File "unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/bm_econ/economics/page/21200/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supplyhtml
File size: 133.06 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Economics: Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="PESEconomics, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply. ThinkIB.net Economics is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202308071530" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=2023061230"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "economics";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "1164ffdb5b0fa1709243f22ebefcb0a3", userTicket = "fd6a5e8a06cfccf2";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP Economics - Student pages</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: <br>Teacher: </em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../20131/start-here.html">Start here</a></li><li><a href="../27378/the-ib-core.html">The IB core</a></li><li><a href="../32112/textbook.html">Textbook</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><li><a href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><li><a href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><li><a href="../21380/assessment.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html">Exam style questions</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="economics/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Economics..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../thinkib/user/generic/32-generic-user.png">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Business Management</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="padding: 0; border-radius: 3px; margin-left: -4px; margin-top: -1px;"><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-5.html?lg=51189"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 1</a></li><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-6.html?lg=51192"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 2</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Economics</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-dashboard fixwidth colored"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-3.htm?pan=tasks"><i class="fa fa-pencil fixwidth colored"></i> All tasks</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i> My profile</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li>
<a href="../../../index-2.htm?logout=1">
<i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth"></i> Log out
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div style="margin: 20px 0;"><a href="../../sitemap.html" class="btn btn-default btn-block"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></div><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20131/start-here.html" title="Start here">Start here</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46026/getting-started-for-students.html" title="Getting started for students">Getting started for students</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45198/predicted-grade-calculator.html" title="Predicted grade calculator">Predicted grade calculator</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Using the student access on the site ">Using the student access on the site </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32021/giving-students-access-to-the-inthinking-site.html" title="Giving students access to the Inthinking site">Giving students access to the Inthinking site</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20150/recommended-reading-.html" title="Recommended reading ">Recommended reading </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Economics games">Economics games</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26967/activities-and-simulations.html" title="Activities and simulations">Activities and simulations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41381/crosswords.html" title="Crosswords">Crosswords</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Old curriculum resources">Old curriculum resources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29986/price-discrimination-old-syllabus-hl.html" title="Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL">Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27378/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB core">The IB core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../1583/extended-essay.html" title="Extended essay">Extended essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27917/the-5-year-rule-in-economics-.html" title="The 5 year rule in economics ">The 5 year rule in economics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21411/using-the-ee-markbands-.html" title="Using the EE markbands ">Using the EE markbands </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21412/focus-on-the-criteria-.html" title="Focus on the criteria ">Focus on the criteria </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20780/extended-essay-checklist.html" title="Extended essay checklist">Extended essay checklist</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20786/exemplar-extended-essay-.html" title="Exemplar extended essay ">Exemplar extended essay </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20819/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36082/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1">Annotated extended essay sample 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36110/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20792/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2">Annotated extended essay sample 2</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20820/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26701/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3">Annotated extended essay sample 3</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26702/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32112/textbook.html" title="Textbook">Textbook</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33061/contents-page.html" title="Contents page">Contents page</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37990/textbook-approach-to-the-new-ib-economics-examination-specificat.html" title="Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification">Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33060/chapter-1-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics">Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32395/unit-11-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics">Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32541/unit-12-how-do-economists-approach-the-world.html" title="Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?">Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33063/chapter-2-microeconomics.html" title="Chapter 2: Microeconomics">Chapter 2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32533/unit-21-demand-theory.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand theory">Unit 2.1: Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32555/unit-22-supply-theory.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply theory">Unit 2.2: Supply theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32567/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32575/unit-241-behavioural-economics-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)">Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32798/unit-242-business-objectives-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)">Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32663/unit-251-price-elasticity-of-demand-ped.html" title="Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)">Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32788/unit-252-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed--1.html" title="Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) ">Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32789/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply-pes--1.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) ">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33388/unit-271-governments-in-markets-tax-and-subsidy-.html" title="Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy ">Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33424/unit-272-governments-in-markets-price-controls.html" title="Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls">Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33665/unit-281-market-failure-externalities.html" title="Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities">Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33808/unit-282-market-failure-merit-goods-and-demerit-goods-.html" title="Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34054/unit-283-government-intervention-to-manage-externalities-merit-a.html" title="Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34082/unit-284-common-access-pool-resources.html" title="Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources">Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34087/unit-29-public-goods.html" title="Unit 2.9: Public goods">Unit 2.9: Public goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34247/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35118/unit-2111-market-power-theory-of-production-and-costs-hl.html" title="Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)">Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35125/unit-2112-market-power-perfect-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35147/unit-2113-market-power-monopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35151/unit-2114-market-power-monopolistic-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35153/unit-2115-market-power-oligopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41603/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43378/opportunity-cost-and-production-possibility-curves.html" title="Opportunity cost and production possibility curves">Opportunity cost and production possibility curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42559/demand-theory.html" title="Demand theory">Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41886/the-price-mechanism.html" title="The price mechanism">The price mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43188/market-demand-and-supply.html" title="Market demand and supply">Market demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41705/demerit-goods.html" title="Demerit goods">Demerit goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42275/market-failure-and-climate-change.html" title="Market failure and climate change">Market failure and climate change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42925/market-power.html" title="Market power">Market power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42099/applying-game-theory.html" title="Applying game theory">Applying game theory</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34407/chapter-3-macroeconomics.html" title="Chapter 3: Macroeconomics">Chapter 3: Macroeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34355/unit-311-measuring-the-level-of-economic-activity.html" title="Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity">Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34432/unit-312-measuring-economic-development.html" title="Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development">Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34485/unit-321-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-demand-ad-.html" title="Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) ">Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34487/unit-322-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-supplyas.html" title="Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)">Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34758/unit-331-macroeconomic-objectives-economic-growth.html" title="Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth">Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34771/unit-332-macroeconomic-objectives-unemployment-.html" title="Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment ">Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34778/unit-333-macroeconomic-objectives-inflation-and-deflation--1.html" title="Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation ">Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34925/unit-341-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34946/unit-342-policies-to-improve-equality-equity-and-poverty.html" title="Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty">Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34993/unit-35-government-management-of-the-economy-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy">Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34962/unit-36-government-management-of-the-economy-fiscal-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy">Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35017/unit-371-market-based-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35018/unit-372-interventionist-supply-side-policies-.html" title="Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45803/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material--1.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42639/measuring-economic-well-being-1.html" title="Measuring economic well-being">Measuring economic well-being</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43044/inflation.html" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42350/inequality.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41639/inequity-1.html" title="Inequity">Inequity</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35414/chapter-4-the-global-economy.html" title="Chapter 4: The Global Economy">Chapter 4: The Global Economy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35346/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade-1.html" title="Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35348/unit-4243-trade-protectionism-1.html" title="Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism">Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35407/unit-44-economic-integration-.html" title="Unit 4.4 Economic integration ">Unit 4.4 Economic integration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35409/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5 Exchange rates">Unit 4.5 Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35413/unit-46-balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Unit 4.6 Balance of payments ">Unit 4.6 Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35675/unit-47-sustainable-development.html" title="Unit 4.7 Sustainable development">Unit 4.7 Sustainable development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35685/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8 Measuring development ">Unit 4.8 Measuring development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35687/unit-49-barriers-to-economic-development-1.html" title="Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development">Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35702/unit-410-economic-growth-and-economic-development-strategies.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45804/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41927/foreign-currency-1.html" title="Foreign currency">Foreign currency</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43532/exchange-rates-1.html" title="Exchange rates">Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43804/balance-of-payments.html" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41796/economic-development-1.html" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html" title="Units 1-2: Microeconomics">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 1: Introduction to economics">Unit 1: Introduction to economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20091/introductory-activity-1.html" title="Introductory activity">Introductory activity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20093/unit-11-scarcity-choice-and-opportunity-cost.html" title="Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost">Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21647/factors-of-production-1.html" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20114/economic-systems.html" title="Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20134/public-and-private-sectors-1.html" title="Public and private sectors">Public and private sectors</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28055/unit-12-economics-as-a-social-science-1.html" title="Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science">Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29921/circular-flow-of-national-income.html" title="Circular flow of national income">Circular flow of national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29829/unit-1-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 1: Review terms">Unit 1: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41600/introduction-to-economics-crossword-1.html" title="Introduction to economics crossword">Introduction to economics crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4331/unit-1-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20177/unit-21-23-competitive-markets-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply">Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28517/unit-21-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand">Unit 2.1: Demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22349/determinants-of-demand-1.html" title="Determinants of demand">Determinants of demand</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29949/unit-22-supply-.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply ">Unit 2.2: Supply </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20184/changes-to-supply-and-demand-.html" title="Changes to supply and demand ">Changes to supply and demand </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21992/practise-exercises-1.html" title="Practise exercises">Practise exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26112/gold-exchange-game-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Gold exchange game: Demand and supply">Gold exchange game: Demand and supply</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20194/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium-1.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20144/producer-and-consumer-surplus-1.html" title="Producer and consumer surplus">Producer and consumer surplus</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22351/veblen-goods-and-super-luxury-goods-1.html" title="Veblen goods and super luxury goods">Veblen goods and super luxury goods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25677/are-cryptocurrencies-the-new-tulipmania.html" title="Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?">Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20472/unit-21-23-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20113/unit-24-consumer-and-producer-behaviour-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)">Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36073/behavioural-economics-consumer-biases-nudge-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)">Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20378/business-objectives-hl-only.html" title="Business objectives (HL only)">Business objectives (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28741/unit-21-24-review-terms--1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms ">Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms </a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../20195/unit-25-26-elasticity-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity">Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28713/unit-25-price-elasticity-of-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand">Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21545/determinants-of-price-elasticity-.html" title="Determinants of price elasticity ">Determinants of price elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21532/ped-elasticity-and-sales-revenue.html" title="PED elasticity and sales revenue?">PED elasticity and sales revenue?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21259/unit-25-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed.html" title="Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)">Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)</a></li><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20207/perfectly-elastic-inelastic-supply-curves.html" title="Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves">Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20230/a-mathematical-note-about-elasticity-.html" title="A mathematical note about elasticity ">A mathematical note about elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39037/demand-and-supply-crossword.html" title="Demand and supply crossword">Demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29021/unit-25-26-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms">Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20474/unit-25-26-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44474/unit-21-25-competitive-markets-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz">Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20243/unit-27-the-role-of-government-in-microeconomics--1.html" title="Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics ">Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26590/indirect-taxation.html" title="Indirect taxation">Indirect taxation</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20246/ped-and-the-burden-of-tax-hl-only-.html" title="PED and the burden of tax (HL only) ">PED and the burden of tax (HL only) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20277/government-subsidies--1.html" title="Government subsidies ">Government subsidies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29117/unit-27-indirect-tax-and-subsidy-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms">Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20287/price-controls-maximum-price--1.html" title="Price controls − maximum price ">Price controls − maximum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20288/minimum-price-.html" title="Minimum price ">Minimum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21540/minimum-wage-.html" title="Minimum wage ">Minimum wage </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38849/labour-market-crossword-1.html" title="Labour market crossword">Labour market crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29260/unit-27-price-controls-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms">Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20303/unit-28-210-market-failure--1.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure ">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21543/unit-28-merit-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Merit goods ">Unit 2.8: Merit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23123/unit-28-demerit-goods-negative-externalities-1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities">Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38850/market-failure-crossword-1.html" title="Market failure crossword">Market failure crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29262/unit-29-economics-of-the-environment-and-public-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods ">Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20332/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29828/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29827/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-terms.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20479/unit-27-210-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44501/unit-27-210-government-failure-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz">Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20330/unit-211-market-power-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29835/assessment-map.html" title="Assessment map">Assessment map</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21528/production-hl-only.html" title="Production (HL only)">Production (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29978/revenue-theory-hl-only.html" title="Revenue theory (HL only)">Revenue theory (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20357/costs-of-production-hl-only.html" title="Costs of production (HL only)">Costs of production (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21286/economies-and-diseconomies-of-scale-hl-only.html" title="Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)">Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22494/long-run-average-cost-curves-hl-only.html" title="Long run average cost curves (HL only)">Long run average cost curves (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29838/breakeven-hl-only.html" title="Breakeven (HL only)">Breakeven (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20340/economic-profit-hl-only.html" title="Economic profit (HL only)">Economic profit (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39082/market-power-crossword.html" title="Market power crossword">Market power crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22495/revision-exercise-on-cost-and-revenue-hl-only.html" title="Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)">Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29845/unit-211-costs-revenue-and-profit-review-sheet-hl-only.html" title="Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44484/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-sl-units-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29846/market-structures-hl-only-1.html" title="Market structures (HL only)">Market structures (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29981/perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Perfect competition (HL only)">Perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24486/profit-in-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit in perfect competition (HL only)">Profit in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21302/efficiency-in-perfect-competition-hl-only.html" title="Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)">Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20430/monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopoly (HL only)">Monopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24529/profit-and-revenue-maximisation-in-monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)">Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21306/a-comparison-of-monopoly-and-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)">A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20435/monopolistic-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopolistic competition (HL only)">Monopolistic competition (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20436/oligopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Oligopoly (HL only)">Oligopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22310/game-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Game theory (HL only)">Game theory (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29918/unit-211-market-structures-review-sheet-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32337/unit-211-diagram-revision-.html" title="Unit 2.11: Diagram revision ">Unit 2.11: Diagram revision </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20480/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32425/unit-212-the-markets-inability-to-achieve-equity-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)">Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html" title="Unit 3: Macroeconomics ">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../3942/unit-31-measuring-economic-activity-and-illustrating-its-variati-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations">Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20558/calculating-national-income-1.html" title="Calculating national income">Calculating national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21297/gdp-gni-as-a-measure-of-living-standards.html" title="GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards">GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20567/national-income-statistics-1.html" title="National income statistics">National income statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21580/the-business-cycle-1.html" title="The business cycle">The business cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29931/unit-31-economic-activity-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet">Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20592/unit-32-variations-in-economic-activityaggregate-demand-and-aggr-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply">Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29933/aggregate-demand-and-supply.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply">Aggregate demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21582/components-of-aggregate-demand-1.html" title="Components of aggregate demand">Components of aggregate demand</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20634/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-neo-classical-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20439/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-keynesian-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21349/john-maynard-keynes-1.html" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20650/keynesian-v-free-market-debate--1.html" title="Keynesian v free market debate ">Keynesian v free market debate </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21342/changes-in-the-long-run-aggregate-supply-1.html" title="Changes in the long run aggregate supply">Changes in the long run aggregate supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30055/unit-32-aggregate-demand-and-supply-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet">Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20610/unit-35-and-36-demand-management-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy">Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30058/government-budget.html" title="Government budget">Government budget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21585/fiscal-policy--1.html" title="Fiscal policy ">Fiscal policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21343/multiplier-hl-only.html" title="Multiplier (HL only)">Multiplier (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21795/monetary-policy--1.html" title="Monetary policy ">Monetary policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30071/independent-central-banks-1.html" title="Independent central banks">Independent central banks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30083/unit-35-and-36-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet">Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20615/unit-37-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Supply side policies">Unit 3.7: Supply side policies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20651/the-role-of-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="The role of supply side policies">The role of supply side policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20622/market-based-and-interventionist-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Market based and interventionist supply side policies ">Market based and interventionist supply side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39129/aggregate-demand-and-supply-crossword-1.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply crossword">Aggregate demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30086/unit-37-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Review sheet">Unit 3.7: Review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20755/unit-31-32-and-35-37-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44522/unit-31-32-and-35-37-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20686/unit-33-macroeconomic-objectives.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30118/unemployment.html" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21351/types-of-unemployment.html" title="Types of unemployment?">Types of unemployment?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21593/equilibrium-unemployment-.html" title="Equilibrium unemployment ">Equilibrium unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21594/disequilibrium-unemployment-1.html" title="Disequilibrium unemployment">Disequilibrium unemployment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30458/unemployment-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unemployment review sheet">Unemployment review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20713/inflation--1.html" title="Inflation ">Inflation </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20712/measuring-inflation-hl-only-1.html" title="Measuring inflation (HL only)">Measuring inflation (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20685/costs-of-inflation-and-deflation-1.html" title="Costs of inflation and deflation">Costs of inflation and deflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30465/inflation-review-sheet.html" title="Inflation review sheet">Inflation review sheet</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20716/unemployment-v-inflation-trade-off-hl-only-1.html" title="Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)">Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39133/macroeconomic-objectives-crossword-1.html" title="Macroeconomic objectives crossword">Macroeconomic objectives crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44511/unit-33-macroeconomic-indicators-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20741/unit-34-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32398/inequality-1.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21356/the-role-of-spending-and-taxation-on-inequality--1.html" title="The role of spending and taxation on inequality ">The role of spending and taxation on inequality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21313/consequences-of-economic-growth-1.html" title="Consequences of economic growth">Consequences of economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30257/economic-growth-and-inequality-review-sheet-1.html" title="Economic growth and inequality review sheet">Economic growth and inequality review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20756/unit-33-34-multiple-choice-.html" title="Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice ">Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html" title="Unit 4: Global economy">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21367/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30529/benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Benefits of international trade">Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20823/absolute-and-comparative-advantage-hl-only-1.html" title="Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)">Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20845/unit-42-43-trade-protection-1.html" title="Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection">Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32419/barriers-to-trade-calculations-are-hl-only-1.html" title="Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)">Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21610/case-study-on-tata-steel-1.html" title="Case study on Tata Steel">Case study on Tata Steel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23455/the-defence-industry-1.html" title="The Defence industry">The Defence industry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30610/unit-41-43-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet">Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20894/unit-44-economic-integration--1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Economic integration ">Unit 4.4: Economic integration </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30634/economic-integration-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Economic integration (some HL tasks)">Economic integration (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20840/world-trade-organisation-wto-1.html" title="World trade organisation (WTO)">World trade organisation (WTO)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30635/unit-44-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Review sheet">Unit 4.4: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20853/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Exchange rates">Unit 4.5: Exchange rates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30611/floating-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Floating exchange rates">Floating exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31824/fixed-managed-exchange-rate-systems-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)">Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21624/the-market-for-foreign-exchange-1.html" title="The market for foreign exchange">The market for foreign exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30614/unit-45-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Review sheet">Unit 4.5: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20859/unit-46-balance-of-payments-1.html" title="Unit 4.6: Balance of payments">Unit 4.6: Balance of payments</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30624/balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Balance of payments ">Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21386/current-account-hl-only-1.html" title="Current account (HL only)">Current account (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20872/the-marshall-lerner-condition-j-curve-hl-only-1.html" title="The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)">The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20899/units-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42989/unit-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz-ii-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II">Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39438/unit-41-46-international-trade-crossword-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword">Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32423/unit-47-sustainable-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.7: Sustainable development ">Unit 4.7: Sustainable development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26092/water-scarcity-activity-1.html" title="Water scarcity activity">Water scarcity activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32426/sustainable-development.html" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20928/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8: Measuring development ">Unit 4.8: Measuring development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30686/measuring-development-1.html" title="Measuring development">Measuring development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21627/economic-development--1.html" title="Economic development ">Economic development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30679/unit-47-48-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet">Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 4.9: Barriers to development">Unit 4.9: Barriers to development</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30727/barriers-to-development-in-international-trade-1.html" title="Barriers to development in International trade">Barriers to development in International trade</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32430/unit-410-economic-growth-andor-economic-development-strategies-1.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30687/the-role-of-domestic-factors-1.html" title="The role of domestic factors">The role of domestic factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30688/the-role-of-international-trade-and-development-1.html" title="The role of international trade and development">The role of international trade and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30689/the-role-of-foreign-direct-investment-fdi-1.html" title="The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)">The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25240/the-role-of-foreign-aid--1.html" title="The role of foreign aid ">The role of foreign aid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30819/multilateral-development-assistance-1.html" title="Multilateral development assistance">Multilateral development assistance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21632/the-role-of-international-debt-1.html" title="The role of international debt">The role of international debt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25242/the-balance-between-markets-and-intervention-1.html" title="The balance between markets and intervention">The balance between markets and intervention</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30926/unit-49-410-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet">Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21380/assessment.html" title="Assessment">Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Internal assessment ">Internal assessment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20608/how-to-write-your-ia-student-handout.html" title="How to write your IA? (student handout)">How to write your IA? (student handout)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21428/how-to-interpret-the-assessment-criteria-1.html" title="How to interpret the assessment criteria?">How to interpret the assessment criteria?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Grading practise ">Grading practise </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Sample 3a">Sample 3a</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32083/sample-3b-1.html" title="Sample 3b">Sample 3b</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32022/assessment-markbands-1.html" title="Assessment markbands">Assessment markbands</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html" title="Exam style questions">Exam style questions</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 1 style examination questions">Paper 1 style examination questions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40100/unit-211-212-questions.html" title="Unit 2.11-2.12 questions">Unit 2.11-2.12 questions</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45102/paper-1-guidance-on-essay-writing-1.html" title="Paper 1 guidance on essay writing">Paper 1 guidance on essay writing</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-thinker-sib.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../economics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><a title="Go to: Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity" href="../20195/unit-25-26-elasticity-1.html">Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity</a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<h2><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics-2/19.jpg" style="float: right; width: 291px; height: 274px;" title="image: //justdan93.wordpress.com">Introduction</h2><p>This lesson focuses on the price elasticity of supply. You will have already established that there is a direct relationship between the price of a product and the level of quantity supplied. However, it would be wrong for students to think that the rate of change of quantity supplied does not vary, depending on the good or service. I find that students will very often get the factors that determine PES and PED confused and presume that factors such as degree of necessity also impact on supply. I explain the factors that determine PES in the following way: It is safe to assume that all entrepreneurs would normally wish to raise output levels following a rise in price, ceteris paribus. The question is can they? Are they able to gain access to additional raw materials or skilled labour? Does the factory have spare capacity and lastly, how long is the production process? The page contains a simple investigation exercise, containing simple calculations. Elasticity calculations can be found on the paper three (HL only paper).</p><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h3 id="header-2">Enquiry question</h3><p>What factors determine the extent to which the quantity supplied for different goods and services changes in response to movements in selling price.</p></div><div class="blueBg"><h4 id="header-3"><img alt="" height="173" src="../../../ib/economics/images/foundation-of-economics-2/pexels-photo-27240-large.jpg" style="float: right;" title="image: pixels.com" width="261">Teacher notes</h4><p><strong>Lesson time: </strong>70 minutes</p><p><strong>Lesson objectives:</strong></p><p>To understand the concept of price elasticity of supply, as the responsiveness of<br>quantity supplied to a change in price along a given supply curve.</p><p>To calculate PES using the following equation - PES (percentage change in quantity supplied) percentage change in price.</p><p>Explain the determinants of PES, including time, mobility of factors of production, unused capacity and ability to stock pile components and supplies.</p><p><strong>Teaching notes:</strong></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>1 </strong><strong>Opening activity </strong>- begin the lesson with the introductory exercise, which asks students to consider how easy or difficult it would be for the producers of three different products to alter their production levels, following a change in the price of the product. (5 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/general-2/desk-pens-school-design-medium.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 199px; float: left;"></span><strong>2.</strong> <strong>Processes </strong>- <strong>technical vocabulary - </strong>the students can learn the vocabulary and the relevant concepts by studying either the class handout or by watching and making notes on the power point presentation that you will distribute. Activities 2,3 and 4 also focus on the technical vocabulary. (20 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>3.</strong> <span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Processes </strong>-<strong> </strong></span>complete the other pracise activities attached to the handout. The first is investigative, how long is the production process for the following three products: </span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>car manufacturers, bespoke shoe producers and coffee producers. </em>The purpose of this reflection is to then consider how their answers might then effect the level of PES. Students should be able to make the connection between the length of production process and the firms ability to change production levels at short notice. (5 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>5. Activity 6 </strong>is called degree of elasticity and students are required to use their knowledge to fill in the blank spaces so that they have two complete paragraphs, summarising the difference between PES elastic and inelastic goods. (5 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>4. Activity 7 and 8</strong> starts with a video and then contains a series of short relevant questions attached to the handout. This can be completed after the handout and the two activities together should last around 15 minutes. These are paper three in type but you may also decide to provide your SL students with these questions to practise on.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>6. Activity 9 is a reflection exercise </strong>- this reflection asks students to consider the potential uses for PES theory. I have also included some suggestions linking PES to topical issues in economics. (10 minutes)</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>7. </strong><strong>Assessment 10</strong> - is called '<em>link to the assessment'</em> and this contains an example of a paper one question on PES, along with my sample response. (10 minutes)</span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4>1. Beginning question</h4><p>Firms will adjust their supply of a good or service in response to changes in the selling price. Following a rise in the price, which of the following businesses will find it easiest to raise their output levels?</p><ul><li>car manufacturers</li><li>bespoke shoe producers</li><li>coffee producers.</li></ul></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><strong>Hint:</strong></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">All three businesses would seek to raise their production levels following a rise in selling price, ceteris paribus. However some producers will find this much easier than others. For example like most manufacturing business a car producer can raise production levels relatively easily - ask workers to volunteer for extra overtime work and order more raw materials. However, our coffee producer will find it more difficult to change their production. This is for the simple reason that coffee has a fixed growing season and so the farmer must wait for the next harvest to increase its output.</span></p></section><div class="blueBg"><h4><em>Key term: Price elasticity of supply</em></h4><p>A measure of the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price. When the price of a good or service changes we would also expect a change in the quantity supplied BUT not a change in supply – i.e a movement along the supply curve not a shift in the supply curve. </p><p>The degree to which the quantity supplied changes depends on the price elasticity of supply for the product, measured by the formulae:</p><p><em>% change in quantity supplied for the good or service / % change in the price of the product.</em></p></div><div class="blueBg"><h4>Range of price elasticity of supply (PES) values</h4><p>Goods and services with a PES value > 1 and < infinity are <u>PES elastic</u> (i.e a top heavy fraction). Following a change in the price of a good or service then the % change in quantity supplied for the product is greater than the initial % change in price.</p><p>Goods and services with a PES value < 1 and > 0 are PES <u>inelastic</u> (i.e a bottom heavy fraction). Following a change in the price of product the % change in quantity supplied for the good or service is less than the initial % change in price.</p><p>Goods and services with a PES value = 1 have unitary elasticity. Following a change in price the resulting % change in quantity supplied will be equal to the % change in price.</p></div><div class="greenBg"><h4><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics-2/picture1.png" style="width: 320px; height: 166px; float: left;">How to remember the formulae for PES</h4><p>As with PED students will need to remember not only the variables in the formula but also which is the denominator and which, the numerator. As with PED the same rule applies: you always place the % change in QS on top (numerator) and the % change in price on the bottom (denominator) of the fraction is to remember this simple phrase, you always Q before you P. </p></div><p>Available as a class handout at: <a href="../../../media/ib/economics/files/micro-economics/pes-elasticity-activities.pdf.html" target="_blank" title="Student handouts"><img class="ico" src="../../../thinkib/icons/student-handout.png"> PES notes</a> </p><div class="pinkBg"><h5><strong>A</strong><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/pes-elastic-diagram.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: right;"><strong>ctivity 2 </strong></h5><p>The following diagrams illustrate the supply curve for two products, one represents a firm producing children's toys and the other an olive farmer. Which is which?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/pes-inelastic-diagram.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: left;"></p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The <span style="color:#FF0000;">olive farmer is illustrated by the first to the left, while the </span>children's toy factory is represented by diagram 2 (to the right).</span></p></section><div class="blueBg"><h4><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/cheap-t-sgirts.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: right;"><strong>Activity 3: A comparison of two businesses</strong></h4><p>Diagram 1 illustrates the market for children's toys, or indeed many manufactured products.</p><p>(a) Illustrate on the diagram a rise in demand for children's toys. Draw the new equilibrium. </p><p>(b) Following the rise in demand for their product, how is the factory owner likely to change her production levels in response to both higher demand and higher prices?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The owner of the business will sense a potential rise in profit levels and will probably decide to raise production levels in response.</span></p></section><p>(c) How easy will this be for the factory owner, presuming that skilled labour and sufficient raw materials are available to increase production levels?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">This should be relatively easy because the children's toys are made by a manufacturing process. The owner of the factory may have to employ more staff temporarily and purchase more supplies, he may even need to get his factory working longer hours - but she would probably be able to raise production levels to meet this demand. This should be represented on your diagram, where following a rise in price, there should be a greater than proportional change in quantity supplied.</span></p></section><p><strong><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/gold.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 320px; float: left;">A comparison with the olive farmer</strong></p><p>Diagram 2 illustrates the market for olives, or indeed many agricultural or primary products.</p><p>(a) Illustrate on the diagram a rise in demand for olives. Draw the new equilibrium. </p><p>(b) Following the rise in demand for his olives, how is the olive farmer likely to change his production levels in response to both higher demand and higher prices?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The owner of the business will sense a potential rise in profit levels and will probably also decide to raise production levels in response.</span></p></section><p>(c) How easy will this be for the farmer?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Unlike our toy manufacturer, however, he cannot easily increase his crop yields as growing olives for olive oil is a long process. Our farmer needs to make decisions about how much of his field to devote towards olive trees at the beginning of the growing season. The growing process then takes many months or years to turn into olive oil and so our farmer is unable to change production levels mid season. This makes the product PES inelastic and<span style="color:#FF0000;"> should be represented on your diagram, where following a rise in price, there should be a lower than proportional change in quantity supplied.</span></span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 4: </strong>Other determinants of PES</h4><p>Describe the impact of the following on the level of PES for any good or service.</p><p><strong><img alt="" height="347" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics-2/coke.png" style="float: right;" width="283"></strong>(a) The degree to which costs rise in response to changes in output</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the production costs for a product were to rise significantly following a rise in output then firms will be more reluctant to change output levels - making the good or service less PES elastic.</span></p></section><p>(b) The level of unused capacity in the production unit</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If a firm has significant unemployed resources in its production process then it will more inclined to raise output in response to a change in price, making the product more price elastic. By contrast if a firm is operating at, or close to capacity, then it will tend to be less PES elastic. </span></p></section><p>(c) The degree of mobility of the necessary factors of production</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If a firm can easily move factors of production around, between its different products then this would tend to make the good or service more elastic. This might apply to a factory producing different size containers in circumstances where the firm can easily switch production factors between the production of one size of container and another. </span></p></section><p>(d) The ability of the business to store stock or other raw materials</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If a firm is able to build up large volumes of stock then they will be able to respond to changes in price easily and swiftly. This would make the product relatively price elastic.</span></p></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics-2/maxresdefault.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 213px; float: right;" title="image: //www.youtube.com">Activity 5 investigation</h4><p>Investigate how long it takes to produce the following items:</p><ul><li>a Toyota car</li><li>coffee (from planting the original tree to drinking your first cup)</li><li>drilling for oil</li><li>bespoke suit.</li></ul><p>Explain the likely impact of your findings on the price elasticity of supply?</p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">T</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">oyota - 17 - 18 hours</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Coffee - 4 years</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Oil - 3 - 10 years depending on whether a government chooses to slow down the process</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Bespoke suit - 24 - hours</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The impact this has on supply is as follows: It is safe to assume that all entrepreneurs would wish to raise output following a rise in price. The question is can they? Are they able to gain access to additional raw materials or skilled labour? Does the factory have spare capacity and lastly, how long is the production process? In other words from the information above we can observe that the PES of Toyota (and most manufactured goods) is probably elastic. By contrast the PES of oil and coffee (and most primary goods) is likely to be PES inelastic, while the PES of bespoke manufactured goods is likely to be unitary.</span></p></section><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 6: Degree of elasticity</strong></h4><p>Place the following descriptions in the box below the arrow, indicating the likely degree of PES elasticity associated with the statement:</p><p><strong>PES inelasticity (PES=0) PES=1 Perfect elasticity (PES=</strong><strong>∞</strong><strong>)</strong></p><p><img alt="" height="83" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/arrow.jpg" width="777"></p><p>Goods with a PES close to 0 would be those with ________ spare capacity. They are also likely to have a ________ production time, use highly ________________ factor resources, such as skilled labour or scarce resources. They are generally but not always agricultural / _____________ products.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>By contrast, goods with a high PES, will be those where the production facility has ____________ spare capacity. They are also likely to have a ________ production time, use factor resources, which are easy to substitute, such as ________ labour or __________ resources. PES elastic goods are usually __________ goods or _____________.</p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p>Goods with a PES close to 0 would be those with <span style="color:#FF0000;">limited</span> spare capacity. They are also likely to have a <span style="color:#FF0000;">long</span> production time, use highly <span style="color:#FF0000;">scarce</span> factor resources, such as skilled labour or scarce resources. They are generally but not always agricultural / <span style="color:#FF0000;">primary</span> products.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>By contrast, goods with a high PES, will be those where the production facility has <span style="color:#FF0000;">significant </span>spare capacity. They are also likely to have a<span style="color:#FF0000;"> short</span> production time, use factor resources, which are easy to substitute, such as <span style="color:#FF0000;">unskilled</span> labour or <span style="color:#FF0000;">plentiful</span> resources. PES elastic goods are usually <span style="color:#FF0000;">manufactured</span> goods or <span style="color:#FF0000;">services</span>.</p></section><div class="pinkBg"><div><h4><strong>Activity 7 (Paper three type)</strong></h4><p>Watch the following short video before attempting the short questions that follow:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/aXhj-06asHU" width="640"></iframe></p><p><img alt="" height="356" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics-2/groceries_custom-80dfd344761fbd31d923a1d02ce81e3c6632c343-s6-c30.jpg" style="float:left;" title="image: //anthropologynow.wordpress.com" width="291"><strong>Questions:</strong></p><p>1. Using the formulae % change in supply / % change in price, calculate the PES elasticity of the following goods and services and state whether each is PES elastic, inelastic or PES unitary:</p><p>a. Price goes from 50 TL to 90 TL forcing supply to increase from 60 units to 100 </p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">67 / 80 = 0.84 (inelastic)</span></p></section></section><p>b. Supply rises from 10 – 20 following a rise in price from 10 TL to 50 TL</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">100 / 400 = 0.25 (inelastic)</span></p></section></section><p>c. Price falls from 100 – 50 and supply is unchanged</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">0 / 50 = 0 (perfectly inelastic)</span></p></section></section><p>d. Supply rises from 10 – 30 when price rises from 100 TL to 110 TL</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">200 / 10 = 20 (very elastic)</span></p></section></section></div></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 8 – <span data-scayt-word="practise" data-wsc-lang="en_US">practise</span> questions</strong></h4><p>1. A computer manufacturer produces computers and increases the price from $ 600 to $ 800. Following the rise in price, the quantity supplied by the firm, each week, rises from 1 million to 1.1 million units. In the months that follow the weekly output rises further to 1.8 million units</p><p>(a) Calculate the level of PES in the short run</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">10% / 33% = 0.33</span></p></section>(b) Calculate the level of PES in the long run</section><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">80% / 33% = 2.42</span></p></section></section><p>(c) Explain why the level of PES is greater in the long run than the short run</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;">In the week following the price rise, the computer manufacturer found it difficult to increase production significantly. The factory would have been constrained by its relatively fixed supply of <span data-scayt-word="labour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">labour</span> and raw materials, required to raise output.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">6 months later, however, the firm had the time to increase their production to meet the higher price level. The firm could have increased its purchases of raw materials and diverted workers towards production of the computer.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section></section><p>2. The price and output of coffee beans is included in the table below:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:150px;"></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center"><strong>$ per Kg</strong></p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center"><strong>Output (Kgs)</strong></p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center"><strong>PES</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">4 July 2018</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">1.60</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">350</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center"><strong>-</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">13 August 2018</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">0.93</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">335</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">4.29 / 42 = 0.1</span></p></section></section></td></tr><tr><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">22 October 2018</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">1.45</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">345</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">3 / 52 = 0.058</span></p></section></section></td></tr><tr><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">11 March 2019</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">0.90</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><p align="center">325</p></td><td style="width:150px;"><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">5.79 / 38=0.15</span></p></section></section></td></tr></tbody></table><p>a. Complete the table by calculating the PES for coffee</p><p>b. Explain why the PES for the crop is PES inelastic</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Unlike the computer manufacturer, who is able to respond to the rise in price by quickly diverting resources towards increased production, this option is not available for the coffee farmer. The coffee takes a fall season to grow and ripen before it can be picked, making sudden changes during the season almost impossible. </span></p></section></section><p>c. Use an explanation of PES theory to explain why the price of coffee fluctuates over relatively short periods of time?</p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">With production levels relatively fixed, any change in demand for the product will result in significant variations in price, with producers unable to adapt their output levels to satisfy changes in demand.</span></p></section></section><p>3. Assign each of the following products to one of the following PES and PED curves - ski equipment, bespoke shoes, diamonds, tickets for a football stadium, cheap T-shirts and bread:</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/Flatscreen-TVS.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"> <img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/gold.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"> </p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/rice.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"> <img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/cheap-t-sgirts.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"></p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/stadium-q.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"> <img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/micro-economics/tailor-made-suit.jpg" style="width:300px;height:300px;"> </p><section><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 1 - ski equipment which is both a luxury product and a manufactured good.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 2 - diamonds as both a luxury good and a primary good. Miners cannot easily increase their production following a change in price.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 3 - bread is an agricultural good and hence PES inelastic and also a basic necessity making it PED inelastic.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 4 - mass production T−shirts, this is a manufactured good and hence PES elastic (the manufacturer can easily change production output in response to changes in price). T−shirts are also PED inelastic because they are low priced items and unlikely to be affected too heavily by price.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 5 - tickets for a football stadium, as the supply is fixed and the demand would generally be PED inelastic.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diagram 6 - bespoke shoes, being a luxury product and hence elastic PED. Bespoke manufactured products are also likely to PES unitary. </span> </p></section></section></div><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong>Activity 9: Reflection activity</strong></h4><p>Reflect on how PES theory can be used to explain some topical applications of economic theory, which may be of use in your IB course?</p></div><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Examples of appropriate responses:</strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;">Shortages of skilled labour in the workforce</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The abundance of unskilled labour in many developing nations and the difficulty faced by many Developed nations in absorbing large numbers of unskilled migrants into the workforce</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Satisfying demand for products using increasingly scarce resources / raw materials</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The supply of new housing and the difficulty of providing housing for rapidly growing populations</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The supply of renewable energies as well as traditional carbon based energy sources</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The impact of a low PES for many primary commodities on the economies of many Developing nations.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section><div class="pinkBg"><h4><strong><img alt="" height="219" src="../../../ib/economics/images.jpg" style="float: right;" width="326">Activity 10: Link to the assessment (HL)</strong></h4><p>PES questions will generally be found in paper one, with examples of PES questions including:</p><p><strong>Part (a)</strong></p><p>Explain why the price elasticity of supply for primary commodities tends to be lower than the price elasticity of supply for manufactured products. <em>[10 marks]</em></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><div><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Command term: Explain</strong></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"> <em><span style="color:#FF0000;">Explain means to provide reasons and causes - or in other words, explain why the economic reasons why the PES of </span>primary commodities is normally lower than the price elasticity of supply for manufactured products</em>.<em><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></em> </span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Key terms to define: price elasticity of supply, primary products and manufactured goods.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">This question also requires a recognition that two factors which have a significant influence on the value of PES include </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">the length of time to produce the good or service</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"> and the degree to which costs rise in response to changes in output. As primary goods are extracted from the ground it is very difficult to change output levels in the short run. For example crops require a full growing season. By contrast firms producing manufactured goods and services can more easily change their output levels.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Responses should also include suitable diagrams and provide examples of exceptions to this rule, i.e. primary goods with high PES elasticity and manufactured goods or services with low PES elasticity. </span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A diagram illustrating one PES inelastic good and one PES elastic good should also be added. </span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></div></section><p><strong>Part (b)</strong></p><p>“The price elasticity of supply for primary products tends to be lower than that for manufactured goods and services.” Using real life examples, evaluate the implications of this for producers of primary products, manufactured goods and services. <em>[15 marks]</em></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><strong><span style="color:#FF0000;">Command term: Evaluate</span></strong></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Evaluate requires IB students to determine the significance of PES elasticity on the producers of primary products, in comparison to firms producing manufactured goods and services.</em></span><em> </em></p><p>Key terms to define: <b>PES</b></p><p>Relevant real life examples include: LEDCs whose primary exports come from agricultural and primary goods with low PES, making those nations particularly exposed to sharp changes in the price of that commodity, over which they have little control and is a restraint to growth and development. </p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/development-2/images-(1)(2).jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 212px; float: left;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Primary goods are generally extracted from the ground and so it is very difficult to change output levels in the short run. For example crops require a full growing season. By contrast firms producing manufactured goods and services can more easily change their output levels. Many manufactured goods and services have a low marginal cost.</span></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">This means that producers of primary goods will find it difficult to change their production levels in response to changing market conditions, leaving those businesses exposed to changing market conditions. A current example might include a number of LEDCs whose primary export is oil and are suffering as a consequence of low oil prices. Those businesses will also find it difficult to increase output levels in response to improving market conditions.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The situation facing producers of primary products should then be compared with that of firms producing manufactured goods or services by way of comparison.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The better responses may also link their response to the difficulties faced by many LEDCs, whose main export revenues come from the sale of primary goods.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Responses should also include diagrams to illustrate goods with high / low PES elasticity. </span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p></section><h5><strong>Internal assessment</strong></h5><p>The concept of supply elasticity is also one of the more popular concepts to include in an IA portfolio, for example an article concerning the low PES of oil or other primary commodities and how this impacts on the market price for that product.</p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-7200"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
body {
--keycap-height: 39px;
--keycap-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-shift-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-small-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-extra-small-font-size: 9px;
--keyboard-toolbar-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-gap: 1px;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.95.4/dist/mathlive.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script src="../../../%40cortex-js/compute-engine%400.12.3/dist/compute-engine.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cortexjs-utils.min.js?v=20230810"></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "economics/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=fd6a5e8a06cfccf2&x=21662';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZc+iZsoiQ1+jn2UjpCqiT2UM/S]4&gIxZQo|c8U-/iUIpehNncUNT6+In8hNn1LmY)oi+)2jTg2vSu/[g[2jT[qvZ)+Ncs/4F[2j>QqvTsLx/6/|Lco|Te+NSahNk[54WMUxbeqIn9LIb4qTZ80Ipc/4F[2vwOqt/6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIicY/4F[]4We]V&[ak==';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = 'b1d1f67d6861ef2c3bd544c2b1d309be';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=20230303">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202212191730">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$(".tib-popover").popover({html:true,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();if(position.top>200){return"top"}if(position.left<515){return"right"}if(position.top<200){return"bottom"}if(position.left>515){return"left"}return"top"}}).click(function(e){e.preventDefault()});var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime});$(".tib-indicators > img").click(function(){var index=$(this).index();var container=$(this).closest(".carousel.slide");container.carousel(index)});setShowResultsListeners($("#container"));addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>