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Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22418/the-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="The brain and behaviour">The brain and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22419/methodology-biological-approach.html" title="Methodology: biological approach">Methodology: biological approach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22420/localization-plasticity.html" title="Localization & Plasticity">Localization & Plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22421/neurotransmission-.html" title="Neurotransmission ">Neurotransmission </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22422/hormones.html" title="Hormones">Hormones</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22423/pheromones-and-mating-behaviour.html" title="Pheromones and mating behaviour">Pheromones and mating behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45731/pheromones-and-aggression.html" title="Pheromones and aggression">Pheromones and aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22428/genetics-and-behaviour.html" title="Genetics and behaviour">Genetics and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22429/methodology-in-genetic-research.html" title="Methodology in genetic research">Methodology in genetic research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45429/kinship-studies-.html" title="Kinship studies ">Kinship studies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22430/epigenetics-and-depression.html" title="Epigenetics and depression">Epigenetics and depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22431/evolutionary-psychology.html" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22432/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: genetics">Ethical considerations: genetics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22435/hl-extension-animal-research.html" title="HL Extension: Animal research">HL Extension: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22436/methods-of-animal-research.html" title="Methods of animal research">Methods of animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22437/ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="Ethics in animal research">Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22438/animal-research-in-genetics.html" title="Animal research in genetics">Animal research in genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22424/references-biological-approach.html" title="References: Biological approach">References: Biological approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22387/5-sociocultural-approach.html" title="5. Sociocultural approach">5. Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22439/the-individual-and-the-group.html" title="The individual and the group">The individual and the group</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22440/methodology-in-sociocultural.html" title="Methodology in sociocultural">Methodology in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22441/social-identity-theory.html" title="Social Identity Theory">Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22443/social-cognitive-theory.html" title="Social Cognitive Theory">Social Cognitive Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22444/stereotyping.html" title="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22445/culture-behaviour-and-cognition.html" title="Culture, behaviour and cognition">Culture, behaviour and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22447/cultural-dimensions-.html" title="Cultural dimensions ">Cultural dimensions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22446/culture-and-cognition.html" title="Culture and cognition">Culture and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22448/enculturation.html" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34345/acculturation.html" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22449/globalization-and-identity.html" title="Globalization and identity">Globalization and identity</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22450/globalization-and-attitudes.html" title="Globalization and attitudes">Globalization and attitudes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22451/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22442/references-sociocultural-approach.html" title="References: Sociocultural approach">References: Sociocultural approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22388/6-abnormal-psychology.html" title="6. Abnormal psychology">6. Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22452/diagnosis.html" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22453/classification-systems.html" title="Classification systems">Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22454/validity-and-reliability.html" title="Validity and reliability">Validity and reliability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22455/factors-influencing-diagnosis.html" title="Factors influencing diagnosis">Factors influencing diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22456/ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Ethics in diagnosis">Ethics in diagnosis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22458/etiologies-of-disorders.html" title="Etiologies of disorders">Etiologies of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34781/anxiety-disorders.html" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34782/biological-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Biological approach to anxiety">Biological approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34783/cognitive-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Cognitive approach to anxiety">Cognitive approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34784/sociocultural-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anxiety">Sociocultural approach to anxiety</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22459/depressive-disorders.html" title="Depressive disorders">Depressive disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22460/biological-approach-to-depression.html" title="Biological approach to depression">Biological approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22477/cognitive-approach-to-depression.html" title="Cognitive approach to depression">Cognitive approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22478/sociocultural-approach-to-depression.html" title="Sociocultural approach to depression">Sociocultural approach to depression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24019/eating-disorders.html" title="Eating disorders">Eating disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23983/biological-approach-to-anorexia.html" title="Biological approach to anorexia">Biological approach to anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23984/cognitive-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Cognitive approach to anorexia ">Cognitive approach to anorexia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24018/sociocultural-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anorexia ">Sociocultural approach to anorexia </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36224/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html" title="Obsessive Compulsive Disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36195/biological-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Biological approach to OCD">Biological approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36415/cognitive-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Cognitive approach to OCD">Cognitive approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36494/sociocultural-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to OCD">Sociocultural approach to OCD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22479/trauma-and-stress-related-disorders.html" title="Trauma and stress related disorders">Trauma and stress related disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22480/biological-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Biological approaches to PTSD">Biological approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22481/cognitive-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Cognitive approaches to PTSD">Cognitive approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22482/sociocultural-approach-to-ptsd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to PTSD">Sociocultural approach to PTSD</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22483/prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Prevalence of disorders">Prevalence of disorders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22484/treatment-of-disorders.html" title="Treatment of disorders">Treatment of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23986/anorexia-biological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Biological treatments">Anorexia: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24036/anorexia-psychological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Psychological treatments">Anorexia: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37065/gad-biological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Biological treatments">GAD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37136/gad-psychological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Psychological treatments">GAD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36566/ocd-biological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Biological treatments">OCD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36985/ocd-psychological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Psychological treatments">OCD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22485/depression-biological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Biological treatments">Depression: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22502/depression-psychological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Psychological treatments">Depression: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24002/ptsd-biological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Biological treatments">PTSD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23982/ptsd-psychological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Psychological treatments">PTSD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22503/culture-and-treatment.html" title="Culture and treatment">Culture and treatment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22504/effectiveness-of-treatment.html" title="Effectiveness of treatment">Effectiveness of treatment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22457/references-abnormal.html" title="References: Abnormal">References: Abnormal</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22389/7-developmental-psychology.html" title="7. Developmental psychology">7. Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23616/developing-as-a-learner-.html" title="Developing as a learner
">Developing as a learner
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23499/cognitive-development-piaget.html" title="Cognitive development: Piaget">Cognitive development: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23636/cognitive-development-vygotsky.html" title="Cognitive development: Vygotsky">Cognitive development: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45298/theories-of-brain-development.html" title="Theories of brain development">Theories of brain development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23509/influences-on-development.html" title="Influences on development">Influences on development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23501/role-of-peers-and-play.html" title="Role of peers and play">Role of peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23503/poverty-and-development.html" title="Poverty and development">Poverty and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23502/trauma-and-development.html" title="Trauma and development">Trauma and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23517/resilience.html" title="Resilience">Resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23617/developing-an-identity.html" title="Developing an identity
">Developing an identity
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23504/attachment.html" title="Attachment">Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23506/gender-identity.html" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23507/theory-of-mind-and-empathy.html" title="Theory of mind and empathy">Theory of mind and empathy</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23634/references-development.html" title="References: Development">References: Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22390/8-health-psychology.html" title="8. Health psychology">8. Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23510/determinants-of-health.html" title="Determinants of health">Determinants of health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23512/disposition-and-health-beliefs.html" title="Disposition and health beliefs">Disposition and health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23511/risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Risk and protective factors">Risk and protective factors</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23514/health-problems.html" title="Health problems">Health problems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23979/health-problem-addiction.html" title="Health problem: Addiction">Health problem: Addiction</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33739/biological-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Biological explanations of addiction">Biological explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33740/cognitive-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Cognitive explanations of addiction">Cognitive explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33741/sociocultural-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of addiction">Sociocultural explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23628/health-promotion-addiction.html" title="Health promotion: Addiction">Health promotion: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23631/treatments-for-addiction.html" title="Treatments for addiction">Treatments for addiction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23725/health-problem-obesity.html" title="Health problem: Obesity">Health problem: Obesity</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32358/biological-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Biological explanations of obesity">Biological explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32359/cognitive-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Cognitive explanations of obesity">Cognitive explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32360/sociocultural-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of obesity">Sociocultural explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23629/health-promotion-obesity.html" title="Health promotion: obesity">Health promotion: obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23988/strategies-for-reducing-obesity.html" title="Strategies for reducing obesity">Strategies for reducing obesity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23625/health-problem-stress.html" title="Health problem: Stress">Health problem: Stress</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23622/physiological-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Physiological aspects of stress">Physiological aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23623/cognitive-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Cognitive aspects of stress">Cognitive aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23624/social-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Social aspects of stress">Social aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23630/health-promotion-stress-.html" title="Health promotion: stress ">Health promotion: stress </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23993/prevalence-of-health-problems.html" title="Prevalence of health problems">Prevalence of health problems</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23621/health-promotion.html" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23626/effectiveness-of-health-promotion-programs.html" title="Effectiveness of health promotion programs">Effectiveness of health promotion programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32599/ethics-in-health-promotion.html" title="Ethics in health promotion">Ethics in health promotion</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23635/references-health-psychology.html" title="References: Health psychology">References: Health psychology</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22391/9-human-relationships.html" title="9. Human relationships">9. Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22837/social-responsibility.html" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22838/origins-of-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Origins of prosocial behaviour">Origins of prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22840/factors-influencing-bystanderism.html" title="Factors influencing bystanderism">Factors influencing bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22843/promoting-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Promoting prosocial behaviour">Promoting prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22842/methodology-of-helping-research.html" title="Methodology of helping research">Methodology of helping research</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22844/interpersonal-relationships.html" title="Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="biological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Biological theories of attraction">Biological theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22849/cognitive-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Cognitive theories of attraction">Cognitive theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33682/sociocultural-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Sociocultural theories of attraction">Sociocultural theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22850/communication-in-relationships.html" title="Communication in relationships">Communication in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22851/why-relationships-end.html" title="Why relationships end">Why relationships end</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22861/group-dynamics.html" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22864/cooperation.html" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22862/prejudice-.html" title="Prejudice ">Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22916/discrimination-and-conflict.html" title="Discrimination and conflict">Discrimination and conflict</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22863/conflict-resolution.html" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22847/references-relationships.html" title="References: Relationships">References: Relationships</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22392/10-internal-assessment.html" title="10. Internal assessment">10. Internal assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22394/a-getting-started.html" title="A. Getting started">A. Getting started</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22397/b-introduction.html" title="B. Introduction">B. Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22398/c-exploration.html" title="C. Exploration">C. Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22399/d-analysis.html" title="D. Analysis">D. Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22400/e-evaluation.html" title="E. Evaluation">E. Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22401/overview-of-report-format.html" title="Overview of report format">Overview of report format</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22393/11-external-assessment.html" title="11. External assessment">11. External assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24844/paper-1-saqs.html" title="Paper 1: SAQs">Paper 1: SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24847/writing-erqs.html" title="Writing ERQs">Writing ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24067/sample-options-essay-.html" title="Sample options essay ">Sample options essay </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24846/the-unseen-passage-paper-3.html" title="The unseen passage: Paper 3">The unseen passage: Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23660/command-terms.html" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25035/describe-vs-outline.html" title="Describe vs outline">Describe vs outline</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23662/explaining-explain.html" title="Explaining explain">Explaining explain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23661/discussing-discuss.html" title="Discussing discuss">Discussing discuss</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25037/evaluate-not-just-limitations.html" title="Evaluate - not just limitations">Evaluate - not just limitations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25036/spotting-the-difference-contrast.html" title="Spotting the difference - contrast">Spotting the difference - contrast</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23663/the-extent-of-extent-.html" title="The extent of extent ">The extent of extent </a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35934/student-resources.html" title="Student resources">Student resources</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36490/welcome-to-inthinking.html" title="Welcome to Inthinking">Welcome to Inthinking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45399/podcasts.html" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41172/recommended-reading.html" title="Recommended reading">Recommended reading</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35939/abnormal-psychology.html" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41257/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27662/checking-understanding-biological-treatments.html" title="Checking understanding: Biological treatments">Checking understanding: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27582/checking-understanding-diagnosis-.html" title="Checking understanding: Diagnosis ">Checking understanding: Diagnosis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27381/checking-understanding-ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis">Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27673/checking-understanding-therapy-.html" title="Checking understanding: therapy ">Checking understanding: therapy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36698/quiz-approaches-to-mdd.html" title="Quiz: Approaches to MDD">Quiz: Approaches to MDD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24201/key-studies-abnormal.html" title="Key studies: abnormal">Key studies: abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36496/al-solaim-and-loewenthal-2011.html" title="Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)">Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29091/alloy-et-al-1999-.html" title="Alloy et al (1999) ">Alloy et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29319/amenson-and-lewinsohn-1981.html" title="Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)">Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36984/amir-et-al-2015.html" title="Amir et al (2015)">Amir et al (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36592/askari-et-al-2012.html" title="Askari et al (2012)">Askari et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24541/becker-et-al-2002.html" title="Becker et al (2002)">Becker et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24535/bolton-2002.html" title="Bolton (2002)">Bolton (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37073/braun-et-al-2011.html" title="Braun et al. (2011)">Braun et al. (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24536/brown-harris-1978-.html" title="Brown & Harris (1978) ">Brown & Harris (1978) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24370/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37145/chang-et-al-2020.html" title="Chang et al (2020)">Chang et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25718/cortisol-hypothesis.html" title="Cortisol hypothesis">Cortisol hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37071/davidson-et-al-1993.html" title="Davidson et al. (1993)">Davidson et al. (1993)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24534/elkin-et-al-1989-.html" title="Elkin et al (1989) ">Elkin et al (1989) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29307/friedlander-and-stockman-1983.html" title="Friedlander and Stockman (1983)">Friedlander and Stockman (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30039/holland-et-al-1988.html" title="Holland et al (1988)">Holland et al (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29275/joiner-et-al-1999.html" title="Joiner et al (1999)">Joiner et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27951/kendler-et-al-2006.html" title="Kendler et al (2006)">Kendler et al (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37155/ladouceur-et-al-2000.html" title="Ladouceur et al. (2000)">Ladouceur et al. (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24540/langer-and-abelson-1974-.html" title="Langer and Abelson (1974) ">Langer and Abelson (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24537/li-repac-1980-.html" title="Li-Repac (1980) ">Li-Repac (1980) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36413/lopatka-and-rachman-1995.html" title="Lopatka and Rachman (1995)">Lopatka and Rachman (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34100/luhrmann-2015.html" title="Luhrmann (2015)">Luhrmann (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36414/myers-and-wells-2013.html" title="Myers and Wells (2013)">Myers and Wells (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29833/nolen-hoeksema-2000.html" title="Nolen Hoeksema (2000)">Nolen Hoeksema (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36628/park-et-al-2020.html" title="Park et al (2020)">Park et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24538/parker-et-al-2001-.html" title="Parker et al (2001) ">Parker et al (2001) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27647/rosenhan-1973.html" title="Rosenhan (1973)">Rosenhan (1973)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36495/rosmarin-et-al-2010.html" title="Rosmarin et al (2010)">Rosmarin et al (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27600/serotonin-hypothesis-1967.html" title="Serotonin hypothesis (1967)">Serotonin hypothesis (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36194/shmelkov-et-al-2010-.html" title="Shmelkov et al. (2010) ">Shmelkov et al. (2010) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36193/thobois-et-al-2004.html" title="Thobois et al (2004)">Thobois et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28186/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36983/williams-and-grisham-2013.html" title="Williams and Grisham (2013)">Williams and Grisham (2013)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24208/revision-review-abnormal.html" title="Revision (review): Abnormal">Revision (review): Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27148/abnormal-glossary.html" title="Abnormal glossary">Abnormal glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27333/presentation-bias-in-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Bias in diagnosis">Presentation: Bias in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27568/presentation-biology-of-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of MDD">Presentation: Biology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32532/presentation-biology-of-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of PTSD">Presentation: Biology of PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27581/presentation-cognition-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and MDD">Presentation: Cognition and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32592/presentation-cognition-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and PTSD">Presentation: Cognition and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28547/presentation-culture-in-abnormal.html" title="Presentation: Culture in abnormal">Presentation: Culture in abnormal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28948/presentation-ethics-in-studying-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis">Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27585/presentation-sociocultural-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD">Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32596/presentation-sociocultural-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD">Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32421/presentation-validity-of-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Validity of diagnosis">Presentation: Validity of diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27926/study-guide-aetiologies.html" title="Study guide: Aetiologies">Study guide: Aetiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28237/study-guide-diagnosis.html" title="Study guide: Diagnosis">Study guide: Diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28476/study-guide-treatments.html" title="Study guide: Treatments">Study guide: Treatments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24215/writing-samples-abnormal.html" title="Writing samples: Abnormal">Writing samples: Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28726/erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27601/exemplar-biological-explanation-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD">Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27303/exemplar-classification-systems.html" title="Exemplar: Classification systems">Exemplar: Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31945/exemplar-clinical-biases.html" title="Exemplar: Clinical biases">Exemplar: Clinical biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27602/exemplar-cognitive-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27301/exemplar-concepts-of-normality.html" title="Exemplar: Concepts of normality">Exemplar: Concepts of normality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31941/exemplar-contrasting-two-therapies.html" title="Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies">Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27305/exemplar-ethical-considerations-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis">Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29049/exemplar-prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders">Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36791/exemplar-psychological-treatment-ptsd.html" title="Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD">Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27603/exemplar-sociocultural-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27586/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27304/exemplar-validity-and-reliability.html" title="Exemplar: Validity and reliability">Exemplar: Validity and reliability</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35936/biological-approach.html" title="Biological approach">Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41265/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26422/evaluating-wedekind.html" title="Evaluating Wedekind">Evaluating Wedekind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25972/memory-biological-research.html" title="Memory: Biological research">Memory: Biological research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34241/neurotransmission-checking-understanding.html" title="Neurotransmission: checking understanding">Neurotransmission: checking understanding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32057/quiz-biology-terminology.html" title="Quiz: biology terminology">Quiz: biology terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27899/research-methods-in-biology.html" title="Research methods in biology">Research methods in biology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24190/key-studies-biological.html" title="Key studies: biological">Key studies: biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25018/antonova-2011.html" title="Antonova (2011)">Antonova (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28461/bailey-pillard-1990-.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990) ">Bailey & Pillard (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28462/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30048/cases-et-al-1995.html" title="Cases et al (1995)">Cases et al (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28463/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28359/draganski-2004.html" title="Draganski (2004)">Draganski (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24260/eugene-pauly-squire-1992-2002.html" title="Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)">Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28459/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28458/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33340/is-broca-still-relevant-today.html" title="Is Broca still relevant today?">Is Broca still relevant today?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28464/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24266/maguire-2000.html" title="Maguire (2000)">Maguire (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24255/mcgaugh-cahill-1995.html" title="McGaugh & Cahill (1995)">McGaugh & Cahill (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26506/meaney-et-al-1988-.html" title="Meaney et al (1988) ">Meaney et al (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28454/newcomer-et-al-1999.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999)">Newcomer et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31712/prevot-et-al-2019.html" title="Prevot et al (2019)">Prevot et al (2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24267/rogers-kesner-2003.html" title="Rogers & Kesner (2003)">Rogers & Kesner (2003)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26358/ronay-and-von-hippel-2010.html" title="Ronay and von Hippel (2010)">Ronay and von Hippel (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24268/rosenzweig-bennet-diamond-1972-.html" title="Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) ">Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42225/setiawan-et-al-2013.html" title="Setiawan et al (2013)">Setiawan et al (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28460/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26699/troster-and-beatty-1989.html" title="Troster and Beatty (1989)">Troster and Beatty (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28466/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28467/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28465/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28865/zhou-2014.html" title="Zhou (2014)">Zhou (2014)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24191/revision-review-biological.html" title="Revision (review): Biological">Revision (review): Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27589/biology-glossary.html" title="Biology glossary">Biology glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29261/presentation-alzheimers.html" title="Presentation: Alzheimers">Presentation: Alzheimers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26472/presentation-brain-imaging.html" title="Presentation: Brain imaging">Presentation: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26471/presentation-ethics-and-animals.html" title="Presentation: Ethics and animals">Presentation: Ethics and animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26465/presentation-evolution.html" title="Presentation: Evolution">Presentation: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26467/presentation-genetics.html" title="Presentation: Genetics">Presentation: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27151/presentation-geography-of-the-brain.html" title="Presentation: Geography of the brain">Presentation: Geography of the brain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26470/presentation-neurotransmission.html" title="Presentation: Neurotransmission">Presentation: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26469/presentation-pheromones.html" title="Presentation: Pheromones">Presentation: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26539/revision-genetics-.html" title="Revision: Genetics ">Revision: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26538/revision-using-animal-models.html" title="Revision: Using animal models">Revision: Using animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28478/study-guide-animal-research.html" title="Study guide: Animal research">Study guide: Animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28156/study-guide-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Study guide: Brain and behaviour">Study guide: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28158/study-guide-genetics.html" title="Study guide: Genetics">Study guide: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28157/study-guide-hormones.html" title="Study guide: Hormones">Study guide: Hormones</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24192/writing-samplesbiological.html" title="Writing samples:Biological">Writing samples:Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25283/erq-sample-biological-research-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Biological Research methods">ERQ sample: Biological Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35302/erq-sample-ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research">ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25282/erq-sample-ethics-in-genetics-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics ">ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25393/erq-sample-genetics.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetics">ERQ sample: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28426/erq-sample-genetic-similarity.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetic similarity">ERQ sample: Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28723/erq-marking-animal-models.html" title="ERQ marking: Animal models">ERQ marking: Animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26581/erq-marking-bio-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Bio methods">ERQ marking: Bio methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26577/erq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="ERQ marking: Brain imaging">ERQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26578/erq-marking-evolution.html" title="ERQ marking: Evolution">ERQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26579/erq-marking-hormones.html" title="ERQ marking: Hormones">ERQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26580/erq-marking-localization.html" title="ERQ marking: Localization">ERQ marking: Localization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26583/erq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="ERQ marking: Neurotransmission">ERQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26582/erq-marking-pheromones.html" title="ERQ marking: Pheromones">ERQ marking: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26574/saq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="SAQ marking: Brain imaging">SAQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28722/saq-marking-evolution.html" title="SAQ marking: Evolution">SAQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25819/saq-marking-hormones.html" title="SAQ marking: Hormones">SAQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26576/saq-marking-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity">SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26575/saq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="SAQ marking: Neurotransmission">SAQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28974/saq-sample-agonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Agonists">SAQ sample: Agonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28973/saq-sample-antagonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Antagonists">SAQ sample: Antagonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25361/saq-sample-bio-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Bio research methods">SAQ sample: Bio research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25284/saq-sample-ethics-in-biology.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in biology">SAQ sample: Ethics in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25285/saq-sample-evolution.html" title="SAQ sample: Evolution">SAQ sample: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31774/saq-sample-excitatory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses">SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25286/saq-sample-genetics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Genetics ">SAQ sample: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26625/saq-marking-genetics.html" title="SAQ marking: Genetics">SAQ marking: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25290/saq-sample-hormones-.html" title="SAQ sample: Hormones ">SAQ sample: Hormones </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31775/saq-sample-inhibitory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses">SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25287/saq-sample-localization-of-function.html" title="SAQ sample: Localization of function">SAQ sample: Localization of function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28971/saq-sample-neural-networks.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural networks">SAQ sample: Neural networks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25389/saq-sample-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity">SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25289/saq-sample-neurotransmission-.html" title="SAQ sample: Neurotransmission ">SAQ sample: Neurotransmission </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25345/saq-sample-pheromones.html" title="SAQ sample: Pheromones">SAQ sample: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25288/saq-sample-studying-the-brain-.html" title="SAQ sample: Studying the brain ">SAQ sample: Studying the brain </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28972/saq-sample-neural-pruning.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural pruning">SAQ sample: Neural pruning</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35937/cognitive-approach.html" title="Cognitive approach">Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41259/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25807/checking-for-understanding-emotion-memory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory">Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34246/checking-for-understanding-schema-theory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Schema theory">Checking for understanding: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32271/quiz-cognitive-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Cognitive terminology">Quiz: Cognitive terminology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24205/key-studies-cognitive.html" title="Key studies: cognitive">Key studies: cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41865/anderson-and-pitchert-1978.html" title="Anderson and Pitchert (1978)">Anderson and Pitchert (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24249/bahrick-et-al-1975-.html" title="Bahrick et al (1975) ">Bahrick et al (1975) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24248/bartlett-1932-.html" title="Bartlett (1932) ">Bartlett (1932) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24250/berntsen-thomsen-2005.html" title="Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)">Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37640/bransford-and-johnson-1972.html" title="Bransford and Johnson (1972)">Bransford and Johnson (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25309/brewer-treyens-1981-.html" title="Brewer & Treyens (1981) ">Brewer & Treyens (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24251/brown-kulik-1977.html" title="Brown & Kulik (1977)">Brown & Kulik (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37260/cox-and-griggs-1982.html" title="Cox and Griggs (1982)">Cox and Griggs (1982)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42224/ebbinghaus-1885.html" title="Ebbinghaus (1885)">Ebbinghaus (1885)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28862/englich-and-mussweiler-2001.html" title="Englich and Mussweiler (2001)">Englich and Mussweiler (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24446/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28457/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28630/landry-and-bartling-2011.html" title="Landry and Bartling (2011)">Landry and Bartling (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24253/loftus-palmer-1974-.html" title="Loftus & Palmer (1974) ">Loftus & Palmer (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24254/loftus-pickrell-1995-.html" title="Loftus & Pickrell (1995) ">Loftus & Pickrell (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33380/mueller-and-oppenheimer-2014.html" title="Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)">Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24256/neisser-harsch-1992.html" title="Neisser & Harsch (1992)">Neisser & Harsch (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37157/newhagen-and-reeves-1992.html" title="Newhagen and Reeves (1992)">Newhagen and Reeves (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37008/serial-position-effect.html" title="Serial Position Effect">Serial Position Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24371/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34075/sparrow-2011.html" title="Sparrow (2011)">Sparrow (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28861/tversky-and-kahenman-1986.html" title="Tversky and Kahenman (1986)">Tversky and Kahenman (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28864/tversky-and-kahneman-1974.html" title="Tversky and Kahneman (1974)">Tversky and Kahneman (1974)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24261/yuille-cutshall-1986.html" title="Yuille & Cutshall (1986)">Yuille & Cutshall (1986)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24206/revision-review-cognitive.html" title="Revision (review): Cognitive">Revision (review): Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27590/cognitive-glossary.html" title="Cognitive glossary">Cognitive glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26466/presentation-dual-processing-model.html" title="Presentation: Dual Processing Model">Presentation: Dual Processing Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26468/presentation-reconstructive-memory.html" title="Presentation: Reconstructive memory">Presentation: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28828/presentation-schema-theory.html" title="Presentation: Schema theory">Presentation: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28554/presentation-working-memory-model.html" title="Presentation: Working Memory Model">Presentation: Working Memory Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25783/revision-reliability-of-memory.html" title="Revision: Reliability of memory">Revision: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28477/study-guide-cognition-and-tech.html" title="Study guide: Cognition and tech">Study guide: Cognition and tech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28154/study-guide-cognitive-processes.html" title="Study guide: Cognitive processes">Study guide: Cognitive processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28155/study-guide-reliability-of-cognition.html" title="Study guide: Reliability of cognition">Study guide: Reliability of cognition</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24213/writing-samples-cognitive.html" title="Writing samples: Cognitive">Writing samples: Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26705/erq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive biases">ERQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28724/erq-marking-effect-of-technology.html" title="ERQ marking: Effect of technology">ERQ marking: Effect of technology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25866/erq-marking-reliability-of-memory.html" title="ERQ marking: Reliability of memory">ERQ marking: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35992/erq-sample-cognitive-ethics.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics">ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25421/erq-sample-cognitive-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive methods">ERQ sample: Cognitive methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25870/erq-sample-emotion-and-memory.html" title="ERQ sample: Emotion and memory">ERQ sample: Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25294/erq-sample-memory-models.html" title="ERQ sample: Memory models">ERQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26706/saq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ marking: Cognitive biases">SAQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25817/saq-marking-schema-theory.html" title="SAQ marking: Schema theory">SAQ marking: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26624/saq-marking-thinking-models.html" title="SAQ marking: Thinking models">SAQ marking: Thinking models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25350/saq-sample-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ sample: Cognitive biases">SAQ sample: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25348/saq-sample-decision-making.html" title="SAQ sample: Decision making">SAQ sample: Decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25295/saq-sample-emotion-and-memory-.html" title="SAQ sample: emotion and memory ">SAQ sample: emotion and memory </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25297/saq-sample-ethics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics ">SAQ sample: Ethics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25363/saq-sample-memory-models.html" title="SAQ sample: Memory models">SAQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25296/saq-sample-reconstructive-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory">SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25293/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: research methods">SAQ sample: research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25298/saq-sample-schema-theory-.html" title="SAQ sample: Schema theory ">SAQ sample: Schema theory </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35940/developmental-psychology.html" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41260/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22227/checking-understanding-trauma-resilience.html" title="Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience">Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24202/key-studies-development.html" title="Key studies: development">Key studies: development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30041/baillargeon-1986.html" title="Baillargeon (1986)">Baillargeon (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30043/chugani-1999-giedd-2004.html" title="Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)">Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28525/coan-shaefer-and-davidson-2006.html" title="Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)">Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31148/coie-and-dodge-1988.html" title="Coie and Dodge (1988)">Coie and Dodge (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24544/condry-condry-1976-.html" title="Condry & Condry (1976) ">Condry & Condry (1976) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29799/curtiss-1977.html" title="Curtiss (1977)">Curtiss (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30037/koluchova-1972.html" title="Koluchova (1972)">Koluchova (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28868/martin-and-halverson-1983.html" title="Martin and Halverson (1983)">Martin and Halverson (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28528/morgan-et-al-2000.html" title="Morgan et al (2000)">Morgan et al (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24543/pollitt-1995-.html" title="Pollitt (1995) ">Pollitt (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28487/rutter-2007.html" title="Rutter (2007)">Rutter (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30038/van-ijzendoor-and-kroonenberg-1988-.html" title="Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) ">Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28822/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24209/revision-review-development.html" title="Revision (review): Development">Revision (review): Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27144/development-glossary.html" title="Development glossary">Development glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28849/presentation-attachment.html" title="Presentation: Attachment">Presentation: Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27220/presentation-brain-development.html" title="Presentation: Brain development">Presentation: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29079/presentation-gender-identity.html" title="Presentation: Gender identity">Presentation: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28523/presentation-peers-and-play.html" title="Presentation: Peers and Play">Presentation: Peers and Play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27224/presentation-piaget.html" title="Presentation: Piaget">Presentation: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28527/presentation-resilience.html" title="Presentation: Resilience">Presentation: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29077/presentation-theory-of-mind.html" title="Presentation: Theory of mind">Presentation: Theory of mind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27223/presentation-vygotsky.html" title="Presentation: Vygotsky">Presentation: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28475/study-guide-developing-as-a-learner.html" title="Study guide: Developing as a learner">Study guide: Developing as a learner</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28473/study-guide-identity.html" title="Study guide: Identity">Study guide: Identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28474/study-guide-influences-on-development.html" title="Study guide: Influences on development">Study guide: Influences on development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24216/writing-samples-development.html" title="Writing samples: Development">Writing samples: Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27310/erq-marking-cognitive-development.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive development">ERQ marking: Cognitive development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27187/exemplar-brain-development.html" title="Exemplar: Brain development">Exemplar: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24065/exemplar-deprivation-and-trauma.html" title="Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma">Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28644/exemplar-effects-of-poverty.html" title="Exemplar: Effects of poverty">Exemplar: Effects of poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31944/exemplar-gender-identity.html" title="Exemplar: Gender identity">Exemplar: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27299/exemplar-peers-and-play.html" title="Exemplar: Peers and play">Exemplar: Peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28530/exemplar-resilience.html" title="Exemplar: Resilience">Exemplar: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31943/exemplar-social-roles.html" title="Exemplar: Social roles">Exemplar: Social roles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27185/exemplar-theories-of-cognitive-dvpt.html" title="Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt">Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33700/exemplar-theory-of-mind.html" title="Exemplar: Theory of mind">Exemplar: Theory of mind</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35941/health-psychology.html" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41261/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27197/checking-understanding-stress.html" title="Checking understanding: Stress">Checking understanding: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24203/key-studies-health.html" title="Key studies: health">Key studies: health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33345/cole-kemeny-and-taylor-1997.html" title="Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)">Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29393/crum-2011.html" title="Crum (2011)">Crum (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31089/curran-and-hill-2017.html" title="Curran and Hill (2017)">Curran and Hill (2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29330/felitti-et-al-1998.html" title="Felitti et al (1998)">Felitti et al (1998)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29050/jamieson-et-al-2011.html" title="Jamieson et al (2011)">Jamieson et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28274/joseph-2015.html" title="Joseph (2015)">Joseph (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24546/kiecolt-glaser-1984-.html" title="Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) ">Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28273/koch-2008.html" title="Koch (2008)">Koch (2008)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28636/lowe-et-al-2004.html" title="Lowe et al (2004)">Lowe et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24545/marmot-et-al-1997-.html" title="Marmot et al (1997) ">Marmot et al (1997) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24372/newcomer-et-al-1999-.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999) ">Newcomer et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28217/roseman-et-al-1976.html" title="Roseman et al (1976)">Roseman et al (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29306/sapolsky-1990-2005.html" title="Sapolsky (1990, 2005)">Sapolsky (1990, 2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28275/sedentary-lifestyle.html" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28856/sorensen-et-al-1992.html" title="Sorensen et al (1992)">Sorensen et al (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20657/speisman-et-al-1964.html" title="Speisman et al (1964)">Speisman et al (1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29320/tung-et-al-2012.html" title="Tung et al (2012)">Tung et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30040/weinstein-1983.html" title="Weinstein (1983)">Weinstein (1983)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24210/revision-review-health.html" title="Revision (review): Health">Revision (review): Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27240/health-glossary.html" title="Health glossary">Health glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28342/presentation-biology-of-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Biology of obesity">Presentation: Biology of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34645/presentation-cognition-and-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and addiction">Presentation: Cognition and addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28343/presentation-cognition-and-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and obesity">Presentation: Cognition and obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27221/presentation-cognition-and-stress.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and stress">Presentation: Cognition and stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34503/presentation-defining-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Defining addiction">Presentation: Defining addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28661/presentation-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Presentation: Effectiveness of programs">Presentation: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28820/presentation-health-promotion.html" title="Presentation: Health promotion">Presentation: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27222/presentation-physiology-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Physiology of stress">Presentation: Physiology of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28387/presentation-prevalence-in-health.html" title="Presentation: Prevalence in health">Presentation: Prevalence in health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34654/presentation-sociocultural-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural addiction">Presentation: Sociocultural addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28837/presentation-sociocultural-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress">Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28240/study-guide-addiction.html" title="Study guide: Addiction">Study guide: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28241/study-guide-determinants-of-health.html" title="Study guide: Determinants of health">Study guide: Determinants of health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28472/study-guide-health-promotion.html" title="Study guide: Health promotion">Study guide: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28239/study-guide-obesity.html" title="Study guide: Obesity">Study guide: Obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28238/study-guide-stress.html" title="Study guide: Stress">Study guide: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24217/writing-samples-health.html" title="Writing samples: Health">Writing samples: Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28244/exemplar-biological-approach-to-addiction.html" title="Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction">Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28236/exemplar-biopsychosocial-model.html" title="Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model">Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28242/exemplar-cognitive-approach-to-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress">Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31521/exemplar-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs">Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28271/exemplar-ethics-and-health-problems.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and health problems">Exemplar: Ethics and health problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33701/exemplar-ethics-health-promotion.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics health promotion">Exemplar: Ethics health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28245/exemplar-health-beliefs.html" title="Exemplar: Health beliefs">Exemplar: Health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27435/exemplar-limitations-of-health-research.html" title="Exemplar: Limitations of health research">Exemplar: Limitations of health research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28234/exemplar-research-methods.html" title="Exemplar: Research methods">Exemplar: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28251/exemplar-risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Exemplar: Risk and protective factors">Exemplar: Risk and protective factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28243/exemplar-sociocultural-approach-to-obesity.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity">Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31366/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35942/human-relationships.html" title="Human relationships">Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41256/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25681/checking-understanding-biology-of-attraction.html" title="Checking understanding: Biology of attraction">Checking understanding: Biology of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28019/checking-understanding-communication.html" title="Checking understanding: Communication">Checking understanding: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34266/checking-understanding-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour">Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18895/relationships-revision-jeopardy.html" title="Relationships revision jeopardy">Relationships revision jeopardy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24204/key-studies-human-relationships.html" title="Key studies: human relationships">Key studies: human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24368/bailey-pillard-1990.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990)">Bailey & Pillard (1990)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24373/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29259/beaman-et-al-1978.html" title="Beaman et al (1978)">Beaman et al (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29302/bradbury-and-fincham-1992.html" title="Bradbury and Fincham (1992)">Bradbury and Fincham (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30044/clark-and-hatfield-1989.html" title="Clark and Hatfield (1989)">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24547/darley-batson-1973-.html" title="Darley & Batson (1973) ">Darley & Batson (1973) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28855/dion-et-al-1972.html" title="Dion et al (1972)">Dion et al (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31383/drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Drury et al (2009)">Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28869/fein-and-spencer-1997.html" title="Fein and Spencer (1997)">Fein and Spencer (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24369/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28390/marsh-et-al-2014.html" title="Marsh et al (2014)">Marsh et al (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29403/novotny-and-polonsky-2011.html" title="Novotny and Polonsky (2011)">Novotny and Polonsky (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29392/payne-2001.html" title="Payne (2001)">Payne (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28401/piliavin-et-al-1969.html" title="Piliavin et al (1969)">Piliavin et al (1969)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24376/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24378/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24377/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24211/revision-review-relationships.html" title="Revision (review): Relationships">Revision (review): Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28485/presentation-bystanderism.html" title="Presentation: Bystanderism">Presentation: Bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34263/presentation-communication.html" title="Presentation: Communication">Presentation: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28779/presentation-conflict-and-resolution.html" title="Presentation: Conflict and resolution">Presentation: Conflict and resolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28733/presentation-cooperation-and-competition.html" title="Presentation: Cooperation and competition">Presentation: Cooperation and competition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28483/presentation-origins-of-prosocial-.html" title="Presentation: Origins of prosocial ">Presentation: Origins of prosocial </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28737/presentation-prejudice-.html" title="Presentation: Prejudice ">Presentation: Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28484/presentation-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Presentation: Promoting prosocial">Presentation: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28486/presentation-why-relationships-end.html" title="Presentation: Why relationships end">Presentation: Why relationships end</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27149/relationships-glossary.html" title="Relationships glossary">Relationships glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28469/study-guide-group-dynamics.html" title="Study guide: Group dynamics">Study guide: Group dynamics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28471/study-guide-personal-relationships.html" title="Study guide: Personal relationships">Study guide: Personal relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28470/study-guide-social-responsibility.html" title="Study guide: Social responsibility">Study guide: Social responsibility</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24218/writing-samples-relationships.html" title="Writing samples: Relationships">Writing samples: Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28727/erq-marking-biology-in-relationships.html" title="ERQ marking: Biology in relationships">ERQ marking: Biology in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28424/exemplar-biology-of-social-responsibility.html" title="Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility">Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28427/exemplar-cognition-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Cognition and attraction">Exemplar: Cognition and attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28423/exemplar-communication-.html" title="Exemplar: Communication ">Exemplar: Communication </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28429/exemplar-ending-relationships.html" title="Exemplar: Ending relationships">Exemplar: Ending relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28425/exemplar-ethics-and-bystanderism.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism">Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28430/exemplar-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Exemplar: Promoting prosocial">Exemplar: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28428/exemplar-sociocultural-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction">Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35935/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41262/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24379/choosing-the-best-method.html" title="Choosing the best method">Choosing the best method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41275/exploring-psychology-myths.html" title="Exploring psychology myths">Exploring psychology myths</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24399/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-1-.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 ">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24400/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-2.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32061/quiz-experimental-research-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Experimental research terminology">Quiz: Experimental research terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24402/quiz-introduction-to-research.html" title="Quiz: Introduction to research">Quiz: Introduction to research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24212/revision-review-research.html" title="Revision (review): Research">Revision (review): Research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17886/basic-concepts.html" title="Basic concepts">Basic concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17988/case-studies.html" title="Case studies">Case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24398/experimental-designs-revision.html" title="Experimental designs revision">Experimental designs revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17986/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17987/observations.html" title="Observations">Observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31111/presentation-what-is-a-theory.html" title="Presentation: What is a theory">Presentation: What is a theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27588/qualitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Qualitative methods glossary">Qualitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27592/quantitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Quantitative methods glossary">Quantitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17985/sampling-techniques.html" title="Sampling techniques">Sampling techniques</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35938/sociocultural-approach.html" title="Sociocultural approach">Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41263/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24901/checking-understanding-ethics-in-sociocultural.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural">Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27043/checking-understanding-sit.html" title="Checking understanding: SIT">Checking understanding: SIT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36288/quiz-drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Quiz: Drury et al (2009)">Quiz: Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36393/quiz-hilliard-and-liben.html" title="Quiz: Hilliard and Liben">Quiz: Hilliard and Liben</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32080/quiz-sociocultural-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Sociocultural terminology">Quiz: Sociocultural terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24898/research-methods-sociocultural.html" title="Research methods sociocultural">Research methods sociocultural</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24200/key-studies-sociocultural.html" title="Key studies: sociocultural">Key studies: sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24238/abrams-et-al-1990-.html" title="Abrams et al (1990) ">Abrams et al (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24239/asch-1956-.html" title="Asch (1956) ">Asch (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29404/bagby-and-rector-1992.html" title="Bagby and Rector (1992)">Bagby and Rector (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29347/bandura-1961.html" title="Bandura (1961)">Bandura (1961)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24240/berry-1967.html" title="Berry (1967)">Berry (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36632/charlton-et-al-2002.html" title="Charlton et al (2002)">Charlton et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27270/chen-et-al-2005.html" title="Chen et al (2005)">Chen et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31373/drury-et-al-2009-.html" title="Drury et al (2009) ">Drury et al (2009) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31090/fagot-1978.html" title="Fagot (1978)">Fagot (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31786/greenfield-2006.html" title="Greenfield (2006)">Greenfield (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28867/hamilton-and-gifford-1976.html" title="Hamilton and Gifford (1976)">Hamilton and Gifford (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24375/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36369/hilliard-and-liben-2010.html" title="Hilliard and Liben (2010)">Hilliard and Liben (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24252/kearins-1981-.html" title="Kearins (1981) ">Kearins (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42864/kimball-1986.html" title="Kimball (1986)">Kimball (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24367/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37130/lueck-and-wilson-2010.html" title="Lueck and Wilson (2010)">Lueck and Wilson (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29346/norasakkunkit-uchida-2014.html" title="Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)">Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24244/rogers-frantz-1961-.html" title="Rogers & Frantz (1961) ">Rogers & Frantz (1961) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28456/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24247/steele-aronson-1995-.html" title="Steele & Aronson (1995) ">Steele & Aronson (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24245/tajfel-1971-.html" title="Tajfel (1971) ">Tajfel (1971) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33341/understanding-milgram-1963.html" title="Understanding Milgram (1963)">Understanding Milgram (1963)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31092/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39263/zhang-winterich-mittal-2010-.html" title="Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) ">Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24207/revision-review-sociocultural.html" title="Revision (review): Sociocultural">Revision (review): Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28378/presentation-acculturation.html" title="Presentation: Acculturation">Presentation: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28384/presentation-contact-hypothesis.html" title="Presentation: Contact hypothesis">Presentation: Contact hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28940/presentation-cultural-dimensions.html" title="Presentation: Cultural dimensions">Presentation: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28386/presentation-globalization.html" title="Presentation: Globalization">Presentation: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27591/sociocultural-glossary.html" title="Sociocultural glossary">Sociocultural glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28060/study-guide-culture.html" title="Study guide: Culture">Study guide: Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28396/study-guide-globalization.html" title="Study guide: Globalization">Study guide: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28009/study-guide-individual-and-the-group.html" title="Study guide: Individual and the group">Study guide: Individual and the group</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24214/writing-samples-sociocultural.html" title="Writing samples: Sociocultural">Writing samples: Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34576/erq-sample-acculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Acculturation">ERQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36918/erq-sample-formation-of-stereotypes.html" title="ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes">ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25013/erq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions">ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28725/erq-marking-globalization-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Globalization methods">ERQ marking: Globalization methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26704/erq-marking-sociocultural-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods">ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25203/erq-marking-sct.html" title="ERQ marking: SCT">ERQ marking: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25412/erq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions">ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28391/erq-sample-enculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Enculturation">ERQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25202/erq-sample-ethics-sociocultural-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural ">ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25147/erq-sample-sct.html" title="ERQ Sample: SCT">ERQ Sample: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26626/saq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ marking: cultural dimensions">SAQ marking: cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28720/saq-marking-enculturation.html" title="SAQ marking: Enculturation">SAQ marking: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24907/saq-marking-research-methods.html" title="SAQ marking: Research methods">SAQ marking: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25301/saq-marking-stereotyping.html" title="SAQ marking: Stereotyping">SAQ marking: Stereotyping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25351/saq-sample-acculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Acculturation">SAQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25362/saq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions">SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25342/saq-sample-culture-and-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Culture and memory">SAQ sample: Culture and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25344/saq-sample-enculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Enculturation">SAQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25009/saq-sample-ethics-in-the-sca.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA">SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24904/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Research methods">SAQ sample: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25148/saq-sample-sct-.html" title="SAQ sample: SCT ">SAQ sample: SCT </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25012/saq-sample-social-identity-theory.html" title="SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory">SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25199/saq-sample-stereotyping-.html" title="SAQ sample: Stereotyping ">SAQ sample: Stereotyping </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25491/practicing-paper-3.html" title="Practicing Paper 3">Practicing Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26921/case-study-domestic-violence.html" title="Case study: Domestic violence">Case study: Domestic violence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26927/case-study-ib-stress.html" title="Case study: IB Stress">Case study: IB Stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28185/case-study-moms-and-childhood-obesity.html" title="Case study: Moms and childhood obesity">Case study: Moms and childhood obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26918/case-study-ptsd-in-children.html" title="Case study: PTSD in children">Case study: PTSD in children</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26926/case-study-shopping-in-prague.html" title="Case study: Shopping in Prague">Case study: Shopping in Prague</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32597/correlation-aces-and-ptsd.html" title="Correlation: ACEs and PTSD">Correlation: ACEs and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32431/ethics-reporting-and-application.html" title="Ethics: reporting and application">Ethics: reporting and application</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31149/experiment-exercise-and-memory.html" title="Experiment: Exercise and memory">Experiment: Exercise and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28638/experiment-learning-to-use-condoms.html" title="Experiment: Learning to use condoms">Experiment: Learning to use condoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28216/experiment-self-efficacy-and-pedometers.html" title="Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers">Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28418/experiment-subway-samaritans.html" title="Experiment: Subway samaritans">Experiment: Subway samaritans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26928/focus-group-climate-change-denial.html" title="Focus group: Climate change denial">Focus group: Climate change denial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26929/focus-group-stigma-and-mental-illness-.html" title="Focus group: Stigma and mental illness ">Focus group: Stigma and mental illness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25498/focus-group-the-use-of-ecstasy.html" title="Focus group: The use of ecstasy">Focus group: The use of ecstasy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34639/focus-group-tpb-and-wine-consumption.html" title="Focus group: TPB and wine consumption">Focus group: TPB and wine consumption</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28738/focus-group-youre-from-brixton.html" title="Focus group: You're from Brixton?">Focus group: You're from Brixton?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26919/natural-experment-smoking-bans.html" title="Natural experment: Smoking bans">Natural experment: Smoking bans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26925/observation-aggression-in-hockey-players.html" title="Observation: Aggression in hockey players">Observation: Aggression in hockey players</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26922/observation-group-glee-in-preschool.html" title="Observation: Group glee in preschool">Observation: Group glee in preschool</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26920/observation-play-at-mcdonalds-.html" title="Observation: Play at McDonald's ">Observation: Play at McDonald's </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26924/observation-self-identification-as-homeless.html" title="Observation: Self-identification as homeless">Observation: Self-identification as homeless</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28838/presentation-avoiding-bias.html" title="Presentation: Avoiding bias">Presentation: Avoiding bias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28839/presentation-ensuring-credibility.html" title="Presentation: Ensuring credibility">Presentation: Ensuring credibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28844/presentation-generalizability.html" title="Presentation: Generalizability">Presentation: Generalizability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28345/quasi-experiment-food-mind-set.html" title="Quasi experiment: Food mind-set">Quasi experiment: Food mind-set</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33193/revision-evaluating-methods.html" title="Revision: Evaluating methods">Revision: Evaluating methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26923/structured-interview-placebo-in-sports.html" title="Structured interview: Placebo in sports">Structured interview: Placebo in sports</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28215/structured-interview-sun-bathing.html" title="Structured interview: Sun-bathing">Structured interview: Sun-bathing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26914/unstructured-interviews-congo-refugees.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees">Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26916/unstructured-interviews-stress.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Stress">Unstructured interviews: Stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24184/internal-assessment.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34223/ia-rubric-quiz.html" title="IA Rubric Quiz">IA Rubric Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24187/getting-started-with-ia.html" title="Getting started with IA">Getting started with IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24188/ia-menu-1.html" title="IA Menu 1">IA Menu 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31317/ia-menu-2.html" title="IA Menu 2">IA Menu 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26712/ideas-for-internal-assessment.html" title="Ideas for Internal Assessment">Ideas for Internal Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26727/instructions-debriefing-.html" title="Instructions & debriefing ">Instructions & debriefing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26720/introduction-to-ia-presentation.html" title="Introduction to IA presentation">Introduction to IA presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26730/the-letter-of-consent.html" title="The Letter of Consent">The Letter of Consent</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26717/writing-the-ia.html" title="Writing the IA">Writing the IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26716/internal-assessment-checklist.html" title="Internal assessment checklist">Internal assessment checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26726/tips-for-ia.html" title="Tips for IA">Tips for IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26741/writing-the-procedure.html" title="Writing the procedure">Writing the procedure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26734/writing-the-introduction.html" title="Writing the Introduction">Writing the Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26736/writing-the-exploration.html" title="Writing the Exploration">Writing the Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26738/writing-the-analysis.html" title="Writing the Analysis">Writing the Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26740/writing-the-evaluation.html" title="Writing the Evaluation">Writing the Evaluation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26005/internal-assessments-samples-and-marking.html" title="Internal assessments: Samples and marking">Internal assessments: Samples and marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25999/ia-exemplar-high.html" title="IA Exemplar High">IA Exemplar High</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26002/ia-exemplar-medium.html" title="IA Exemplar Medium">IA Exemplar Medium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26003/ia-exemplar-low.html" title="IA Exemplar Low">IA Exemplar Low</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26708/ia-marking-sample-1.html" title="IA marking: Sample 1">IA marking: Sample 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30933/ia-marking-sample-2.html" title="IA marking: Sample 2">IA marking: Sample 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30937/ia-marking-sample-3.html" title="IA marking: Sample 3">IA marking: Sample 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30935/ia-marking-sample-4.html" title="IA marking: Sample 4">IA marking: Sample 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30936/ia-marking-sample-5.html" title="IA marking: Sample 5">IA marking: Sample 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30934/ia-marking-sample-6.html" title="IA marking: Sample 6">IA marking: Sample 6</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31737/statistics.html" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32931/anova.html" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32653/binomial-sign-test.html" title="Binomial Sign Test">Binomial Sign Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33732/box-and-whisker-plots.html" title="Box and whisker plots">Box and whisker plots</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32797/chi-squared.html" title="Chi squared">Chi squared</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26733/chi-squared-calculator.html" title="Chi Squared Calculator">Chi Squared Calculator</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29332/chi-squared-practice-problems.html" title="Chi squared: Practice problems">Chi squared: Practice problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32796/independent-samples-t-tests.html" title="Independent samples t-tests">Independent samples t-tests</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24429/interpreting-significance-.html" title="Interpreting significance ">Interpreting significance </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32651/mann-whitney-u-test.html" title="Mann Whitney U Test">Mann Whitney U Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32933/paired-sample-t-tests-.html" title="Paired sample t-tests ">Paired sample t-tests </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32616/power-and-statistics.html" title="Power and statistics">Power and statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26722/statistics-revision-presentation.html" title="Statistics revision presentation">Statistics revision presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24408/testing-for-significance.html" title="Testing for significance">Testing for significance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32652/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-test.html" title="Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test">Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32614/what-to-do-with-outliers.html" title="What to do with outliers">What to do with outliers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../144/extended-essay.html" title="Extended Essay">Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7400/getting-started-with-ee.html" title="Getting started with EE">Getting started with EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23355/dos-and-donts-for-ee.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for EE">Do's and Don'ts for EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37123/ee-overview-presentation.html" title="EE overview presentation">EE overview presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16138/evaluating-ee-questions.html" title="Evaluating EE questions">Evaluating EE questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35944/finding-relevant-sources.html" title="Finding relevant sources">Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22165/how-to-read-a-journal-article.html" title="How to read a journal article">How to read a journal article</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7401/writing-the-extended-essay.html" title="Writing the Extended Essay">Writing the Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21689/ee-criterion-a-focus-method.html" title="EE Criterion A. Focus & method">EE Criterion A. Focus & method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18898/ee-introductions.html" title="EE introductions">EE introductions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21690/ee-criterion-b-knowledge.html" title="EE Criterion B. Knowledge">EE Criterion B. Knowledge</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21691/ee-criterion-c-critical-thinking.html" title="EE Criterion C. Critical thinking">EE Criterion C. Critical thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7405/structuring-an-argument.html" title="Structuring an argument">Structuring an argument</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21692/ee-criterion-d-presentation.html" title="EE Criterion D. Presentation">EE Criterion D. Presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39048/mastering-presentation.html" title="Mastering presentation">Mastering presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7408/citing-sources.html" title="Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14943/how-to-make-a-toc-in-word.html" title="How to make a TOC in Word">How to make a TOC in Word</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21693/ee-criterion-e-engagement.html" title="EE Criterion E. Engagement">EE Criterion E. Engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24842/final-submission-ppt.html" title="Final submission ppt">Final submission ppt</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22579/reflecting-on-the-ee-.html" title="Reflecting on the EE ">Reflecting on the EE </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26197/reflections-high-sample.html" title="Reflections - high sample">Reflections - high sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26199/reflections-low-sample.html" title="Reflections - low sample">Reflections - low sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26198/reflections-mid-sample.html" title="Reflections - mid sample">Reflections - mid sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24840/sample-reflection.html" title="Sample reflection">Sample reflection</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24838/ee-sample-marking.html" title="EE sample marking">EE sample marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25595/sample-1-durability-of-relationships.html" title="Sample 1: Durability of relationships">Sample 1: Durability of relationships</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19376/ee-self-review-questions.html" title="EE: Self review questions">EE: Self review questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35013/personalized-learning.html" title="Personalized learning">Personalized learning</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34922/module-animal-research.html" title="Module: Animal research">Module: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34951/why-use-animals.html" title="Why use animals?">Why use animals?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34952/animal-research-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Animal research: Brain and behaviour">Animal research: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34953/animal-research-hormones.html" title="Animal research: Hormones">Animal research: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34954/animal-research-genetics.html" title="Animal research: Genetics">Animal research: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34955/animal-research-ethics.html" title="Animal research: Ethics">Animal research: Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34956/animal-research-final-assessment.html" title="Animal research: Final assessment">Animal research: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35995/module-anorexia-nervosa.html" title="Module: Anorexia nervosa">Module: Anorexia nervosa</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36121/diagnosing-anorexia.html" title="Diagnosing anorexia">Diagnosing anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36122/anorexia-biological-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Biological explanations">Anorexia: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36123/anorexia-cognitive-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Cognitive explanations">Anorexia: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36124/anorexia-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations">Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36140/anorexia-methods-and-ethics.html" title="Anorexia: Methods and ethics">Anorexia: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36125/prevalence-of-disorders-anorexia.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia">Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36145/anorexia-final-assessment.html" title="Anorexia: Final assessment">Anorexia: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35996/module-anxiety-disorders.html" title="Module: Anxiety disorders">Module: Anxiety disorders</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37318/module-biological-revision.html" title="Module: Biological revision">Module: Biological revision</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37330/revision-genetics.html" title="Revision: Genetics">Revision: Genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37197/module-cognitive-revision-.html" title="Module: Cognitive revision ">Module: Cognitive revision </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34730/module-genetics.html" title="Module: Genetics">Module: Genetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34731/genetic-similarity.html" title="Genetic similarity">Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34733/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34734/epigenetics.html" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34735/research-methods-genetics.html" title="Research methods: genetics">Research methods: genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34736/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: Genetics">Ethical considerations: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34737/genetics-final-assessment.html" title="Genetics: Final assessment">Genetics: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34924/module-globalization.html" title="Module: Globalization">Module: Globalization</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34941/what-is-globalization.html" title="What is globalization">What is globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34942/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34943/globalization-research-methods.html" title="Globalization: Research methods">Globalization: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34944/globalization-final-assessment.html" title="Globalization: Final assessment">Globalization: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35994/module-major-depressive-disorder.html" title="Module: Major Depressive Disorder">Module: Major Depressive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36111/diagnosing-mdd.html" title="Diagnosing MDD">Diagnosing MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36112/mdd-biological-explanations.html" title="MDD: Biological explanations">MDD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36113/mdd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="MDD: Cognitive explanations">MDD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36114/mdd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="MDD: Sociocultural explanations">MDD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36136/mdd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="MDD: Methods and ethics">MDD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36115/prevalence-of-disorders-mdd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: MDD">Prevalence of disorders: MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36143/mdd-final-assessment.html" title="MDD: Final assessment">MDD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35997/module-ocd.html" title="Module: OCD">Module: OCD</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35993/module-ptsd.html" title="Module: PTSD">Module: PTSD</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36116/diagnosing-ptsd.html" title="Diagnosing PTSD">Diagnosing PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36117/ptsd-biological-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Biological explanations">PTSD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36118/ptsd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Cognitive explanations">PTSD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36119/ptsd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Sociocultural explanations">PTSD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36137/ptsd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="PTSD: Methods and ethics">PTSD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36120/prevalence-of-disorders-ptsd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: PTSD">Prevalence of disorders: PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36144/ptsd-final-assessment.html" title="PTSD: Final assessment">PTSD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35321/module-qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Module: Qualitative research methods">Module: Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35324/qualitative-research.html" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35323/naturalistic-observations.html" title="Naturalistic observations">Naturalistic observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35322/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35325/case-studies-and-triangulation.html" title="Case studies and triangulation">Case studies and triangulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35326/ethics-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Ethics in qualitative research">Ethics in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34364/generalizability-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Generalizability in qualitative research">Generalizability in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34365/credibility-and-qualitative-research.html" title="Credibility and qualitative research">Credibility and qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34366/bias-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Bias in qualitative research">Bias in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35327/natural-observations-final-assessment.html" title="Natural observations: Final assessment">Natural observations: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35419/interviews-final-assessment.html" title="Interviews: Final Assessment">Interviews: Final Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35420/case-studies-final-assessment.html" title="Case studies: Final assessment">Case studies: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35328/teacher-guide-qualitative-research.html" title="Teacher guide: Qualitative research">Teacher guide: Qualitative research</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36593/module-sociocultural-revision.html" title="Module: Sociocultural revision">Module: Sociocultural revision</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34923/module-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Module: Technology and cognition">Module: Technology and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="biological-theories-of-attraction" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Biological theories of attraction</h1>
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<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/penguin-family.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 293px; height: 220px;">The biological approach argues that human attraction has its roots in natural selection – that is, we are attracted to the traits that would have the greatest advantage for our potential offspring. They also argue that attraction is primarily a physiological response. These physiological responses include neurotransmitters, hormones, and potentially, pheromones.</p><p>Much of the research on the biological origins of human attraction has two key limitations. First, much of the research you will read is correlational in nature - that is, it is not possible to establish a true cause and effect relationship. Secondly, much of the research is done using animal models, making assumptions about the level to which we can compare human relationships to what we see in the rest of the animal kingdom.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>The role of neurotransmitters </strong></span></h3><p>A characteristic symptom of romantic love is the obsession with the loved one. Lovers are not able to turn off their thoughts, so most of their waking hours are consumed with thinking about their sweetheart. This can be observed by the daydreaming of a student in class about his or her new girlfriend, or the incessant texting of two lovebirds when they first meet. When a person is attracted to someone, he or she shows some distinctive features such as an altered mental state with mood swings from depression to joy depending on the response of the loved one.</p><p>According to anthropologist Helen Fisher, romantic love should be seen as a motivation system that humans share with other mammals. Fisher argues that there is a specific attraction system in the brain associated with dopamine-rich areas. This attraction system has evolved to attract mates and enable individuals to focus their mating energy on one specific partner. This particular system could be characterized as a biochemical cocktail consisting of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. The overwhelming sense of obsession with the loved one as well as the feelings that your head spins and your heart races, is apparently the result of the 'biochemical cocktail,' according to Fisher et al (2005).</p><div class="pinkBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">A Love Cocktail</span></h3><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/cocktails.jpeg" style="width: 359px; height: 180px;"></span></p><p><strong>Dopamine</strong> is a feel-good neurotransmitter. This is responsible for motivation. Every time you think about that special someone, dopamine is released.</p><p><strong>Noradrenaline</strong> helps control emotions and stress – the extra dose in your system increases your alertness and attentiveness to your new partner. It also provides that rush of excitement. Noradrenaline stimulates the production of adrenaline, which makes our hearts race, and the palms sweat.</p><p><strong>Serotonin</strong> levels drop when we fall in love. The low levels in those who are newly in love can cause obsessive thinking and heightened mood extremes often experienced in a new relationship.</p><p>Although it is not a neurotransmitter, <strong>testosterone</strong> is also part of this "love cocktail." This hormone increases sexual desire towards your new partner and increases feelings of aggression, which may motivate you to more actively pursue your partner.</p></div><p>Fisher and her team used an fMRI to test their hypothesis that there are specific neural mechanisms associated with romantic love. The participants consisted of a self-selected sample of 10 women and 7 men who were intensely in love for an average of 7.4 months. The researchers first conducted a semi-structured interview to establish the duration and intensity of the participants’ feelings of romantic love. Then each participant completed the Passionate Love Scale - a Likert scale questionnaire that measures traits commonly associated with romantic love. This was done in order to compare what participants reported on the questionnaires to their brain activity as seen through the fMRI.</p><p>The participants first looked at the photograph of their beloved for 30 seconds while they were scanned. Then they had a filler task to distract them before they looked at a neutral photograph for 30 seconds while being scanned. This was repeated six times. The researchers got what Fisher calls “a beautiful picture of the brain in love”, showing activity in the brain’s reward system. </p><p>The researchers found that the brain’s reward system was particularly active when the lovers looked at pictures of the object of their love - that is, increased activity in the areas of the brain with high levels of dopamine neurons; they also found that the more passionate they were, the more active the brain’s reward circuitry was.</p><p>This is in line with our knowledge of the brain's reward system and the role of dopamine in motivation. The data from the fMRI scans supported a correlation between the attitudes towards the lover and brain activity. According to Fisher, romantic love is not an emotion, but rather a motivation system - a need or a craving - designed to enable lovers to mate. Fisher claims that specific brain systems have evolved to motivate individuals to mate. This could perhaps explain why attraction is normally linked to increased energy, focused attention, obsessive following, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite. Dopamine is behind the intense motivation to win a specific mating partner in the early stages of human romantic love. In this way, humans are very much like other animals.</p><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Thinking critically about the brain's reward system</span></h3><p>Watch the video below to get a better understanding of the brain's reward system. You will see that the video is about drug addiction. Don't think that this is a mistake!</p><p>While watching this video, think about what role each of the following parts of the brain might play in the experience of attraction.</p><ul><li>The amygdala</li><li>The nucleus accumbens</li><li>The pre-frontal cortex</li><li>The hippocampus</li><li>The ventral tegmental area (VTA)</li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YzCYuKX6zp8" width="560"></iframe></p></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><div class="panel-body" style="background-color: inherit;"><div><p>Think about what role each of the following parts of the brain might play in the experience of attraction.</p><ul><li>The amygdala: <span>encodes the intensity of emotional stimuli whether positive or negative. </span></li><li>The nucleus accumbens: The nucleus accumbens, being one part of the reward system, plays an important role in processing stimuli that are both rewarding and reinforcing (eg. sex)</li><li>The pre-frontal cortex: can make snap judgments about whether a person is attractive to you. See <a href="https://www.livescience.com/24593-brain-love-dating-decisions.html">this piece of research</a> from Trinity College Dublin.</li><li>The hippocampus: stores and retrieves memories of past experiences.</li><li>The ventral tegmental area (VTA): the dopamine-rich part of the brain that makes us feel good being with the person we love. A good article for <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-goes-on-in-our-brains-when-we-are-in-love/">further reading can be found here</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></section><p>Another feature of attraction is the intense craving for the partner. According to research by Marazitti et al. (1999), the obsession by the loved one could perhaps be related to decreased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Marazziti et al. (1999) studied 60 individuals: 20 were men and women who had fallen in love in the previous six months; 20 others suffered from untreated obsessive-compulsive disorder; 20 more were normal, healthy individuals who were not in love - these were used as controls. By analyzing blood samples from the lovers, Marazziti discovered that the serotonin levels of new lovers were equivalent to the low serotonin levels found in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although this is interesting research, it is important to note that researchers analyzed serotonin levels in the blood, not areas of serotonin activity in the brain. Fisher (2005) argues that until scientists have documented the activity of serotonin in specific brain regions, it is not possible to understand the exact role of serotonin in romantic love.</p><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>The role of hormones</strong></span></h3><p>As a relationship develops over time a couple moves from attraction to a more intimate relationship with feelings of comfort, security, and relatedness called <em>attachment</em>. The British psychiatrist Bowlby (1969) suggested that humans have an innate attachment system that consists of specific behaviours and physiological responses called <strong>attachment</strong> <strong>behaviours</strong>. He was mostly concerned with the attachment between a mother and child, but it is believed that the same processes are involved in adult love relationships. Attachment is considered to be fundamental for keeping together two individuals, once the flame of romantic love has vanished.</p><p>One hormone that may play a role in long-term commitment is <strong>vasopressin</strong>, which is released during sex. An experiment on the role of vasopressin was conducted using prairie voles (<strong>Winslow et al</strong>. 1993). These animals tend to form stable pair bonds and have more sex than is necessary for reproduction, just as humans do. When male prairie voles were given a drug that suppressed the effects of vasopressin, they lost their devotion to their mates and no longer protected them from potential suitors. This was taken as evidence that vasopressin plays an important role in male attachment and mating behaviour.</p><p>However, can we generalize from animal research and assume that this is true in human males? Research by<strong> Walum et al</strong> (2008) argues that it may be possible. They have found that men with a variation of the vasopressor receptor gene (allele 334) which leads to lower levels of vasopressin in human males have lower rates of marital satisfaction. There are many concerns, however, about arguing that this is “proof” that human monogamous behaviour may be linked to levels of vasopressin. Firstly, the study is only correlational in nature; unlike the study by Winslow et al, there was no manipulation of the males’ level of vasopressin. As you can imagine, there would be some pretty serious ethical concerns about such experimentation! Secondly, asking men about their marital satisfaction is open to a lot of confounding variables and demand characteristics. Finally, arguing that marital satisfaction in a human relationship is equivalent to pair-bonding in prairie voles is problematic. </p><p>A hormone that has received a lot more attention with regard to human mating is <strong>oxytocin</strong>. Oxytocin is released in both men and women during touching and sex; it is argued that the hormone may intensify feelings of attachment. Thus, couples feel closer and more bonded. Oxytocin is also released during childbirth, and scientists believe that it helps to secure the bond between mother and infant. Research also indicates that oxytocin suppresses the activity of the amygdala, lowering feelings of anxiety and aggression. This may allow a couple to be more intimate and trusting of one another – increasing their bond.</p><p><strong>Ditzen et al</strong> (2009) performed an experiment with the aim of investigating the possible role of oxytocin in how couples discuss a contentious issue. It was hypothesized that participants who received oxytocin would engage in more positive communication patterns than a placebo group. The researchers used a double-blind placebo-controlled design, with 47 heterosexual couples. Each couple received either oxytocin or placebo intranasally. They were then videotaped as they engaged in a discussion about a topic that would lead to conflict. The level of the stress hormone cortisol in their saliva was repeatedly measured during the experiment. The results showed that for both men and women oxytocin improved communication and lowered cortisol, compared to the placebo. These results indicate a possible role of oxytocin in humans and they are in line with animal studies indicating that oxytocin facilitates approach and pair-bonding behaviour. Positive communication in a couple is a necessary factor in a strong relationship – as you will see later in this chapter. However, Ditzen et al. (2009) make clear that it is most likely not the oxytocin level alone that determines the strength of a relationship, but the results are interesting and could perhaps stimulate further research into psychobiological approaches to couple therapy.</p><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Inquiry</span></h3><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/polar-bear-love.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 173px; height: 260px;">Often when discussing human relationships, comparisons are made to animals. For example, Winslow's research on prairie voles is often used as an example of how animals may also demonstrate monogamous relationships - just like humans.</p><p>But just how similar is animal behaviour to ours? Do a bit of investigation to see what researchers say about some of the following topics:</p><p> * Long-term, monogamous relationships</p><p> * Same-sex relationships</p><p> * Grief response after the death of a mate</p><p>After carrying out some research share with the class your findings. Do you think that what we see in animals is the same as what we see in humans? Why or why not?</p></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><div class="panel-body" style="background-color: inherit;"><div><p>Do you think that what we see in animals is the same as what we see in humans? Why or why not?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>This returns us to the HL extension and gets students to think about whether we can use animals in the study of human relationships. </em></p><p><strong>Long-term, monogamous relationships</strong></p><p>There are several interesting articles on this. For example:</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160213-why-pairing-up-for-life-is-hardly-ever-a-good-idea">Why pairing up for life is hardly ever a good idea</a> (BBC Earth)</li><li><a href="https://www.livescience.com/32146-are-humans-meant-to-be-monogamous.html">Are humans meant to be monogamous</a>? (a good comparison of our monogamy to other mammals)</li><li><a href="http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/10-examples-of-monogamy-in-the-animal-kingdom">10 examples of monogamy in the animal kingdom</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126932">The many forms of monogamy in the animal kingdom</a></li></ul><p><strong>Same-sex relationships</strong></p><ul><li><a href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150206-are-there-any-homosexual-animals">Are there homosexual animals</a>? (BBC Earth)</li><li><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/10-animal-species-that-show-how-being-gay-is-natural/g-39934832">10 animals that demonstrate homosexual behaviour</a></li><li><a href="https://theconversation.com/homosexuality-may-have-evolved-for-social-not-sexual-reasons-128123">Homosexuality may have evolved for social reasons, not sexual reasons</a></li></ul><p><strong>Grief response after the death of a mate</strong></p><p>Perhaps the best article on this is: <em><a href="https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2018/Feb-Mar/Animals/When-Animals-Grieve">When animals grieve</a>. </em>The article has several links to research. </p><p>Perhaps the most well-known phenomenon is the "crow funeral."</p><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sK5f2V3G9fM" width="640"></iframe></p></div></div></div></section><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Evolutionary explanations</strong></span></h3><p>Although research on biochemistry helps us to understand what is happening to an individual when falling in love and forming attachments, it does not explain <em>why</em> we find some people more attractive than others. Evolutionary psychologists use the theory of natural selection in order to propose an explanation.</p><p><strong>Low</strong> (1990) wanted to see if pathogen stress - that is, the exposure to disease and parasites in a community - influences mating behaviour. He carried out an analysis of 186 cultures and found a strong correlation between the number of parasites the population is exposed to and the degree of polygyny - that is, when males have more than one sexual partner or spouse. As the degree of pathogen stress increases, the number of unmarried men increases. <strong>Gangestad and Buss</strong> (1993) found that women and men in regions of the world with high levels of pathogen stress rated the importance of physical attractiveness of a prospective mate much more highly than individuals living in regions of the world with lower pathogen stress. For example, symmetrical facial features are considered more attractive in most cultures. In males, the development of prominent cheekbones and a masculine chin is related to androgen levels during puberty. Illness during adolescence can suppress androgen secretion, which affects the development of facial characteristics that are considered attractive. Good teeth may also be an indication of a lower parasite load. <strong>Schackelford and Larsen</strong> (1997) found that men with fewer symmetrical facial features were less physically active, manifested more symptoms of depression, and reported more minor physical problems (e.g. colds, headaches, gastrointestinal problems).</p><p>Another aspect of natural selection would be to make sure that the immune system of any offspring would be as effective as possible. Research on the MHC – or Major Histocompatibility Complex – looks at the role of genes linked to the immune system in human attraction. MHC has an influence on human smell. Researchers are divided on whether MHC could be an example of a human pheromone.</p><p>A female mouse chooses a mate whose major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the least similar to her own. There is also some indication that human females also prefer men whose MHC genes are the least similar to their own. MHC genes are co-dominant, meaning that both sets of inherited genes have an effect on the child’s immune system; so the more diverse the MHC genes of the parents, the stronger the immune system of the offspring. It would obviously be beneficial, therefore, to have evolved systems of recognizing individuals with different MHC genes, and preferentially selecting them as sexual partners. <strong>Wedekind</strong> (1995) investigated the role of MHC in human attraction.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Research in psychology: The dirty shirt study (Wedekind 1995)</span></h3><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/tshirt.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 291px; height: 180px;">Wedekind (1995) performed an experiment with the aim of testing if women would prefer the body odors of men whose MHC genes were the least similar to their own.</p><p>Wedekind recruited a group of 49 women and 44 men, with a wide range of MHC genes. Wedekind gave each man a clean T-shirt and asked him to wear it for two nights. To ensure a strong body odor, he gave the men supplies of odor-free soap and aftershave and asked them to remain as “odor neutral” as possible. They were also forbidden to eat spicy food.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The study was a double-blind experiment. This means that neither the researcher nor the participants were aware of which t-shirt they were being exposed to at any point in the study in order to minimize researcher bias in the experimenters and demand characteristics in the participants.</p><p>After the men returned the shirts, Wedekind put each one in a plastic-lined cardboard box with a sniffing hole on top. The women were scheduled to return at the midpoint of their menstrual cycle when women’s sense of smell is at its best, and each was presented with a different set of seven boxes. Three of the seven boxes contained T-shirts from men with MHC similar to the woman’s own; three contained T-shirts from MHC-dissimilar men; and one contained an unworn T-shirt as a control. The women were asked to rate each of the seven T-shirts as pleasant or unpleasant.</p><p>Overall, says Wedekind, the women he tested were more likely to prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC. Although we might argue that this is strong evidence that MHC determines whom we find to be attractive, that would be a reductionist approach to relationships. As you will see in the next two sections, cognitive and sociocultural factors also appear to play an important role in human attraction.</p></div><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Checking for understanding</span></h3><div class="tib-quiz" data-quiz-id="266" data-structure="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" data-score-answers="6d4a526a457a48584f763758344a7649472f76324c53614b78524c393439595570496d5a5971374b38686f3d"><div class="exercise">
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<p>Which of the following neurotransmitters is not part of Fischer's "love cocktail" that is correlated with passionate love?</p>
</div>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="ea1279d54f6ee94b071125bcd0df5fbd"><input type="radio"><span> Serotonin</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d7e7bc213b846a955946ff0d9cb165cb"><input type="radio"><span> Dopamine</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a0cfb66d433503d8811eca479ee7238b"><input type="radio"><span> Noradrenaline</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="03db3a0aed986e99dc75814eb78f9350"><input type="radio"><span> Actetylcholine</span></label></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Higher levels of norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as low levels of serotonin are correlated with falling in love.</span></p>
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<p>Which of the following parts of the brain is not part of the reward system and affected by dopamine?</p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="cf3c6d2e905d6eade560f839572434a6"><input type="radio"><span> Amygdala</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="779d25ca65ef08efaf23fee039f4cbd6"><input type="radio"><span> Temporal lobe</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="28aa28c756cc856d28e1cd513dac286b"><input type="radio"><span> Prefrontal cortex</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="840d91b58f7d0b1055ec72e5f6d7be8c"><input type="radio"><span> Nucleus accumbens</span></label></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p>What did Baumgarten find happened to participants who received higher levels of oxytocin through nasal spray?</p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8aebb859ec88c5588503f57177d830d9"><input type="radio"><span> They had less activity in the reward pathways. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="de14d852c2afa90d94734119250daeec"><input type="radio"><span> They showed more activity in the frontal lobe. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="ea41d5142259dd4cb2f1952aa17031b1"><input type="radio"><span> They had supressed activity in the amygdala.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a0f0ec1e8e7a16b644d5f638b769bd62"><input type="radio"><span> They showed more activity in the hippocampi.</span></label></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Baumgarten found that there was a decreased response in the amygdala and caudate nucleus. The amygdala is a structure in the brain involved in emotional processing and fear learning. It has many oxytocin receptors. The caudate nucleus is associated with learning and memory; it plays a role in reward-related responses and learning to trust.</span></p>
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<p>Which hormone did Winslow study in prairie voles that appeared to determine their monogamous behaviour?</p>
</div>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a9ece1fe26aec07889cece487fe14bf7"><input type="radio"><span> Estrogen</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="abe1a4aabcd07440cbb5a57f0dcc37ac"><input type="radio"><span> Adrenaline</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="7a1c6d5bf54f69cc3b36e6843a58d1e4"><input type="radio"><span> Vasopressin</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="33d7480557af7426e5925090e7dcca80"><input type="radio"><span> Testosterone</span></label></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="color:#B22222;">In Winslow's study, when male prairie voles had vasopressin inhibited, they were no longer devoted to their partner.</span></p>
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<p>Evolutionary psychologists have found that which characterisitic is most associated with a history of good health and a strong immune system?</p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8ac1ec6725805cf8e02523d75e501a72"><input type="radio"><span> Facial symmetry</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a3505f872982868ed3d2c41bba985930"><input type="radio"><span> One's body odour.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f0c0ec23a1dea17a79df7400ab4b0b88"><input type="radio"><span> The smell of one's breath.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6286dc6cc7490c2f02ce5ac7c1a8ee5b"><input type="radio"><span> Height and weight</span></label></p>
</div>
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<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Although all of the features above may indicate some aspect of one's health, Shackelford & Larsen (1997) found that men with less symmetrical facial features were less physically active, manifested moresymptoms of depression and anxiety, and reported more minor physical problems – for example, colds, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems.</span></p>
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<div class="totals"><span class="score">Total Score: </span><button class="btn btn-success check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr><div><a href="../22849/psychological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Psychological theories of attraction">Psychological theories of attraction</a></div><div></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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