a luxury activity, hotel management thinks that local people who prefer to lodge in the hotel although they have their house in the city are willing and able to pay more for the goods and services of the hotel; so the hotel management considers these customers as customers who came from the other cities of Turkey and charge the same as the other people pay.</p><p>Foreigners are the customers who pay the highest prices for the hotels. This can be explained by the price elasticity of demand theory. The theory says that quantity demanded for a product or service responses to the change in price. In this investigation, it is known that tourists have lower price elasticity than the people from other cities of Turkey and the local people. This means tourists’ demand for the hotels will have a slight change for the increase in prices of the hotels. A lower PED is caused by the same theory of the people who live in the big and expensive cities of Turkey and the local people: Foreign people earn more money compared to the people in Turkey and also the difference in the currency provides them a chance to have a more valuable money in Turkey. When the foreigners are compared within themselves, it can be seen that American people pay more money than any other foreigners which shows that American people have the least price elasticity. Most of the customers from the European countries pay the same prices because of a similar price elasticities. Only Russian customer pays less than the other European countries probably because of the wide range of skiing opportunities in Russia. Hotel management sets a different and a cheaper price for the Russian people in order to attract them for their hotels instead of the hotels in Russia. The customer from the England is an exceptional sample in which he is capable of talking in Turkish. Normally, a British customer is supposed to pay a price similar to the American; however the hotel management set a lower price closer to the local people in order to appeal the customer.</p><p>The other factor that hotels use to price discriminate is the time of the year. The data in the tables show that towards the end of the skiing season the prices are lower than the normal skiing season. Price elasticity of demand theory can be used to explain the discrimination applied according to the time. In a normal season, there is a very high demand for the hotels so that although prices are very high, customers are willing and able to pay for the higher prices. Excess demand for the hotel rooms provides a chance for the hotel management to raise the price for their hotels by a logic that customers are ready to pay more. However, towards the end of the season, demand for the hotel room falls and this causes an excess supply. As a result of an excess supply, hotels lower the prices in order to attract more customers even if it is the end of the skiing season.</p><p>Having identified what I believe is evidence of price discrimination I wanted to test my theory by interviewing the manager of one of the most popular hotels, which I arranged on.</p><p>The manager of the Dedeman Hotel stated that they have 4 types of booking which are the ways of communicating with customers in order to practise price discrimination:</p><ol><li value="NaN">Online booking</li><li value="NaN">Booking by telephone</li><li value="NaN">Booking in the hotel (Face to face)</li><li value="NaN">Regular Customers</li></ol><p>He stated that it is very important for them to be able to practise price discrimination. A closer look at the booking types shows that the hotel charges different prices to different customers. For the online booking they reserve a limited number of rooms and the price for the rooms are determined transiently by the online receptionist according to the number of remaining rooms. For example a price of a room in the online booking can be 200 Turkish Liras when there are 10 rooms left and the price can go up to 250 when there is only 1 room left. This would be similar to first degree price discrimination, as the airlines do. Mr. Akca, the manager of the hotel, said that the prices for online booking are determined in a meeting of the board of directors and then applied in the booking websites such as “www.booking.com“ , “www.trivago.com” etc.</p><p>However the same process does not work for the booking by telephone. While people are booking for their rooms by telephone, the receptionist firstly asks where they are calling from in order to separate the customers. Mr. Akca says that after they have learned the hometown of the consumer, they are considering whether the hometown is wealthy or not and only then do they inform the consumers about the price. He outlined that there is not much difference in price between customers from Erzurum or customers from other Anatolian cities however they do apply a small difference if they are calling from Ankara, İstanbul and Izmir. These customers pay more and this difference comes from the income level of these cities, which are generally higher than the income of people from Erzurum or other Anatolian cities. In this sense the hotel believes that they are more willing and able to pay higher prices than the Anatolian cities’ customers.</p><p>While people are booking the hotel face to face, the prices go a little bit up. Mr. Akca explains this situation with these words: “When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less.”</p><p>He also says that if the customer is a foreigner, they are charged more than the Turkish customers. According to Mr. Akca the reason for this is because foreigners have a lower price elasticity than Turkish customers which means they are willing and able to pay higher prices. The higher wages in foreign countries means that they are spending more money than Turkish customers and because of this reason they are ready to pay more for their rooms. Mr. Akca also says that they are charging different prices to different customers from different countries, meaning that Americans or people from the Middle East would pay more than Europeans who are more difficult to overcharge. </p><p>This can be explained by differing price elasticities. He uses these words to explain this situation: “We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else.” According to what Mr. Akca says the board of management determines some prices for the foreigners by considering the national income of these consumers. They give a decision-making-authority to the receptionists so that they can increase the prices about 10 to 20 Turkish liras.</p><p>The last type of customer is the regular customer such as pharmaceutical representatives. Mr. Akca says that for the regular customers they are generally charging the exact same price for the rooms and they do not practise the price discrimination for them.</p><p>According to the overall results of this investigation and the answers taken from the interview, it can be seen that hotels have different methods to maximise their profits. In order to use the advantages of price discrimination, they are separating their consumers and practising the price discrimination. In other words, they charge consumers the highest price that they are willing and able to pay so that they get the maximum profit that they can get.</p><h5 id="anchor-13">Improvements</h5><p>The investigation has shown that ski resorts in the Palandöken Mountain practise price discrimination to get the maximum profit. Data taken from the consumers in the resorts have proven that price discrimination occurs. However for this investigation, only 10 data for each type of consumers are used which is the weakness of this investigation. Small sample may cause the danger of one or two rogue results and falsely skewing the figures. If there could be more than 10 data, there might be more accurate results that show whether price discrimination occurs or not; but the investigation has supported the limited data by the interview made by the hotel manager so that the manager has also mentioned the price discrimination. All the data used in this investigation are taken from only 1 of the ski resorts in Palandöken so that all the price are similar; however if there could be the data of the other hotels, the price discrimination within hotels can also be observed.</p><p>Since the investigation is limited to 4000 words, it might be normal to have 10 data for each, however the investigation is opened to the improvements in order to see the price discrimination logic and the way that producers/hotels use to maximise their profits.</p></div><div class="blueBg"><h6 id="anchor-14">Appendix - Sample Questionnaire</h6><p>This is the script of the questions that I have asked to the consumers of the hotels in the Palandöken Ski Centre to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination:</p><p align="center">Bilkent Erzurum Laboratory School</p><p align="center">Economics Extended Essay Questionnaire</p><p align="center"></p><p>1: Where are you from?</p><p>2: How much do you pay for the hotel per night? (Including the ski lifts and ski equipments)</p><p>3: Do you think the hotel practise price discrimination?</p><p align="center" style="margin-left:396.0pt;">Thank you.</p><p align="center" style="margin-left:396.0pt;">XXX</p><p align="center" style="margin-left:396.0pt;">Student</p></div><div class="blueBg"><h6 id="anchor-15">Interview</h6><p>This is the interview that I have made with the hotel manager to learn about the way hotels use to practise price discrimination. This is translated from the original and oral conversation.</p><p style="margin-left:14.2pt;">Me: Hello Mr. Akca! I am here to learn about price discrimination that is practised by the hotels. Firstly, let me ask you whether you practise price discrimination or not? If yes, can you tell me about the way you follow for practising the price discrimination?</p><p style="margin-left:14.2pt;">Mr. Akca: Of course we do. Price discrimination is something that is legal in the economy. As a hotel that has a wide range of tourist attraction from all around the world, we do practise price discrimination to make as much profit as we can. The most important thing about the price discrimination is that you should be able to practise price discrimination. We, as the Board of Directors of the hotel, have a meeting at the beginning of every week to talk about the profits and the prices. In these meetings, we are trying to find appropriate prices for the hotels in order to maximise our profits. During these meetings, we consider the price discrimination and we try to set the prices according to the price discrimination concepts. Let me explain these concepts from the booking ways of our hotels. We have 4 types of booking in our hotel: Online booking, booking by telephone, booking in the reception desk, regular bookings. Let me start with the online booking: In the meetings, we set a certain number of rooms that are reserved for the online booking. While people try to book from the websites like trivago.com etc., the online receptionist set different prices according to the number of rooms left for the online booking. As the number of rooms reserved for the online booking falls, the prices go a little bit up. If the consumers are booking on the telephone, the receptionists have the price-setting ability. They firstly ask where the consumers are calling from and then they set a price for these consumers according to their cities’ or countries’ average wealth level. When it comes to face to face booking where it take place in the reception desk, it becomes easier for us to take the prices up. When people come here for booking, we consider that they have only a few alternatives that is why they have to pay whatever the price we charge them is. As hotel administration we charge higher prices than normal but as always the price is negotiable. If they bargain with us, we may decrease the prices about 10-20 Turkish lira less. The regular consumers like pharmaceutical representatives we always have the same prices so that we do not practise price discrimination for these consumers. In general, I can say that tourists pay more than any other consumers and this is very normal. We all know that Americans earn more than everyone else including Europeans and this means they can pay more than everyone else. We set the price by looking at the wages so that it’s normal for these people to pay more. By considering that you know about the price elasticities, I can say that it is all about the price elasticity of these consumers. That’s all I can say about the hotels, do you have any other question?</p><p>Me: No, thank you Mr. Akca.</p></div><div class="blueBg"><h6 id="anchor-16"><span lang="EN-US">Bibliography</span></h6><p>Blink, J., & <span class="scayt-misspell-word">Dorton</span>, I. (2011). <em>IB Economics.</em> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</p><p>Glass, M. (n.d.). <em>Houston Chronicle</em>. Retrieved from <span class="scayt-misspell-word">Chron</span>: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/3-types-price-discrimination-25634.html</p><p><span class="scayt-misspell-word">Phlips</span>, L. (1999). <em>The Economics of Price Discrimination.</em> New York: Cambridge University Press.</p><p><em>Wikipedia</em>. (2011). Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free <span class="scayt-misspell-word">encyclopedia</span>: <span class="scayt-misspell-word">https</span>://en.wikipedia.org/<span class="scayt-misspell-word">wiki</span>/2011_Winter_<span class="scayt-misspell-word">Universiade</span></p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h6>Grading practise</h6><p>Now grade the extended essay according to the following essay, using the grading criteria accessed at <a href="http://resources.ibo.org/dp/subject-group/Extended-essay-first-assessment-2018/resource/11162-43483/?c=5c4b4ed8">MyIB</a></p><p>Remember that in order to grade accurately you will need to read each of the bands and starting with band 0, move up until you find the marking band which most accurately fits the essay. If two bands appear to accurately assess the essay then teachers must use their professional judgement to decide which most accurately fits the criteria:</p><p>On the following page I have included both my notes as well as the score this essay was awarded from the IB. To access this click on: <a href="../20820/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2-grading-criteria.html" title="Extended Essay » Annotated Extended Essay Sample 2 » Annotated Extended Essay Sample 2 (Grading Criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)</a></p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-7200"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
body {
--keycap-height: 39px;
--keycap-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-shift-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-small-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-extra-small-font-size: 9px;
--keyboard-toolbar-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-gap: 1px;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.95.4/dist/mathlive.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script src="../../../%40cortex-js/compute-engine%400.12.3/dist/compute-engine.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cortexjs-utils.min.js?v=20230810"></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "economics/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=fd6a5e8a06cfccf2&x=7290';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZc+iZsoiQ1+jn2UjpCqiT2UM/gnMYeIxZCo|u9Lvw8qNk)qIC8qNuYqNk)qInM+IY)2iw)2vScU-/[UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[bMLmTYqNu8/[g[qiTsqIbCowZ1qx/z]-]6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIj>u2vr[5[bg+NLc/[g[2|TMojTe+iTahNk[5[/e]V2u][bZ';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '5f71e6234bb5bce7cb2a9b40801cef6e';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=20230303">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202212191730">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$(".tib-popover").popover({html:true,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();if(position.top>200){return"top"}if(position.left<515){return"right"}if(position.top<200){return"bottom"}if(position.left>515){return"left"}return"top"}}).click(function(e){e.preventDefault()});var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime});$(".tib-indicators > img").click(function(){var index=$(this).index();var container=$(this).closest(".carousel.slide");container.carousel(index)});setShowResultsListeners($("#container"));addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>