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class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1347" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505976" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 11.4 Sexual reproduction</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Sexual reproduction</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> 11.4 Sexual reproduction HL 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><a href="../../images/11_animalphysiol/fertilisation_p__oto.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/fertilisation_p__oto.jpg" style="width: 120px; height: 82px; float: left;"></a> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Sexual reproduction in this HL topic begins with spermatogenesis and oogenesis where gametes are made. This is followed by the process of fertilisation, the acrosome reaction and the cortical reaction. The development and implantation of a blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus is important as well as the hormones which change during pregnancy finally leading to positive feedback and birth. There is a lot of content in this topic.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <strong>11.4 Sexual reproduction</strong> flashcards</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/519340872/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-216" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="216"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-1b.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-216" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-1b.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-216" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-216" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-216" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-216" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-216" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-216" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-1b-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-216/114sexual-reproduction-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 11.4 Sexual reproduction<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Gametogenesis</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Similarities in spermatogenesis and oogenesis include mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Students need to be able to annotate diagrams of seminiferous tubule and ovary to showing these details.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Differences between the processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the different numbers of gametes produced and the different amounts of cytoplasm in these gametes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm and egg to indicate functions.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Fertilization</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Fertilization in animals can be internal or external.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fertilization involves the acrosome reaction, fusion of the plasma membrane of the egg and sperm and the cortical reaction (mechanisms that prevent polyspermy).</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><strong>Early growth of the embryo</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin.</li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><strong>Skills & applications </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">To make comparisons of gestation periods and animal size & to find the place of the average human (38-week) pregnancy on a graph showing the correlation between animal size and the development of the young at birth in mammals.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">To annotate diagrams of stages of gametogenesis in seminiferous tubule and an ovary.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ability to annotate diagrams with the function of the parts of mature sperm and egg.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 11.4 about sexual reproduction.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-230" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="230"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderlist.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-230" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderlist.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderfull.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-230" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderfull.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spidersimple.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-230" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spidersimple.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-230" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-230" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-230/114spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Sexual reproduction<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Understanding the structure of mature sperm cells and the placenta are both important steps in understanding their function in this topic. Many students learn the names or all the parts of a sperm.</p> <p>This question helps to practise explaining the functions of these parts.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the structure and function of a sperm cell. [5]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Describe the structure and function of a sperm cell. [5]</strong></p> <p><strong><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sperm-labelled2.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 240px;"></strong></p> <ul> <li>The head contains the nucleus and the acrosome.</li> <li>The mid-section contains many mitochondria.</li> <li>The tail contains microtubules and is used for movement.</li> <li>The acrosome contains enzymes for the sperm to enter the egg.</li> <li>The nucleus contains genetic material, the DNA.</li> <li>The mitochondria carry out respiration in the mid-section providing ATP for tail movement.</li> <li>A plasma membrane surrounds the cell.</li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on gestation periods in mammals. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <p>Gestation times in mammals are related to the size of the mammal and the young but also to other factors.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>The table shows the mean mass of female mammals and the gestation time.</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Mammal</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">Mass of female (Kg) approximate</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">Mean Gestation time (days)</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">Mean mass of embryo (Kg)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Giant panda</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">90</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">95-160</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Giraffe</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">1200</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">460</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">62</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Killer whale</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">6750</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">500</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">140</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Cottontail rabbit</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">1</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">26</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.03</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Red fox</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">10</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">52</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Red Kangaroo</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">35</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">28</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.002</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">Mouse</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.02</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">20</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.002</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:138px;"> <p align="center">African wild dog</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">24</p> </td> <td style="width:157px;"> <p align="center">70</p> </td> <td style="width:153px;"> <p align="center">0.3</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><strong>Evaluate the hypothesis that birth mass of embryo is correlated to the gestation time.<br> ( 3 marks).</strong> <hr> <hr></li> <li><strong>Suggest what other factors may affect gestation times (3 marks).</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>.</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: </em> <p><em>Evaluate – use the data to conclude.<br> Suggest – use biological knowledge to give reasons.</em></p> <p><em>You can use the figures to support or refute a hypothesis, but the reason and support/rejection must match.</em></p> </div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Evaluate the hypothesis that birth mass of embryo is correlated to the gestation time. ( 3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The hypothesis generally supported by most examples.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">There is a positive correlation between embryo mass and gestation time (for most species) but it is not proportional.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The sample number is small so the data is not completely reliable.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">There are outliers such as the Giant Panda, Red Kangaroo.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Suggest what other factors may affect gestation times. (3 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The rate of growth of the embryo in the uterus.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">for example, the Red Panda has a long gestation (95 to 160 days) but a small embryo (0.1kg) suggesting slow embryonic growth.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The degree of development of the embryo.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Some embryos must be immediately mobile e.g. Giraffe whereas others remain in a nest to further develop e.g. mouse.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The greater the number of embryos in a single brood, the smaller the size of each embryo.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Delayed implantation of the embryo can increase gestation time.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Other factors with example from the data</em> <em>can gain marks</em></p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on fertilisation in mammals. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The understanding of the process of fertilisation in mammals is an important concept.</p> <p>Answer this question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>List the events that occur during fertilisation in mammals in the sequence in which they occur. </strong><br> <strong>(3 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Examiner hint: The command term, 'List' requires only the events, an explanation is not needed.<br> However, in this question the events must be in the correct sequence.</em></p> </div> <p>Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>List the events that occur during fertilisation in mammals in the sequence in which they occur. (3 marks)</strong></p> <p>Use the correct term for the event.</p> <ol> <li value="NaN"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Acrosome reaction.</span></li> <li value="NaN"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Fusion of sperm and ovum membranes.</span></li> <li value="NaN"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cortical reaction.</span></li> <li value="NaN"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Fusion of male and female nuclei.</span></li> </ol> <p>An extra point that could be included is that the second meiotic division of the ovum nucleus occurs before fusion of the male an female nuclei.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on hCG Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a hormone with a role in supporting pregnancy.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/11.4-hcg.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"></p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><strong>Describe the role of hCG in pregnancy (4 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Describe needs a detailed response.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe the role of hCG in pregnancy (4 marks).</strong></p> <p>HCG has a specific role in early pregancy.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">hCG is produced by the foetus/placenta.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">hCG is produced in very early pregnancy.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">hCG causes the corpus luteum to be maintained (to not degenerate).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The corpus luteum continues to secrete oestrogen and progesteron</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">e.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The corpus luteum continues to secrete oestrogen and progesterone during the first 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Progesterone maintains the uterus lining for pregnancy and growth of the placenta.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-8">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e445f1aa"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e445f1aa"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-9"> 11.4 Sexual reproduction HL <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-543-1347" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which statement describes similarities between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are both controlled by the estrogen hormone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They both involve meiosis and growth of cells but not mitosis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They both produce four gametes for each division of meiosis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They both involve mitosis, meiosis, cell growth and cell differentiation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Similarities in spermatogenesis and oogenesis include mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In spermatogenesis which cells divide by mitosis? </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spermatids</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spermatocytes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mature sperm cells</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Germ cells / Spermatogonia</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Spermatogenesis and oogenesis include mitosis, at the outer layer of germ cells in each seminal vesicle.</p><p>Students need to be able to annotate diagrams of seminiferous tubule to show these details.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows cells in a seminal vesicle of a testis.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/testes_ts_abcd.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 182px;"></p><p>Which of the labels shows a cell most likely to be in the process of differentiation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> Cell B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> Cell D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> Cell A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> Cell C</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Spermatogenesis and oogenesis includes differentiation of haploid cells into sperm cells.</p><p>Students need to be able to annotate diagrams of seminiferous tubule to show these details.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following correctly describes differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spermatogenesis produces few sperm whereas Oogenesis produces many more oocytes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spermatogenesis produces haploid sperm cells whereas Oogenesis produces diploid oocytes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Spermatogenesis produces many sperm whereas Oogenesis produces relatively few gametes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Spermatogenesis produces large gametes whereas Oogenesis produces small gametes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Differences between the processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the different numbers of gametes produced and the different amounts of cytoplasm in these gametes. Oogenesis produces one large ovum and the polar bodies degenerate.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows mature spermatozoa.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sperm_mature.jpg" style="width: 407px; height: 122px;"></p><p>Which correctly shows the functions of parts A, B and D? (C is not included in this question)</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Carries out respiration, B: causes movement, D contains nucleus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Causes movement, B: Contains enzymes to penetrate the egg, D: Contains nucleus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Carries out respiration, B: Contains enzymes to penetrte the edd, D: Contains nucleus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A: Causes movement, B: Carries out respiration, D: Contains enzymes to penetrate the egg.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Annotation of diagrams of mature sperm should indicate their functions<br>A is the tail for movement<br>B is the midpiece which is full of mitochondria for respiration<br>C is the nucleus which contains the genetic material<br>D is the acrosome, contianing enzymes for penetration of the egg</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Fertilization in many species of fish is different from mammals because the male sprays sperm onto eggs laid by the females in the water.</p><p>What is the name given to this type of fertilisation</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Random fertilization.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> External fertilization.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sexual fertilization.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Aquatic fertilization.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Fertilization in animals can be internal or external depending on the place where the gametes meet.<br>Many species of fish use external fertilisation.</p><p>It is interesting to note (but not necessary for IB Biology) that in live-bearing fish, such as guppies and platys, males transfer packages of sperm to the female reproductive tract, using a modified anal fin, where they can be stored for more than a month.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image shows a sperm about to fertilize an egg cell.<br>Several processes occur during the fertilisation of an egg and sperm cell.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/fertilisation_p__oto.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 205px;"></p><p>In which order do the three processes given below occur.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fusion of egg and sperm membranes, acrosome reaction, binding or egg and sperm membranes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fusion of egg and sperm membranes, acrosome reaction, and cortical reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Acrosome reaction, fusion of egg and sperm membranes and cortical reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cortical reaction, binding of the egg and sperm membranes, and acrosome reaction.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Fertilization involves</p><ol><li>attraction of the sperm towards the egg</li><li>binding of the sperm to the egg</li><li>the acrosome reaction,</li><li>fusion of the plasma membrane of the egg and sperm and</li><li>the cortical reaction. (mechanisms that prevent polyspermy)</li><li>fusion of the male and female nuclei</li></ol></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>After fertilisation a fertilised egg divides and forms a hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst</p><p>Where in the human reproductive system could a blastocyst be found?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the testes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> In the endometrium.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> At the cervix.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the ovaries.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which features of the villi in the placenta help the exchange of materials between the mother and embryo?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/placenta.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Placental villi have a thick outer wall.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Placental villi are surrounded by the embryo's blood.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Placental villi have a large surface area.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Placental villi allow the embryo's blood to mix freely with maternal blood.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.<br>It is the mother's blood which surrounds the villi, and the large surface area of villi helps exchange of substances.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which hormone is secreted by the placenta immediately following the implantation of the blastocyst?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> LH</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> FSH</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> hCG.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Progesterone</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>hCG is produced as soon as implantation occurs. This is the hormone used in pregnancy testing.<br>Estrogen and progesterone are secreted a little later, by the placenta once it has formed.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The birth of a baby is an interesting example of feedback controlled by hormones.</p><p>It is a positive feedback process. </p><p>What is the hormone involved and what is it's role?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> FSH hormone increases oxytocin levels.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Oxytocin hormone increases the number of contractions of the uterus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> hCG hormone triggers contractions of the uterus.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Progesterone hormone increases causing the uterus lining to thicken.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin.</p><p>Oxytocin causes contractions of the uterus wall which themselves promote an increase in the secretion of oxytocin.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p>here</p><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows the body mass of a range of animals plotted against their mass at birth.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/gestation_brithwt_graph.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 327px;"></p><p>What is the general trend shown in the graph?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> As the mass of the animal increases the birth mass decreases</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> As the mass of animal increases the birth mass increases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> As the mass of the animal increases the mass at birth increases exponentially.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The data shows no correlation between the two variables.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>To make comparisons of gestation periods it can be assumed that babies grow a a similar rate, and birth size on the graph relates to a longer gestation.<br>This graph shows a surprisingly good correlation between animal size and the birth size, which could also relate to the more advanced development young at birth in larger mammals.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows the gestation periods of a range of different animals plotted against their mass at birth.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/gestation_brithwt_graphabcd.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 291px;"></p><p>Which of the points A to D on the graph is most likely to represent a human embryo?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You should be able to find the place of the average human (38-week) pregnancy on a graph showing the correlation between animal size and the development of the young at birth in mammals, or birth mass. Humans have a mass of between 50000g and 100000g, and babies are commonly about 3000g at birth. So humans a likely to be in the clusted below the letter B.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the function of the part labelled B in the mature sperm cell shown below?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/11_animalphysiol/sperm_mature.jpg" style="width: 407px; height: 122px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Contains cortical granules for the cortical reaction.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Holds mitochondria for respiration.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Moves the head from side to side for swimming.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Holds the acrosome for fertilization.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Ability to annotate diagrams with the function of the parts of mature sperm and egg.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What mechanism prevents the entry of a second sperm cell after fertilization?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Acrosome reaction</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cortical reaction</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Binding of the egg and sperm membrane</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fusion of the egg and sperm membrane</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The cortical granules are released and prevent polyspermy during fertilization.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-10">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505976" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <p><strong>The process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis</strong></p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-849-1347"><p>Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to describe the process of gamete production in animals.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">motile</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">haploid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">matures</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">diploid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">meiosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">two</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">organelles</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cytoplasm</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mitosis</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The process of producing both male and female gametes in animals involves <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mitosis"> <span class="review"></span> to produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="diploid"> <span class="review"></span> gamete mother cells.</p><p>Gamete mother cells divide by the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="two"> <span class="review"></span> divisions of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="meiosis"> <span class="review"></span> to produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="haploid"> <span class="review"></span> secondary gametocytes.</p><p>The secondary gametocyte <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="matures"> <span class="review"></span> to produce a fertile haploid gamete.</p><p>The male gamete is small and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="motile"> <span class="review"></span> whereas the female gamete is large and full of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cytoplasm"> <span class="review"></span> containing the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="organelles"> <span class="review"></span> and nutrients to enable the growth of the zygote after fertilisation.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Gametogenesis in the gonads has three phases, mitosis to produce a line of gamete mother cells, meiosis to produce haploid cells and maturation to produce a functional, fertile gamete. </em></p><p><em>You also need to know the details of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this Carbon cycle card matching game.<br> Can you reach the leader board?</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/519340872/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="1347"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> 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