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economics (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32798/unit-242-business-objectives-hl" title="Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)">Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32663/unit-251-price-elasticity-of-demand-ped" title="Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)">Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32788/unit-252-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed-" title="Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) ">Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32789/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply-pes-" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) ">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/33388/unit-271-governments-in-markets-tax-and-subsidy-" title="Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy ">Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/33424/unit-272-governments-in-markets-price-controls" title="Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls">Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/33665/unit-281-market-failure-externalities" title="Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities">Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/33808/unit-282-market-failure-merit-goods-and-demerit-goods-" title="Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34054/unit-283-government-intervention-to-manage-externalities-merit-a" title="Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34082/unit-284-common-access-pool-resources" title="Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources">Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34087/unit-29-public-goods" title="Unit 2.9: Public goods">Unit 2.9: Public goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34247/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35118/unit-2111-market-power-theory-of-production-and-costs-hl" title="Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)">Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35125/unit-2112-market-power-perfect-competitionhl" title="Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35147/unit-2113-market-power-monopolyhl" title="Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35151/unit-2114-market-power-monopolistic-competitionhl" title="Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35153/unit-2115-market-power-oligopolyhl" title="Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41603/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/43378/opportunity-cost-and-production-possibility-curves" title="Opportunity cost and production possibility curves">Opportunity cost and production possibility curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42559/demand-theory" title="Demand theory">Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41886/the-price-mechanism" title="The price mechanism">The price mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/43188/market-demand-and-supply" title="Market demand and supply">Market demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41705/demerit-goods" title="Demerit goods">Demerit goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42275/market-failure-and-climate-change" title="Market failure and climate change">Market failure and climate change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42925/market-power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42099/applying-game-theory" title="Applying game theory">Applying game theory</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34407/chapter-3-macroeconomics" title="Chapter 3: Macroeconomics">Chapter 3: Macroeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34355/unit-311-measuring-the-level-of-economic-activity" title="Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity">Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34432/unit-312-measuring-economic-development" title="Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development">Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34485/unit-321-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-demand-ad-" title="Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) ">Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34487/unit-322-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-supplyas" title="Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)">Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34758/unit-331-macroeconomic-objectives-economic-growth" title="Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth">Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34771/unit-332-macroeconomic-objectives-unemployment-" title="Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment ">Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34778/unit-333-macroeconomic-objectives-inflation-and-deflation-" title="Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation ">Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34925/unit-341-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty" title="Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34946/unit-342-policies-to-improve-equality-equity-and-poverty" title="Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty">Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34993/unit-35-government-management-of-the-economy-monetary-policy" title="Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy">Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/34962/unit-36-government-management-of-the-economy-fiscal-policy" title="Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy">Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35017/unit-371-market-based-supply-side-policies-" title="Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35018/unit-372-interventionist-supply-side-policies-" title="Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/45803/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42639/measuring-economic-well-being" title="Measuring economic well-being">Measuring economic well-being</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/43044/inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42350/inequality" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41639/inequity" title="Inequity">Inequity</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35414/chapter-4-the-global-economy" title="Chapter 4: The Global Economy">Chapter 4: The Global Economy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35346/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade" title="Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35348/unit-4243-trade-protectionism" title="Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism">Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35407/unit-44-economic-integration-" title="Unit 4.4 Economic integration ">Unit 4.4 Economic integration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35409/unit-45-exchange-rates" title="Unit 4.5 Exchange rates">Unit 4.5 Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35413/unit-46-balance-of-payments-" title="Unit 4.6 Balance of payments ">Unit 4.6 Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35675/unit-47-sustainable-development" title="Unit 4.7 Sustainable development">Unit 4.7 Sustainable development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35685/unit-48-measuring-development-" title="Unit 4.8 Measuring development ">Unit 4.8 Measuring development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35687/unit-49-barriers-to-economic-development" title="Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development">Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/35702/unit-410-economic-growth-and-economic-development-strategies" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/45804/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41927/foreign-currency" title="Foreign currency">Foreign currency</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/43532/exchange-rates" title="Exchange rates">Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/43804/balance-of-payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41796/economic-development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20132/units-1-2-microeconomics" title="Units 1-2: Microeconomics">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 1: Introduction to economics">Unit 1: Introduction to economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20091/introductory-activity" title="Introductory activity">Introductory activity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20093/unit-11-scarcity-choice-and-opportunity-cost" title="Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost">Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21647/factors-of-production" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20114/economic-systems" title="Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20134/public-and-private-sectors" title="Public and private sectors">Public and private sectors</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/28055/unit-12-economics-as-a-social-science" title="Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science">Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29921/circular-flow-of-national-income" title="Circular flow of national income">Circular flow of national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29829/unit-1-review-terms" title="Unit 1: Review terms">Unit 1: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/41600/introduction-to-economics-crossword" title="Introduction to economics crossword">Introduction to economics crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/4331/unit-1-multiple-choice-quiz" title="Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20177/unit-21-23-competitive-markets-demand-and-supply" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply">Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/28517/unit-21-demand" title="Unit 2.1: Demand">Unit 2.1: Demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/22349/determinants-of-demand" title="Determinants of demand">Determinants of demand</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29949/unit-22-supply-" title="Unit 2.2: Supply ">Unit 2.2: Supply </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20184/changes-to-supply-and-demand-" title="Changes to supply and demand ">Changes to supply and demand </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21992/practise-exercises" title="Practise exercises">Practise exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/26112/gold-exchange-game-demand-and-supply" title="Gold exchange game: Demand and supply">Gold exchange game: Demand and supply</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20194/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20144/producer-and-consumer-surplus" title="Producer and consumer surplus">Producer and consumer surplus</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/22351/veblen-goods-and-super-luxury-goods" title="Veblen goods and super luxury goods">Veblen goods and super luxury goods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/25677/are-cryptocurrencies-the-new-tulipmania" title="Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?">Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20472/unit-21-23-multiple-choice-quiz" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20113/unit-24-consumer-and-producer-behaviour-hl-only" title="Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)">Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/36073/behavioural-economics-consumer-biases-nudge-theory-hl-only" title="Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)">Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20378/business-objectives-hl-only" title="Business objectives (HL only)">Business objectives (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/28741/unit-21-24-review-terms-" title="Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms ">Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20195/unit-25-26-elasticity" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity">Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/28713/unit-25-price-elasticity-of-demand" title="Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand">Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21545/determinants-of-price-elasticity-" title="Determinants of price elasticity ">Determinants of price elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21532/ped-elasticity-and-sales-revenue" title="PED elasticity and sales revenue?">PED elasticity and sales revenue?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21259/unit-25-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed" title="Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)">Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21200/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20207/perfectly-elastic-inelastic-supply-curves" title="Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves">Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20230/a-mathematical-note-about-elasticity-" title="A mathematical note about elasticity ">A mathematical note about elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/39037/demand-and-supply-crossword" title="Demand and supply crossword">Demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29021/unit-25-26-review-terms" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms">Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20474/unit-25-26-multiple-choice-quiz-" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/44474/unit-21-25-competitive-markets-quiz" title="Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz">Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20243/unit-27-the-role-of-government-in-microeconomics-" title="Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics ">Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/26590/indirect-taxation" title="Indirect taxation">Indirect taxation</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20246/ped-and-the-burden-of-tax-hl-only-" title="PED and the burden of tax (HL only) ">PED and the burden of tax (HL only) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20277/government-subsidies-" title="Government subsidies ">Government subsidies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29117/unit-27-indirect-tax-and-subsidy-review-terms" title="Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms">Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20287/price-controls-maximum-price-" title="Price controls − maximum price ">Price controls − maximum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20288/minimum-price-" title="Minimum price ">Minimum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21540/minimum-wage-" title="Minimum wage ">Minimum wage </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/38849/labour-market-crossword" title="Labour market crossword">Labour market crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29260/unit-27-price-controls-review-terms" title="Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms">Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20303/unit-28-210-market-failure-" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure ">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21543/unit-28-merit-goods-" title="Unit 2.8: Merit goods ">Unit 2.8: Merit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/23123/unit-28-demerit-goods-negative-externalities" title="Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities">Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/38850/market-failure-crossword" title="Market failure crossword">Market failure crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29262/unit-29-economics-of-the-environment-and-public-goods-" title="Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods ">Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20332/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl-only" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29828/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-sheet" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29827/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-terms" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20479/unit-27-210-multiple-choice-quiz-" title="Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/44501/unit-27-210-government-failure-revision-quiz" title="Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz">Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20330/unit-211-market-power-hl-only" title="Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29835/assessment-map" title="Assessment map">Assessment map</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21528/production-hl-only" title="Production (HL only)">Production (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29978/revenue-theory-hl-only" title="Revenue theory (HL only)">Revenue theory (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20357/costs-of-production-hl-only" title="Costs of production (HL only)">Costs of production (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21286/economies-and-diseconomies-of-scale-hl-only" title="Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)">Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/22494/long-run-average-cost-curves-hl-only" title="Long run average cost curves (HL only)">Long run average cost curves (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29838/breakeven-hl-only" title="Breakeven (HL only)">Breakeven (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20340/economic-profit-hl-only" title="Economic profit (HL only)">Economic profit (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/39082/market-power-crossword" title="Market power crossword">Market power crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/22495/revision-exercise-on-cost-and-revenue-hl-only" title="Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)">Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29845/unit-211-costs-revenue-and-profit-review-sheet-hl-only" title="Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/44484/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-sl-units" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29846/market-structures-hl-only" title="Market structures (HL only)">Market structures (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29981/perfect-competition-hl-only" title="Perfect competition (HL only)">Perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/24486/profit-in-perfect-competition-hl-only" title="Profit in perfect competition (HL only)">Profit in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21302/efficiency-in-perfect-competition-hl-only" title="Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)">Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20430/monopoly-hl-only" title="Monopoly (HL only)">Monopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/24529/profit-and-revenue-maximisation-in-monopoly-hl-only" title="Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)">Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21306/a-comparison-of-monopoly-and-perfect-competition-hl-only" title="A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)">A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20435/monopolistic-competition-hl-only" title="Monopolistic competition (HL only)">Monopolistic competition (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20436/oligopoly-hl-only" title="Oligopoly (HL only)">Oligopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/22310/game-theory-hl-only" title="Game theory (HL only)">Game theory (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29918/unit-211-market-structures-review-sheet-hl-only" title="Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32337/unit-211-diagram-revision-" title="Unit 2.11: Diagram revision ">Unit 2.11: Diagram revision </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20480/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-hl-only" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32425/unit-212-the-markets-inability-to-achieve-equity-hl-only" title="Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)">Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-" title="Unit 3: Macroeconomics ">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/3942/unit-31-measuring-economic-activity-and-illustrating-its-variati" title="Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations">Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20558/calculating-national-income" title="Calculating national income">Calculating national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21297/gdp-gni-as-a-measure-of-living-standards" title="GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards">GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20567/national-income-statistics" title="National income statistics">National income statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21580/the-business-cycle" title="The business cycle">The business cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29931/unit-31-economic-activity-review-sheet" title="Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet">Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20592/unit-32-variations-in-economic-activityaggregate-demand-and-aggr" title="Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply">Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/29933/aggregate-demand-and-supply" title="Aggregate demand and supply">Aggregate demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21582/components-of-aggregate-demand" title="Components of aggregate demand">Components of aggregate demand</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20634/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-neo-classical-perspective" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20439/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-keynesian-perspective" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21349/john-maynard-keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20650/keynesian-v-free-market-debate-" title="Keynesian v free market debate ">Keynesian v free market debate </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21342/changes-in-the-long-run-aggregate-supply" title="Changes in the long run aggregate supply">Changes in the long run aggregate supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30055/unit-32-aggregate-demand-and-supply-review-sheet" title="Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet">Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20610/unit-35-and-36-demand-management-fiscal-and-monetary-policy" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy">Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30058/government-budget" title="Government budget">Government budget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21585/fiscal-policy-" title="Fiscal policy ">Fiscal policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21343/multiplier-hl-only" title="Multiplier (HL only)">Multiplier (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21795/monetary-policy-" title="Monetary policy ">Monetary policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30071/independent-central-banks" title="Independent central banks">Independent central banks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30083/unit-35-and-36-review-sheet" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet">Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20615/unit-37-supply-side-policies" title="Unit 3.7: Supply side policies">Unit 3.7: Supply side policies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20651/the-role-of-supply-side-policies" title="The role of supply side policies">The role of supply side policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20622/market-based-and-interventionist-supply-side-policies-" title="Market based and interventionist supply side policies ">Market based and interventionist supply side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/39129/aggregate-demand-and-supply-crossword" title="Aggregate demand and supply crossword">Aggregate demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30086/unit-37-review-sheet" title="Unit 3.7: Review sheet">Unit 3.7: Review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20755/unit-31-32-and-35-37-multiple-choice-quiz-" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/44522/unit-31-32-and-35-37-revision-quiz" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20686/unit-33-macroeconomic-objectives" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30118/unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21351/types-of-unemployment" title="Types of unemployment?">Types of unemployment?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21593/equilibrium-unemployment-" title="Equilibrium unemployment ">Equilibrium unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21594/disequilibrium-unemployment" title="Disequilibrium unemployment">Disequilibrium unemployment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30458/unemployment-review-sheet" title="Unemployment review sheet">Unemployment review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20713/inflation-" title="Inflation ">Inflation </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20712/measuring-inflation-hl-only" title="Measuring inflation (HL only)">Measuring inflation (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20685/costs-of-inflation-and-deflation" title="Costs of inflation and deflation">Costs of inflation and deflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30465/inflation-review-sheet" title="Inflation review sheet">Inflation review sheet</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20716/unemployment-v-inflation-trade-off-hl-only" title="Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)">Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/39133/macroeconomic-objectives-crossword" title="Macroeconomic objectives crossword">Macroeconomic objectives crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/44511/unit-33-macroeconomic-indicators-revision-quiz" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20741/unit-34-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty" title="Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32398/inequality" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21356/the-role-of-spending-and-taxation-on-inequality-" title="The role of spending and taxation on inequality ">The role of spending and taxation on inequality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21313/consequences-of-economic-growth" title="Consequences of economic growth">Consequences of economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30257/economic-growth-and-inequality-review-sheet" title="Economic growth and inequality review sheet">Economic growth and inequality review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20756/unit-33-34-multiple-choice-" title="Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice ">Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice </a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21844/unit-4-global-economy" title="Unit 4: Global economy">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21367/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade" title="Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30529/benefits-of-international-trade" title="Benefits of international trade">Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20823/absolute-and-comparative-advantage-hl-only" title="Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)">Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20845/unit-42-43-trade-protection" title="Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection">Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32419/barriers-to-trade-calculations-are-hl-only" title="Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)">Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21610/case-study-on-tata-steel" title="Case study on Tata Steel">Case study on Tata Steel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/23455/the-defence-industry" title="The Defence industry">The Defence industry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30610/unit-41-43-review-sheet" title="Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet">Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20894/unit-44-economic-integration-" title="Unit 4.4: Economic integration ">Unit 4.4: Economic integration </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30634/economic-integration-some-hl-tasks" title="Economic integration (some HL tasks)">Economic integration (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20840/world-trade-organisation-wto" title="World trade organisation (WTO)">World trade organisation (WTO)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30635/unit-44-review-sheet" title="Unit 4.4: Review sheet">Unit 4.4: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20853/unit-45-exchange-rates" title="Unit 4.5: Exchange rates">Unit 4.5: Exchange rates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30611/floating-exchange-rates" title="Floating exchange rates">Floating exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/31824/fixed-managed-exchange-rate-systems-some-hl-tasks" title="Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)">Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21624/the-market-for-foreign-exchange" title="The market for foreign exchange">The market for foreign exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30614/unit-45-review-sheet" title="Unit 4.5: Review sheet">Unit 4.5: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20859/unit-46-balance-of-payments" title="Unit 4.6: Balance of payments">Unit 4.6: Balance of payments</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30624/balance-of-payments-" title="Balance of payments ">Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21386/current-account-hl-only" title="Current account (HL only)">Current account (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20872/the-marshall-lerner-condition-j-curve-hl-only" title="The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)">The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20899/units-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz-" title="Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/42989/unit-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz-ii" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II">Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/39438/unit-41-46-international-trade-crossword" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword">Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32423/unit-47-sustainable-development-" title="Unit 4.7: Sustainable development ">Unit 4.7: Sustainable development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/26092/water-scarcity-activity" title="Water scarcity activity">Water scarcity activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32426/sustainable-development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20928/unit-48-measuring-development-" title="Unit 4.8: Measuring development ">Unit 4.8: Measuring development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30686/measuring-development" title="Measuring development">Measuring development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21627/economic-development-" title="Economic development ">Economic development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30679/unit-47-48-review-sheet" title="Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet">Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 4.9: Barriers to development">Unit 4.9: Barriers to development</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30727/barriers-to-development-in-international-trade" title="Barriers to development in International trade">Barriers to development in International trade</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32430/unit-410-economic-growth-andor-economic-development-strategies" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30687/the-role-of-domestic-factors" title="The role of domestic factors">The role of domestic factors</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30688/the-role-of-international-trade-and-development" title="The role of international trade and development">The role of international trade and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30689/the-role-of-foreign-direct-investment-fdi" title="The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)">The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/25240/the-role-of-foreign-aid-" title="The role of foreign aid ">The role of foreign aid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30819/multilateral-development-assistance" title="Multilateral development assistance">Multilateral development assistance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21632/the-role-of-international-debt" title="The role of international debt">The role of international debt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/25242/the-balance-between-markets-and-intervention" title="The balance between markets and intervention">The balance between markets and intervention</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/30926/unit-49-410-review-sheet" title="Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet">Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21380/assessment" title="Assessment">Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Internal assessment ">Internal assessment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/20608/how-to-write-your-ia-student-handout" title="How to write your IA? (student handout)">How to write your IA? (student handout)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/21428/how-to-interpret-the-assessment-criteria" title="How to interpret the assessment criteria?">How to interpret the assessment criteria?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Grading practise ">Grading practise </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Sample 3a">Sample 3a</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32083/sample-3b" title="Sample 3b">Sample 3b</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32022/assessment-markbands" title="Assessment markbands">Assessment markbands</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/4332/exam-style-questions" title="Exam style questions">Exam style questions</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 1 style examination questions">Paper 1 style examination questions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/40100/unit-211-212-questions" title="Unit 2.11-2.12 questions">Unit 2.11-2.12 questions</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/45102/paper-1-guidance-on-essay-writing" title="Paper 1 guidance on essay writing">Paper 1 guidance on essay writing</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="the-role-of-international-trade-and-development" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">The role of international trade and development</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Unit 4: Global economy</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><a title="Go to: Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/economics/page/32430/unit-410-economic-growth-andor-economic-development-strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies</a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">The role of international trade and development</span></li></ul>
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<h2><img alt="" src="/media/ib/economics/images/international-trade-2/download(1).jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 239px; float: left;" />Introduction</h2>This page looks at the role that international trade plays in promoting economic development. Under the old syllabus this page was covered under unit 4.4.<hr class="hidden" /><div class="blueBg"><h3>Enquiry question</h3><p>How do each of the following contribute towards economic growth and economic development - import substitution, export promotion, trade liberalization, the role of the WTO, bilateral and regional preferential trade agreements and diversification.</p></div><div class="blueBg"><p><strong>Lesson time: </strong>2 hours (HL) 100 minutes (SL)</p><p><strong><img alt="" src="/media/ib/economics/images/development-2/901e6316feb1db6dab7ad2b40176a1990a9dfe9f.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 168px; float: right;" />Lesson objectives:</strong></p><p>With reference to specific examples, evaluate each of the following as a means of achieving economic growth and economic development.</p><p>a. Import substitution<br />b. Export promotion<br />c. Trade liberalization<br />d. The role of the WTO<br />e. Bilateral and regional preferential trade agreements<br />f. Diversification.</p><p><strong>Teacher notes:</strong></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>1.</strong> <strong>Beginning activity </strong>- begin with the opening video and activity, which focus on import substitution. (Allow 15 minutes in total)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>2.</strong> <strong>Processes</strong> -<strong> technical vocabulary </strong>-<strong> </strong>the students can learn the background information from the videos, activities 1 and 3 and the key terms which can be downloaded as a PDF. (15 minutes )</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>3. Applying the theory </strong>- activities 2 and 4 focuses on export led growth and uses South Korea as an example, arguably the most successful example of an LEDC developing through an export led strategy. (20 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>4. Developing the theory</strong> - activity 5 considers whether the export led model is now impossible due to greater automation in manufacturing. (15 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>5. Enquiry question</strong> - what role does the WTO play in development, does it do enough? (10 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>6. Discussion</strong> - activities 7 - 8 focus on the question, the role of tourism in development and asks the question, how much is too much tourism? (25 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>7. Case studies</strong> - activity 9 contains a paper three type question on Costa Rica, a nation that has benefited financially from its tourism sector - allow 20 minutes to complete the exercise.</span></p></section></div><div class="greenBg"><h4><em>Key terms:</em></h4><p><strong><img alt="" src="/media/ib/economics/images/development-2/buy-local.jpg" style="float: right; width: 365px; height: 125px;" title="/ihsmarkit.com" />Inward looking development strategies (import substitution) </strong>- a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. </p><p><strong>Outward looking development strategies (export promotion) </strong>-<strong> </strong>a trade and economic policy based on prioritising the export of goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.</p><p><strong>Trade liberalisation</strong> - the removal or reduction on barriers to trading, including tariffs, quotas and non tariff barriers such as licensing rules and administrative barriers.</p><p><strong>Diversification </strong>- a policy of steering an economy away from an over reliance on a narrow range of goods and services.</p></div><p>The activities on this page are available as a PDF file at: <a href="/media/ib/economics/files/development/trade-strategies-in-development.pdf" target="_blank" title="Student handouts"><img class="ico" src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/student-handout.png" /> Development strategies</a> <a href="Browse server to select file" target="_blank" title="Questions"> </a></p><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 1: Inward looking development strategies (import substitution)</strong></h4><p>Start by watching the following short presentation which describes the policy of import substitution. After watching the video answer the questions that follow:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Y9sbjTptODk" width="640"></iframe></p><p>(a) Summarise the term import substitution.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;">An import substitution approach is inherently interventionist and protective of domestic markets. This would be achieved by imposing prohibitively high tariffs on imported produce and then subsidising their own domestic industries so that they could replace them. </span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section><p>(b) Explain the strengths of such a policy?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">As the video highlights, the policy can protect local jobs, protect local culture and protect an LEDC from the adverse impacts of MNCs.</span></p></section><p>(c) Explain some of the weaknesses of the policy?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The policy is likely to lead to domestic inefficiency (because local industries are not exposed to foreign competition) and as such may only create jobs in the short term. It also means that the nation is unlikely to benefit from the gains from comparative advantage and inflation is likely to be higher in the country. Other nations are likely to respond to the policy by employing their own tariffs against the nations exports in retaliation. </span></p></section><p>(d) State some examples of nations that have used import substitution during their development phase.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Many parts of Latin America, Africa and Asia have employed the policy at different times.</span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 2: Import substitution in Russia</strong></h4><p>The following news reel documents the story of import substitution in Russia. After watching the video explain why the nation has adopted the policy and explain whether or not the policy is likely to be successful?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tJyopDIo5zA" width="640"></iframe></p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The calls for self reliance are based on a belief that the nation is large enough to be self sufficient. Previously the nation relied on significant revenues from gas exports, which was then spent on imported goods and services. The commentator suggests that the policy might work due to the collapse of the local currency which has made the market for imported goods reduce. Such a policy is unlikely to help the rate of inflation which currently runs at more than 9%.</span></section><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 3: Outward looking policies (export promotion)</strong></h4><p>Begin by watching the short video and then answer the questions that follow:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/W1ol3b-eoNs" width="640"></iframe></p><p>(a) Summarise the term export led growth.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;">a trade and economic policy based on prioritising the export of goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section><p>(b) Which policies are consistent with an export led development strategy</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Liberalised trade and capital policies, a floating exchange rate, deregulation and investment in key infrastructure required to deliver growth.</span></p></section><p>(c) Explain the strengths of such a policy?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">As the video highlights, the policy may allow an economy to break the poverty cycle. Many LEDCs are stuck in a perpetual cycle of low quality products, low skill levels, lack of investment e.t.c. Any business that is able to produce higher quality products will find it almost impossible to sell those goods and services domestically.</span></p></section><p>(d) Explain some of the weaknesses of the policy?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Led to trade barriers among Developed nations whose own industries were threatened by imports from low wage economies. The policy also meant an increasing share of the economy was controlled by MNCs and lastly the policy led to significant income inequalities.</span></p></section><p>(e) Why is investment in education and infrastructure key to the successful implementation of the policy?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">With exports being the key driver of economic growth then the ability to produce high quality products for export markets was essential. This meant competing with industrialised nations on quality, as well as providing the goods at lower costs. </span></p></section><p>(f) Why is the policy likely to lead to greater income inequality?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">While export led growth has led to some very exceptional growth rates in those nations that have adopted the policy, such a policy will create losers as well as winners. Some, perhaps the old, unskilled or geographically immobile can easily be left behind by such a policy.</span></p></section><p>(g) State some examples of nations that have used import substitution during their development phase.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan.</span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 4: A focus on South Korea </strong></h4><p>Use information contained in the following video to explain how South Korea used export promotion to support its own development. Why did the policy seem risky at the time?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tbzOQUO16j0" width="640"></iframe></p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><span style="color:#FF0000;">By initially relying on a free market economic system they were able to access Western technology and investment. South Korea was probably the world's first LEDC to adopt an export led strategy and the policy was particularly successful as the world economy grew in the 1960s, with exports growing by 40% per year. The nation started producing low value added products but gradually moved up the value train, wags and living standards improved. </span></section><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 5: Premature de-industrialisation</strong></h4><p><em>Use the information contained in the following video to answer the questions that follow:</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/xsAjHzAGZDU" width="640"></iframe></p><p>(a) What is premature industrialisation?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">When an economy effectively skips the secondary phase of development and moves directly from being an agriculturally based economy to a service based one.</span></p></section><p>(b) Why are manufacturing jobs considered more important than service or agricultural jobs?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Manufactured jobs are easier to create export growth, improvements to technology and greater productivity through investments in human and technical sectors.</span></p></section><p>(c) Why has automation restricted the ability of LEDCs to develop through export led growth as South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were able to do?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Automation has reduced the need for low wage workers which has removed some of the previous comparative advantage that ambitious low wage economies once had.</span></p></section><p>(d) What is the future of development and growth according to the video?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Opinion is mixed, some economists are particularly negative, believing that the chances of the next ambitious LEDC being the next South Korea have effectively gone. On the other hand the video also argues some nations may be able to benefit from the access to cheap technological goods and be able to develop quickly as a result. An example fo this is how cell phone coverage across Africa has played a role in connecting that continent.</span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 6: The role of the WTO in promoting development?</strong></h4><p>The first video explains the role of the WTO and the role that the current round of talks in Daha might play in promoting development within LEDCs?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/wwY0CguWolg" width="640"></iframe></p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The Doha round is one of the first to recognise the importance of access to agricultural markets. Previous rounds of the WTO were focused almost entirely on reducing trade barriers for manufactured goods and services, which benefit the world's industrial nations more than LEDC. This will help LEDCs who have previously suffered under WTO rule which imposed much larger rates of tariff on agricultural goods than it did on manufactured goods.</span></section><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 7: The role of tourism in development</strong></h4><p>The following video illustrates some of the costs and benefits that tourism can bring to an LEDC. The video focuses on Thailand.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/KupnV3JeQL4" width="640"></iframe></p><p>(a) Explain some of the benefits that tourism has brought to the island nation.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Billion of $s in export revenue through tourism and the creation of masses of new jobs and improvements to infrastructure.</span></p></section><p>(b) Explain why the high income elasticity of the industry makes the industry more suitable for promoting development than a reliance on the export of primary products.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Unlike the production of primary commodities, which many LEDCs have used as a development tool, tourism is highly income elastic. This allows an LEDC to take advantage of rising income levels and increased demand for new exotic holiday destinations. </span></p></section><p>(c) Why does the tourist industry bring about infrastructure improvements to a nation?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A nation wishing to attract large number of tourists must ensure that the nation is equipped with adequate air, road and communications infrastructure. Such improvements, built for the tourist sector, can then be used by local residents.</span></p></section><p>(d) Outline some of the disadvantages that tourism can bring to an LEDC.</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tourists drive up prices for local customers and can destroy / retard areas of natural beauty as the video highlights, hence the focus by some nations on ethical / sustainable tourism.</span></p></section><p>The table below illustrates the % of GDP contributed by the tourist sector:</p><table align="center" height="199" width="779"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Nation</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Revenue earned (B$)</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>% of GDP</strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Macau</td><td style="text-align: center;">43</td><td style="text-align: center;">73</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Seychelles</td><td style="text-align: center;">1,054</td><td style="text-align: center;">67</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Maldives</td><td style="text-align: center;">3,521</td><td style="text-align: center;">66.4</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">St. Kitts</td><td style="text-align: center;">636</td><td style="text-align: center;">62.4</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Grenada</td><td style="text-align: center;">676</td><td style="text-align: center;">56.5</td></tr></tbody></table><p>(e) Explain the danger of an over reliance on tourism for an LEDC?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Tourism can be an unstable, if highly profitable, source of income due to changing external circumstances. The once popular beaches of Turkey and north Africa, for example are now virtually empty due to security fears in the region. </span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 8: How much is too much tourism? </strong></h4><p>Watch the following short video and then answer the question, how much is too much tourism?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/0nvwkpqPvoM" width="640"></iframe></p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 9: Tourism in Costa Rica paper three type questions (HL only)</strong></h4><p>Costa Rica is one of the leading destinations for foreign visitors in the central American region. In 2019 the number of tourists visiting the small central American nation reached 2.88 million. This represented a market share of 26.4% of all tourists to the region. Costa Rica has a population of 4.7 million inhabitants and a per capita GDP of $ 16,900.</p><p>The growth in tourist numbers is shown as follows:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="322" width="781"><tbody><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Tourist visitors in thousands</strong></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Income generated in million $s</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2014</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,100</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">1,999</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2015</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,192</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,152</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2016</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,343</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,313</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2017</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,428</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,665</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2018</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,527</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,864</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2019</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,665</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2,882</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>1. Calculate the % growth in tourist numbers and income generated between 2014 and 2019? <em>[2 marks</em>]</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The growth in tourist numbers is 26.9% while the growth in revenue is 44.17%.</span></p></section><p>2. Redraw the table above showing the tourist numbers and income generated as an index. Use the figures for 2014 as the base year. <em>[3 marks]</em></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="322" width="793"><tbody><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Year</strong></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Tourist visitors in thousands</strong></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center"><strong>Income generated in million $s</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2014</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">100</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">100</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2015</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">104.4</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">107.6</span></p></section></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2016</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">111.57</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">115.7</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2017</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">115.6</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">133.3</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2018</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">120.3</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">143.3</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:204px;"><p align="center">2019</p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">126.9</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td><td style="width:204px;"><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">144.2</span></p></section><p style="text-align: center;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/economics/images/macro-economics/costa-rica-1.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: right;" />3. Show the impact of the rise in tourist numbers to Costa Rica on the diagram below: <em>[2 marks]</em></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/economics/images/macro-economics/costa-rica-2.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: left;" /><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A rise in overseas visitors to the country will increase both LRAS as well as AD. In other words both the productive capacity of the nation as well as overall economic activity will increase.</span></p></section><hr class="hidden" /><p>4. Outline three advantages to Costa Rica, a developing country of using tourism as a method for generating economic growth. <em>[4 marks]</em></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The benefits of tourism, as a source of economic growth / development include:</span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tourism is highly income elastic which, unlike many other goods and services where LEDCs may have a comparative advantage, allows the country to take advantage of rising income levels</span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">increased job creation as the industry is labour intensive</span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">a valuable source of foreign currency which can then be used to import much needed capital, required for development</span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">developing a tourist industry requires investments in infrastructure which can then be used by local residents as well as visitors to the island.</span></li></ul></section>5. Outline three disadvantages of using tourism as a method for generating economic growth. <em>[4 marks]</em><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;">The disadvantages of tourism as a development strategy include:</span></p><ul><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">a significant proportion of revenue received goes to overseas travel agents and the owners of hotels who may also live overseas </span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tourists will spend a large proportion of their holiday money on imported goods and services</span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">negative externalities associated with tourism, e.g. the costs of overcrowded beaches or areas of natural beauty </span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">additional pressure on local infrastructure</span></li><li><span style="color:#FF0000;">tourist numbers can also be an unstable due to changing external circumstances.</span></li></ul><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section></div><p>The paper three question is available as a PDF file at: <a href="/media/ib/economics/files/development/costa-rica-p3-.pdf" target="_blank" title="Questions"><img class="ico" src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/question.png" /> P3 question on Costa Rica</a></p><p>Mark scheme: <a href="/media/ib/economics/files/development/tourism-in-costa-rica-responses.pdf" target="_blank" title="Questions"><img class="ico" src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/question.png" /> Costa Rica</a></p><div class="pinkBg"><h4>Activity 10: The world's busiest airports (2000 - 2018)</h4><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/a9doQZcGUVU" width="640"></iframe></p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Most popular tourist destinations</strong></h4><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/A7RJWo36_Ck" width="640"></iframe></strong></p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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