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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain why a copper(II) solution is blue, using section 17 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Copper plating can be used to improve the conductivity of an object.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving your reason, at which electrode the object being electroplated should be placed.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Millerite, a nickel sulfide mineral, is an important source of nickel. The first step in extracting nickel is to roast the ore in air.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction for the formation of liquid tetracarbonylnickel is shown below:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{Ni(s)}} + 4{\text{CO(g)}} \to {\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_4}{\text{(l)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>CO(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both nickel and iron react with carbon monoxide gas to form gaseous complexes, tetracarbonylnickel, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, and pentacarbonyliron, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{Fe(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Fe(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>5</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>. Suggest why the nickel can be separated from the iron successfully using carbon monoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard entropy change, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {S^\theta }">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of the reaction, in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, using the values given.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate a value for <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {H^\theta }">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> in kJ.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), to determine the temperature, in °C, at which the decomposition of liquid tetracarbonylnickel to nickel and carbon monoxide becomes favourable.</p>
<p><br>(If you did not get answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), use <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 500{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>500</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 200{\text{ kJ}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>200</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> respectively but these are not the correct answers.)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>i</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An acidic sample of a waste solution containing Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) reacted completely with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution to form Sn<sup>4+</sup>(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Corrosion of iron is similar to the processes that occur in a voltaic cell. The initial steps involve the following half-equations:</p>
<p>Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> Fe(s)</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>O<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2e<sup>–</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Calculate <em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in V, for the spontaneous reaction using section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy, Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, which is released by the corrosion of 1 mole of iron. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why iron forms many different coloured complex ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Zinc is used to galvanize iron pipes, forming a protective coating. Outline how this process prevents corrosion of the iron pipes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium forms salts containing the perrhenate(VII) ion, ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> for this isotope.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the basis of these predictions.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A scientist wants to investigate the catalytic properties of a thin layer of rhenium </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">metal on a graphite surface.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe an electrochemical process to produce a layer of rhenium on graphite.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict <strong>two</strong> other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to have, given its position in the periodic table.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the coefficients required to complete the half-equation.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + ____H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + ____e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + ____H<sub>2</sub>O (l) E<sup>θ</sup> = +0.36 V</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, whether the reduction of ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> to [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> would oxidize Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> in aqueous solution. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of ammonia molecules in the solution with pH = 9.3. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An aqueous solution containing high concentrations of both NH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> acts as an acid-base buffer solution as a result of the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>Referring to this equilibrium, outline why adding a small volume of strong acid would leave the pH of the buffer solution almost unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium salts form slightly acidic solutions owing to equilibria such as:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Mg<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> Mg(OH)<sup>+ </sup>(aq) + H<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Comment on the role of Mg<sup>2+</sup> in forming the Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> ion, in acid-base terms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> is a complex ion, but Mg is not regarded as a transition metal. Contrast Mg with manganese, Mn, in terms of one characteristic chemical property of transition metals, other than complex ion formation.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img 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" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is set up between the Fe<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) | Fe (s) and Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) | Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) half-cells.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation and the cell potential of the spontaneous reaction. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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" width="651" height="204"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The figure shows an apparatus that could be used to electroplate iron with zinc. Label the figure with the required substances.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why, unlike typical transition metals, zinc compounds are not coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals like iron can form complex ions. Discuss the bonding between transition metals and their ligands in terms of acid-base theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAADDCAYAAAD9eZzfAAATEElEQVR4Ae3df2ycdR0H8M8aJIQsCwQiMN1o4ZYlG0wy8Q/8w80fkCwIdYgjIAgSBUUSg4B/wMbAGlF+yB8qRCHQwcBMETcwEIckhSCaqEuUYbK00AKhjmQYUpplWcKdubYHj9DbcaTfy57vvfrPPb1+e5/n8/p82907d083r1ar1cIHAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEPqBAzwdcZxkBAgQIECBAgAABAgSmBA5pOFR6+xqHbgkQIECAAAECBAgQIDCrwMjYaMwrvp2pHiTqd/ogQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAUaCYFbydqSjjmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBQQIloSWUCAAAECBAgQIECAQFFAiChqOCZAgAABAgQIECBAoKWAENGSyAICBAgQIECAAAECBIoCQkRRwzEBAgQIECBAgAABAi0FhIiWRBYQIECAAAECBAgQIFAUECKKGo4JECBAgAABAgQIEGgpIES0JLKAAAECBAgQIECAAIGigBBR1HBMgAABAgQIECBAgEBLASGiJZEFBAgQIECAAAECBAgUBYSIooZjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCggRLYksIECAAAECBAgQIECgKCBEFDUcEyBAgAABAgQIECDQUkCIaElkAQECBAgQIECAAAECRQEhoqjhmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBTIIkRUd/8tNq/vj0pvX1R6l8eZ6x+KHbv3F5rfH7t3PBQb1iwvrLk3/rBjd1QLqxwSIECAAAECBAgQINBaoPQhojq+Na5cc2+8fdEDMTI2GiM7H4nLYkusu/yhGJ5JCNXxx+MHF26JuGAwnn1pNEZeeipu+uhf4roL74pnJsSI1tvECgIECBAgQIAAAQLvCpQ8ROyJZ+68I54987xYu3TBdFfzl0b/96+K84fvi/uf2RMR++LF7Q/H9iVr42tf/VQcW++459g49cpr4uolz8VTO/77roYjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCpQ7REzsjKceiej/wkkxEyGmG16wOgb+/XQMrD46IibjtZFX4/CTe+OYYrc9R8XxJ++PbX/aGRP176ruik39y6PSP/jOKxgt9SwgQIAAAQIECBAg0IUCxafVpWu/+vpY7Ny7KCoLxmNocH2cOXVNxGlx2R1PxvBk471Mb8TLz9dfkZj9Y+/zY/F6fWnP0rh42wsxsu2SWFJqldn7dC8BAgQIECBAgACBuRIo8dPlaky+Nhovxqvxm+tvjqHeK+Kx+jURY3+Mq498JM6/9tEYr4eDyf/EyPDeufLyOAQIECBAgAABAgS6XqDEIaIxuz1x6Hk3xg2rF8Z0Mwti6TnnxZqn74i7pq6JaKxzS4AAAQIECBAgQIDAXAhkECKOjpN6j5oJEDMk84+LypK3YufYG1GdOj58Lqw8BgECBAgQIECAAAEC9SsByqvQEwtWfjb6W+WDqQuo6xdYz/7xvguuZ1/mXgIECBAgQIAAAQIEZgRKHCIiYv4Jceqqwl9Yaox16jqIvli14pjoifnxscqieOcC6saaav2C67fixMpxMb9xn1sCBAgQIECAAAECBFoKlDtE9Hw8Pv/NC2LR5p/FvTvenG62ujv+PvhgPLHqolh3yhERcViceMa5ccbwL+PW+1+Iyfqq+pqf3xa3D58V3z1nSZlfjmk5YAsIECBAgAABAgQIzLVAuUNE/XWGld+JLU9+K+LONVGp/4nXE9bGr95eF7++9exYONNdz8LPxVV3Xh7HbFkXp0ytOS0u/deyGNj87fjMgplF/p+Iud5bHo8AAQIECBAgQCBTgXm1Wq3W6K3+JHxkbLTxqVsCBAgQIECAAAECBAhMCRSzQslfiTBRAgQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi2QVYioDg/G2t6+WLF+KCaaSVZ3xab+5VFZtjGGJqpNVu2L4cELo9K7KjYM7WmyJiL3esEqIuyF+g9A7ntdf/UhH4y/G+29qX+ADsrZ+N3od+PM0yP7c/rHdM6eg864luBmXq1WqzXOs9LbFyNjo41P3RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQGBKoJgVsnolwnwJECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvkFmI2B/jW6+KFcs2xtBEtaledXxrXLFsVWwY2tN0jS8QIECAAAECBAgQIDC7QFYhojr+ePzwuq2xd/Zep++tvhKPDfwkth9w0YEewNcIECBAgAABAgQIdLdAPiFi8oV44IZfxMvHLz7ARCdi1/03x8DYkXHiAVb5EgECBAgQIECAAAECzQUyCRFvxo67b4jbP/L1uPori5p0W43JHZvie7ccFtdfc3Yc/t5V1V2xqX95VPoHY7j5O6He+10+J0CAAAECBAgQINB1AhmEiHo4eCA23L04BjZ8MRY162jyH3HP9Q/H8T+6Ks5afNj7B92zNC7e9kKMbLskljR7jPd/l3sIECBAgAABAgQIdJ1A+Z8uT4WD5+L0zRujf+GhTQZYf6Xip/HkGbfFLV9aHOVvukmb7iZAgAABAgQIECDQAYFDOlAjXYnqK7Ht2mumwsGWlUdExL5ZatX/YtNNccn2T8fgbz8Z8yPCu5VmYXIXAQIECBAgQIAAgQ8oUOIQsT/GH70jNoydG4O3ToeD2Xqe/otNr8SlmzfGyvleg5jNyH0ECBAgQIAAAQIE2hGYV6vVao1vqPT2xcjYaOPTg/u2fiH02nNi4J/N/lbr4XHyjQ/Gj+O2OPPGPzfv5RMb44nfuw6iOZCvECBAgAABAgQIEIgoZoXyhohZJ7kvhge/EWtuOTHu+evGWL1g9lceqsOD8eXT74uTBn8XA6uPnvWR3EmAAAECBAgQIECAwLsCxRAx+7Psd9c6IkCAAAECBAgQIECAwP8JCBENDv9PREPCLQECBAgQIECAAIEDCmT2dqYD9uqLBAgQIECAAAECBAh8SAFvZ/qQcL6NAAECBAgQIECAAIHw/67ZBAQIECBAgAABAgQItCfgmoj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLCBFdvwUAECBAgAABAgQIEGhPQIhoz8tqAgQIECBAgAABAl0vIER0/RYAQIAAAQIECBAgQKA9ASGiPS+rCRAgQIAAAQIECHS9gBDR9VsAAAECBAgQIECAAIH2BISI9rysJkCAAAECBAgQIND1AkJE128BAAQIECBAgAABAgTaExAi2vOymgABAgQIECBAgEDXCwgRXb8FABAgQIAAAQIECBBoT0CIaM/LagIECBAgQIAAAQJdLyBEdP0WAECAAAECBAgQIECgPQEhoj0vqwkQIECAAAECBAh0vYAQ0fVbAAABAgQIECBAgACB9gSEiPa8rCZAgAABAgQIECDQ9QJCRNdvAQAECBAgQIAAAQIE2hMQItrzspoAAQIECBAgQIBA1wsIEV2/BQAQIECAAAECBAgQaE9AiGjPy2oCBAgQIECAAAECXS8gRHT9FgBAgAABAgQIECBAoD0BIaI9L6sJECBAgAABAgQIdL2AENH1WwAAAQIECBAgQIAAgfYEhIj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLZBUiqsODsba3L1asH4qJZqOt7opN/cujsmxjDE1Um6zaF8ODF0ald1VsGNrTZE1E7vWCVUTYC/UfgNz3uv7qQz4Yfzfae1P/AB2Us/G70e/GmadH9uf0j+mcPQedcS3BzbxarVZrnGelty9GxkYbn7olQIAAAQIECBAgQIDAlEAxK2T1SoT5EiBAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawE5tVqtVq9o0pvX1aNaYYAAQIECBAgQIAAgbkXGBkbjXdCxNw/vEckQIAAAQIECBAgQCBHAW9nynGqeiJAgAABAgQIECCQUECISIjroQkQIECAAAECBAjkKCBE5DhVPREgQIAAAQIECBBIKPA/e1wPFjlFBjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for its convergence limit.</p>
<p>Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromine can form the bromate(V) ion, BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of a bromine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the orbital diagram of the <strong>valence shell</strong> of a bromine atom (ground state) on the energy axis provided. Use boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw two Lewis (electron dot) structures for BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the preferred Lewis structure based on the formal charge on the bromine atom, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, using the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion and the O−Br−O bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions act as oxidizing agents in acidic conditions to form bromide ions.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equation for this reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions oxidize iron(II) ions, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, to iron(III) ions, Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for this redox reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, in J, of the redox reaction in (ii), using sections 1 and 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup> (BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> / Br<sup>−</sup>) = +1.44 V</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the magnetic property of iron(II) and iron(III) ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The overall equation for the production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + NH<sub>3</sub> (g) +<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>O<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCN (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why NH<sub>3</sub> is a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ammonia.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> = 4.75 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify whether a 1.0 dm<sup>3</sup> solution made from 0.10 mol NH<sup>3</sup> and 0.20 mol HCl will form a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the shape of one sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>) and one pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>) bond.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds in HCN.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the hybridization of the carbon atom in HCN.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why hydrogen chloride, HCl, has a lower boiling point than hydrogen cyanide, HCN.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metal cyanide complexes are coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which complex ion [Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> or [Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> absorbs higher energy light. Use section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> forms a green solution. Estimate a wavelength of light absorbed by this complex, using section 17 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur tetrafluoride, SF<sub>4</sub>, and sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as shown.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAiUAAAGVCAYAAAAhT4EDAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dT6glyXXm385LGe/ewmjRYC/UIEzTG238MKY2jZE22ghchqaxFjIWGPrhXghrUwhcuM24BwYED3cZjMaIhw3GoC4oZIaCcaNiekCIolYW002BEUVTFG7TNEUM380890XGPZnxJyMyIjO/hMe9GRkZf37nxIkvIzPvOzPcSIAESIAESIAESKABAmcNtIFNIAESIAESIAESIAFDUUInIAESIAESIAESaIIARUkTZmAjSIAESIAESIAEKEroAyRAAiRAAiRAAk0QoChpwgxsBAmQAAmQAAmQAEUJfYAESIAESIAESKAJAhQlTZiBjSABEiABEiABEqAooQ+QAAmQAAmQAAk0QYCipAkzsBEkQAIkQAIkQAIUJfQBEiCBJAJnZ2dG/pIK4EkkQAIk4BCgKHGAcJcESCCMgAgSfHIjARIggRwEGE1yUGQZJLBDAhQlOzQ6u0wChQlQlBQGzOJJYKsEKEq2aln2iwTqEaAoqceeNZNAMwS+eHTXvHL72jyNaBFFSQQsZiUBEggiQFEShImZSGDbBChKtm1f9o4E1kKAomQtlmI7SaAgAYqSgnBZNAmQQDABipJgVMxIAtslQFGyXduyZySwJgIUJWuyFttKAlkIfGGeXn/7+Bsj9rMhg++v3DWPvhiv0M47notHSIAESCCcAEVJOCvmJIHNEuBKyWZNy46RwKoIUJSsylxsLAmUIUBRUoYrSyUBEogjQFESx4u5SWCTBChKNmlWdooEVkeAomR1JmODSSA/AYqS/ExZIgmQQDwBipJ4ZjyDBEjAmMGDsgRCAiRAAjkIUJTkoMgySGCHBPj2zQ6Nzi6TQGECFCWFAbN4EtgqAYqSrVqW/SKBegQoSuqxZ80ksGoCFCWrNh8bTwJNEqAoadIsbBQJtE+AoqR9G7GFJLA2AhQla7MY20sCjRCgKGnEEGwGCWyIAEXJhozJrpDAkgQoSpakzbpIYB8EKEr2YWf2kgSyE6AoyY6UBZLA7glQlOzeBQiABNIIUJSkceNZJEAC4wQoSsbZ8AgJkMAEAYqSCTg8RAIkkESAoiQJG08iARKIESV2XnznRgIkQAIaAUYHjQrTSIAEvARsoeHLbOelKPHR4nES2C8BipL92p49J4FZBGyh4SvIzktR4qPF4ySwXwIUJfu1PXtOArMI2ELDV5Cdl6LER4vHSWC/BChK9mt79pwEZhGwhYavIDsvRYmPFo+TwH4JUJTs1/bsOQnMImALDV9Bdl6KEh8tHieB/RKgKNmv7dlzEphFwBYavoLsvOOi5Avz9Prbxs17sv/KXfPoC1+NPE4CJLBGAhQla7Qa20wCDRCwxYKvOXZefOdGAiRAAhoBRgeNCtNIgAS8BGyh4cts56Uo8dHicRLYLwGKkv3anj0ngVkEbKHhK8jOS1Hio8XjJLBfAhQl+7U9e04CswjYQsNXkJ2XosRHi8dJYL8EKEr2a3v2nARmEbCFhq8gOy9FiY8Wj5PAfglQlOzX9uw5CcwiYAsNX0F2XooSHy0eJ4H9EqAo2a/t2XMSmEXAFhq+guy8FCU+WjxOAvslQFGyX9uz5yQwi4AtNHwF2XkpSny0eJwE9ktgtaLEDXLcP/P/6NQZ89BPyviAL4SSexnu5EquKT7gG681j69alNQEx7pJYO8E7GDoY2HnxXduJEACdQi0Pv5WGx1aB1vH3VgrCSxHwBYavlrtvBy7Plo8TgLlCLQ+/ihKytmeJZPApgnYQsPXUTtv60HR1xceJ4E1E2h9/FGUrNm72HYSqEjAFhq+Zth5Ww+Kvr7wOAmsmUDr44+iZM3exbaTQEUCttDwNcPO23pQ9PWFx0lgzQRaH38UJWv2LradBCoSsIWGrxl23taDoq8vPE4CaybQ+vijKFmzd7HtJFCRgC00fM2w87YeFH194XESWDOB1scfRcmavYttJ4GKBGyh4WuGnbf1oOjrC4+TwJoJtD7+KErW7F1sOwlUJGALDV8z7LytB0VfX3icBNZMoPXxR1GyZu9i20mgIgFbaPiaYedtPSj6+sLjJLBmAq2PP4qSNXsX204CFQnYQsPXDDtv60HR1xceJ4E1E2h9/FGUrNm72HYSqEjAFhq+Zth5Ww+Kvr7wOAmsmUDr44+iZM3exbaTQEUCttDwNcPO23pQ9PWFx0lgzQRaH38UJWv2LradBCoSsIWGrxl23taDoq8vPE4CaybQ+vijKFmzd7HtJFCRgC00fM2w87YeFH194XESWDOB1scfRcmavYttJ4GKBGyhUbEZrJoESCCCAEVJBKyYrK2DjekL85LAGglQlKzRamzz3gm0PndypWTvHsr+k0AiAYqSRHA8jQQqEqAoKQS/dbCFus1iSaAZAhQlzZiCDSGBYAKtz51cKQk2JTOSAAnYBChKbBr8TgLrIEBRUshOrYMt1G0WSwLNEKAoacYUbAgJBBNofe7kSkmwKZmRBEjAJkBRYtPgdxJYBwGKkkJ2ah1soW6zWBJohgBFSTOmYENIIJhA63MnV0qCTcmMJEACNgGKEpsGv5PAOghQlBSyU+tgC3WbxZJAMwQoSpoxBRtCAsEEWp87uVISbEpmJAESsAlQlNg0+J0E1kGAoqSQnVoHW6jbLJYEmiFAUdKMKdgQEggm0PrcyZWSYFMyIwmQgE2AosSmwe8ksA4CFCWF7NQ62ELdZrEk0AwBipJmTMGGkEAwgdbnTq6UBJuSGUmABGwCFCU2DX4ngXUQoCgpZKfWwRbqNoslgWYIUJQ0Ywo2hASCCbQ+d3KlJNiUzEgCJGAToCixafA7CayDAEVJITu1DrZQt1ksCTRDgKKkGVOwISQQTKD1uZMrJcGmZEYSIAGbAEWJTYPfSWAdBChKCtmpdbCFus1iSaAZAhQlzZiCDSGBYAKtz51cKQk2JTOSAAnYBChKbBr8TgLrIEBRUshOrYMt1G0WSwLNEKAoacYUbAgJBBNofe7kSkmwKZmRBEjAJkBRYtPgdxJYBwGKkkJ2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTT8kQSIAESIAESWBcBipJC9modbKFus1gSIAESIAESSCbQ+tzJlZJk0/JEEiABEiABElgXAYqSQvZqHWyhbrNYEiABEiABEkgm0PrcyZWSZNPyRBIgARIgARJYFwGKkkL2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTT8kQSIAESIAESWBcBipJC9modbKFus1gSIAESIAESSCbQ+tzJlZJk0/JEEiABEiABElgXAYqSQvZqHWyhbrNYEiABEiABEkgm0PrcyZWSZNPyRBIgARIgARJYFwGKkkL2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTT8kQSIAESIAESWBcBipJC9modbKFus1gSIAESIAESSCbQ+tzJlZJk0/JEEiABEiABElgXAYqSQvZqHWyhbrNYEiABEiABEkgm0PrcyZWSZNPyRBIgARIgARJYFwGKkkL2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTT8kQSIAESIAESWBcBipJC9modbKFus1gSIAESIAESSCbQ+tzJlZJk0/JEEiABEiABElgXAYqSQvZqHWyhbrNYEiABEiABEkgm0PrcyZWSZNPyRBIgARIgARJYFwGKkkL2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTT8kQSIAESIAESWBcBipJC9modbKFus1gSIAESIAESSCbQ+tzJlZJk0/JEEiABEiABElgXAYqSQvZqHWyhbrNYEiABEiABEkgm0PrcyZWSZNPyRBIgARIgARJYFwGKkkL2ah1soW6zWBIgARIgARJIJtD63MmVkmTTtnPis2fPzJMnTwZ/H3/8cTsNbKQlYOJy+uyzzxppHZtBAmUIuD6Pffr9kDV4aJyGubaxR1FSyI6tgy3U7WOxECL37t0zX//6183rr79u3n777cEf0vD33nvvHQbb8cSdffnoo4/MnTt3DPwFrFxOkn59fc1AvTPf2HJ3Hz58ePT7t956S/V7pH/wwQe79XsIEXACB8QBl5Odjnxb2VqfO7lSsjJPw0CCGIFjQXBMrYjgGPKKaIGQ2cuGviOoQIgg8E71HcIFLMEJ4oQbCayVAK724fP4w0Q6tSICv4dIh99jjOxpQ98lLk5xsoULmOK8tW8UJYUs2DrYEt3GRIuBgSv/qUnWrVuEDAbhFgaV2z93HwEW/hErMETIQMxMBXO3Pu6TQAsE5AIkVmCIkIFA2brfo39yARIbC0XI4Pw1b63PnVwpWYl3YcKce0Ujg2pLS5Gu+STggFfqJmXECL/UungeCeQgAJ+FmE71e0zWuNjZsiBHH9G/OX2UMsBqrRtFSSHLtQ42Z7cxOUKQ5BATCFpgh6ujrW3gA06pgdnmIUEeQYgbCbRMACuCcyZau2/we6yYbHHLNaZFmKC8NW6tz51cKVmBVyFIYGnWv31uPrn+jnnl8oF5PpEZy7u4DbSlCVeE27jYem6e3H/X3D4/O4iys7Nb5vLqgXny4uUoqXDuo0XwAAkUJQB/nxTiL5+aR+9fmosz+P25ubi8Mg+ejEcHmXBjb30W7WSGwmWVOCjmvfyluX7zVXM+EUdRDrjH3gLK0JXZRVCUzEaoF9A6WL3V8am4+g8TEJ+bpw++fwg+U4NJWoAJd0uBZ1pAdGLt/OIdc90H5JdPH5p3b79qzt+8Np+M6BIROryNI17Dz9YIwO/HnyH51Dy6+4Y5v/3fzYdPPzfGPDePr9405+ffMdefYF/fsNKICXcrfh8nIPpYcXY2KUpADoIEsXltW+tzJ1dKGvcoLMt6b9u8eGLu333HfO/+T8wPb517BxO6LFdYQVcOjTMS8TDal5ePzdWtV8ytq8fG1h8vn1yZW2ffNFdP/mu0h1ihWusy7WineGATBDCGJyfF5w/M5flr5vLBr276e0g7PxkLNxm6b/D5rVy0IH5CvIVsLz+5Nm++8jVz8bWwOBoUn0MqXjAPRUkh2K2DzdFtuWKZLutX5sHlLXP76ufmxWHyDRtMKHONA0pjkSocOlHiBG2nAgiePfia023uroBAknAIFCVewbMCPtLE4Dh3uG1zYd788T8HX9zFCB5pT+3P1uMZV0pqe8hE/ViW9V+lf27+4+mzbgUgUpSElT/RwEYOIejE39t9aZ4/eMece1ZK0EWUjyDNjQRaIjD5LInW0JdPzYfv3jbnF++aRxPPUsmp0eXLiQ19YvUUk/DoKuqxrf3zeLid+wVWVsMu7qT8YzEr+EJRUshIrYPN0W0IkvH7xUoNkaIEEy0m3LVvYUHH6WXAw2xyBlZitrKULX3i57oJxE2GIsDxsOstc3n92LwI6D5ueXhvHQeUUzNLaIzrbtv0z9pExtG1XbS0PndypaTmiPHUjaAQdYUeOZjiApunsRUPxw8yefA17IoRgoSipKKBWfUJAcSF0OckBie/+Lm5uv2aubj7oVeYbMHvsYLq5SS3ba5/mbTiHB2nBwZZfic+Xi7bRoqSZXlH1Rbt7JGiBI1p3UF9wEKvhG7K6d9S8ryBcJPfHAQJRYlNhN9rE0gWJaZfNTl/xzx4bj/2fdqjLYgSfx+s2zaCIzKORsfpU9SLprQe8ylKFnWHuMqinT1yMG1hpSSuD8/Nk+t3zMX5m+bq8fhvNbhW8gc29wzuk0BZArNFScCzVFvwe+9KSR8zMVGrfwHiLTpOl3UNb+kUJV5EaRlaB5vWq+FZfKZkyGNsD74AcTK5vfzEPHjnljmLFCQok8+UTJLlwQoEQt4K019571dKAh52xWS7hWdK0I+oLfLijs+URNH1ZuZKiRdRvQzRb8dEDqbo8uuhmKwZQWH67ZvuR6TOzt4wdx99OlmWdnBtQUfrA9O2R8D7dszhWYnXzMU7983T/tZE96OBF+ZNeX5iAou3/IlzWzkkK6neixa7wRFxVMq3T2/9e+sX9BQlDXtQ2O+UWB2IGEw4C5Pt2q+E0A/f75R0V4wjy7Nn0z8kFXJFalmAX0lgMQJBv1Py4ol5cCU/M39mzi4uzfuPng5+RFBrMG4PTf4wm3ZSo2nRcS4ijvJ3SvIbnaIkP9OsJUYPqMDaRfBEXUEElr10Nu8vus5oEO6r+38rZkYFPJUEEgmUFA5Bgiex3UufVlI4lIrPJRlxpaQQ3dbB5uo2BlTY/76JqxH3WTHhbmVDf7BiknMTsYNPbiTQIgFMilG/ZRTQCblg2Yrf48ILt6Ig4nJuuGW8xtWk1udOrpTk9NJCZeWecEsJnULdDypWBETOwJObe1BHmIkEIgjA33M++4EJHEJnSxcswJk75onQmX6WLcKQC2alKCkEu3WwObstEy4G1twNV0Fgl3PyntumXOeDT64AjeVrBOct3N7KxZfltEkAAiKXr4rft9nTea2Svs0d0yLcUN4at9bnTq6UrMSrZEl1zlItVD0m7RziplVsCBRzhYmUsZXl61ZtxXblIyATbqrPYqKVMuZO2vl6lbckERNzBJxdRt7WLVcaRUkh1q2DLdFtCBPcw7xz546JCT4YSHjeYuuCRJhDuME/YpegwRcBa07QkjbwkwSWJiBjPPbCBaum8HncrtyqIBFboH8QX4ijsavFclGH89e8tT53cqVkZd4lgwqOhcGBiXRsg3DBxAwxgoATI2TGylxLuggMBB8E6am+I9iAJTjFCpm18GA790EAEy18Hn9YEZ0SGfB7xAX4fayQWTtNudWL/k9xAj8cRz4wBbO1bxQlhSzYOthC3T4Wi0kWV0YYKCI6MHDkT9Ix2cZeERwr2cAXBBGsLMFfwET4yKekQ4xMBfANoGAXdkQAE6n4vayCYN/2e6RDjOzV70VwgAPigHASRnY6eG5la33u5ErJBjwNAgXCAxMw/vB9agVlA11O6gK44A8BRr5PraAkVcKTSKAxAuLrECDyfa9CZMw04CFs7PiwRU4UJWNeMDO9dbAzu8fTSYAESIAESCA7gdbnTq6UZDc5CyQBEiABEiCBNglQlBSyS+tgC3WbxZIACZAACZBAMoHW506ulCSblieSAAmQAAmQwLoIUJQUslfrYAt1m8WSAAmQAAmQQDKB1udOrpQkm5YnkgAJkAAJkMC6CFCUFLJX62ALdZvFkgAJkAAJkEAygdbnTq6UJJuWJ5IACZAACZDAughQlBSyV+tgC3VbLRYstD81844TyWjHxt9x1+n3YcbfCyf0s+Wt7dZNkGsd7ETTsx/SBhP5nGLWOJ3mYgoJbIsA/T7Mnnvh1PrcQFES5q9N59IGU+uOVwOoxqlGO1gnCSxJgH4fRnsvnFqfGyhKwvy16VzaYGrd8WoA1TjVaAfrJIElCdDvw2jvhVPrcwNFSZi/Np1LG0ytO14NoBqnGu1gnSSwJAH6fRjtvXBqfW6gKAnz16ZzaYOpdcerAVTjVKMdrJMEliRAvw+jvRdOrc8NFCVh/tp0Lm0wte54NYBqnGq0g3WSwJIE6PdhtPfCqfW5gaIkzF+bzqUNptYdrwZQjVONdrBOEliSAP0+jPZeOLU+N1CUhPlr07m0wdS649UAqnGq0Q7WSQJLEqDfh9HeC6fW5waKkjB/bTqXNphad7waQDVONdrBOklgSQL0+zDae+HU+txAURLmr03n0gZT645XA6jGqUY7WCcJLEmAfh9Gey+cWp8bKErC/LXpXNpgat3xagDVONVoB+skgSUJ0O/DaO+FU+tzA0VJmL82nUsbTK07Xg2gGqca7WCdJLAkAfp9GO29cGp9bqAoCfPXpnNpg6l1x6sBVONUox2skwSWJEC/D6O9F06tzw0UJWH+2nQubTC17ng1gGqcarSDdZLAkgTo92G098Kp9bmBoiTMX5vOpQ2m1h2vBlCNU412sE4SWJIA/T6M9l44tT43UJSE+WvTubTB1Lrj1QCqcarRDtZJAksSoN+H0d4Lp9bnBoqSMH9tOpc2mFp3vBpANU412sE6SWBJAvT7MNp74dT63EBREuavTefSBlPrjlcDqMapRjtYJwksSYB+H0Z7L5xanxsoSsL8telc2mBq3fFqANU41WgH6ySBJQnQ78No74VT63MDRUmYvzadSxtMrTteDaAapxrtYJ0ksCQB+n0Y7b1wan1uoCgJ89emc2mDqXXHqwFU41SjHayTBJYkQL8Po70XTq3PDRQlYf7adC5tMLXueDWAapxqtIN1ksCSBOj3YbT3wqn1uYGiJMxfm86lDabWHa8GUI1TjXawThJYkgD9Poz2Xji1PjdQlIT5a9O5tMHUuuPVAKpxqtEO1kkCSxKg34fR3gun1ucGipIwf206lzaYWne8GkA1TjXawTpJYEkC9Psw2nvh1PrcsGpRojkR086MMAgbivvJJVz4eeMjZLFPFvsZ9eE93dNYCKeyfM7VipLlUbVb49hgarfFdVqmcarTEtZKAssRoN+HsSanME6lc1GUlCa8QPnaYEIatyEBjdMwB/dIYHsE6PdhNiWnME6lc3HmKk14gfK1wYQ0bkMCGqdhDu6RwPYI0O/DbEpOYZxK5+LMVZrwAuVrgwlp3IYENE7DHNwjge0RoN+H2ZScwjiVzsWZqzThBcrXBhPSuA0JaJyGObhHAtsjQL8Psyk5hXEqnYszV2nCC5SvDSakcRsS0DgNc3CPBLZHgH4fZlNyCuNUOhdnrtKEFyhfG0xI4zYkoHEa5uAeCWyPAP0+zKbkFMapdC7OXKUJL1C+NpiQxm1IQOM0zME9EtgeAfp9mE3JKYxT6VycuUoTXqB8bTAhjduQgMZpmIN7JLA9AvT7MJuSUxin0rk4c5UmvED52mBCGrchAY3TMAf3SGB7BOj3YTYlpzBOpXNx5ipNeIHytcGENG5DAhqnYQ7ukcD2CNDvw2xKTmGcSufizFWa8ALla4MJadyGBDROwxzcI4HtEaDfh9mUnMI4lc7Fmas04QXK1wYT0rgNCWichjm4RwLbI0C/D7MpOYVxKp2LM1dpwguUrw0mpHEbEtA4DXNwjwS2R4B+H2ZTcgrjVDoXZ67ShBcoXxtMSOM2JKBxGubgHglsjwD9Psym5BTGqXQuzlylCS9QvjaYkMZtSEDjNMzBPRLYHgH6fZhNySmMU+lcnLlKE16gfG0wIY3bkIDGaZiDeySwPQL0+zCbklMYp9K5OHOVJrxA+dpgQhq3IQGN0zAH90hgewTo92E2JacwTqVzceYqTXiB8rXBhDRuQwIap2EO7pHA9gjQ78NsSk5hnErn4sxVmvAC5WuDCWnchgQ0TsMc3COB7RGg34fZlJzCOJXOxZmrNOEFytcGE9K4DQlonIY5uEcC2yNAvw+zKTmFcSqdizNXacILlK8NJqRxGxLQOA1zcI8EtkeAfh9mU3IK41Q6F2eu0oQXKF8bTEjjNiSgcRrm4B4JbI8A/T7MpuQUxql0Ls5cpQkvUL42mJDGbUhA4zTMwT0S2B4B+n2YTckpjFPpXJy5ShNeoHxtMCGN25CAxmmYg3skkJ/Aw4cPzfX1tfnggw/MZ599lr8CT4n0ew+g/nALnOAf8BP4y0cffRTW8I3l4sy1AYNqgwlp3IYENE7DHNwjgXwEMMG89dZbxva79957L18FgSXZ9cv3wFN3lU3Y2J9LA3j77bcH/nLnzp0qQnbpftv1ceayaaz0uz2I7O8r7U6xZtts5HuxyljwrgnYggQTy7NnzwwECfxu6U183f5cug1rqM/mI9+XbDd8BPXeu3fPfPzxx0YECvxnT9vyI2RPdBfqqwwg93Oh6ldTjcsH+9xIoAQBTCzwLyzFy4Yl+Ro+R78XC0x/1ub05MmTg3/gUzbxI/jOXjZG5Q1YWhtMNYJf6yg1Tq23me1bHwFc5cLX3CtcipK2bVk7PmiiBMRkxaTG80g1LEZRUoN65jq1wYQ0bkMCGqdhDu6RQB4CWIp3JxGKkjxsS5VSOz6MiRL4EfxpLxtnrg1YWhtMFCWnhtU4neZiCgmUIUBRUoZrrlJrx4cxUZKrf2sph6JkLZaaaKc2mChKToFpnE5zMYUEyhCgKCnDNVepteMDRUlnSYqSXB5dsRxtMFGUnBpE43SaiykkUIYARUkZrrlKrR0fKEo6S1KU5PLoiuVog4mi5NQgGqfTXEwhgTIEKErKcM1Vau34QFHSWZKiJJdHVyxHG0wUJacG0Tid5mIKCZQhQFFShmuuUmvHB4qSzpIUJbk8umI52mCiKDk1iMbpNBdTSKAMAYqSMlxzlVo7PlCUdJakKMnl0RXL0QYTRcmpQTROp7mYQgJlCFCUlOGaq9Ta8YGipLMkRUkuj65YjjaYKEpODaJxOs3FFBIoQ4CipAzXXKXWjg8UJZ0lKUpyeXTFcrTBRFFyahCN02kuppBAGQIUJWW45iq1dnygKOksSVGSy6MrlqMNJoqSU4NonE5zMYUEyhCgKCnDNVepteMDRUlnSYqSXB5dsRxtMFGUnBpE43SaiykkUIYARUkZrrlKrR0fKEo6S1KU5PLoiuVog4mi5NQgGqfTXEwhgTIEKErKcM1Vau34QFHSWZKiJJdHVyxHG0wUJacG0Tid5mIKCZQhQFFShmuuUmvHB4qSzpIUJf2/hsa/h17rpg0mipJTa2qcTnOtJwX9wUTHbR0EKEratlPt+EBR0vkHRQlFSduRImPragedjF05FEVRkpto2fIoSsrynVt67fhAUdJZkKKEomTuWF7N+bWDTm5QFCW5iZYtj6KkLN+5pdeODxQlnQUpSihK5o7l1ZxfO+jkBkVRkpto2fIoSsrynVt67fhAUdJZkKKEomTuWF7N+bWDTm5QFCW5iZYtj6KkLN+5pdeODxQlnQUpSnpR8tZbb8316Wrna4MJadyGBDROwxzr2kN/MNFxWwcBipK27VQ7PlCUdP7BmcuYQ2Bf8ySuDaY196dU6NI4lapriXLRH4qSJUjnqYOiJA/HUqXUjg8UJZ1lKUooSkqN8ebKrR10cgOhKLDbCC4AACAASURBVMlNtGx5FCVl+c4tvXZ8oCjpLEhRQlEydyyv5vzaQScnKAlgH330Uc5iWVZBAhQlBeFmKLp2fJAxjc89bxQlFCW78f/aQScnaAawnDSXKYuiZBnOqbXUjg8c053lKEooSlLH8OrOqx10cgJjAMtJc5myKEqW4ZxaS+34wDHdWY6ixBjzwQcfGDjks2fPUv256nnaYEIatyEBjdMwx3r2GMDWYytpKUWJkGjzs3Z84Jju/IIzlzFm7c6gDSaKktPAp3E6zbWOFDxLgv7Ad7mtgwBFSdt2qh0f1j4P5bIuRQlFSS5far6c2kEnJ6BaE1zOPuytrFo225Lfl/SZ2pwoSjrrUpRQlJQc502VXTvo5IRRa4LL2Ye9lVXLZlvy+5I+U5sTRUlnXYoSYw7PksAh8WzJGjdtMCGN25CAxmmYYz17tSa49RBqr6W1bLYlvy9p1dqcKEo663Lm6r0cDomgscZNG0xI4zYkoHEa5ljP3p07d8zXv/719TSYLa32y9Fb8vuSblSbE0VJZ13OXL2XwyEpSkoO+fpl1w46OQm8/fbbBn/c1kOAKyVt26p2fKAo6fyDoqQfJ/iHfGsN8tpgQhq3IQGN0zDHevYoStZjK2kpRYmQaPOzdnygKOn8gjNXPz7WHOS1wURRchr4NE6nudaRgr7cu3dvHY1lKw8EKEradoTa8YGipPMPipJ+nECUrPUevTaYkMZtSEDjNMyxnj30Za23G9dDOW9LKUry8sxdWu34QFHSWZQzV+/ZtQJGjoGlDSakcRsS0DgNc6xj7+OPPz78cNpa3xZbB+X8rawVY7bi9/ktMiyxNieKks4enLl6v5SA8dlnnw09dQV72mBCGrchAY3TMMc69hi81mEnt5USY9z00vtb8futc+K47izMmav39DX/bLcWdChKTkOYxuk0V/spDx8+PKyUYMWE23oIUJS0bava8YGipPMPipJ+nIhDQJysbdMGE0XJqRU1Tqe52k+pNbm1T6btFtay21b8vrR1a3OSOQife94oSnrr47YNnBKBY22bNpiQxm1IQOM0zLGOvffee8+8/vrr62gsW3kkQFFyRNHkl9rxgaKkcwvOXNbwgFOu8TVLbTAhjduQgMZpmGMde2t+fX0dhMu0kqKkDNdcpdaODxQlnSU5c1kevdZgrw0mihLLsP1XjdNprvZTsEqCn5nnti4CFCVt26t2fKAo6fyDosQaJ2v9fyLaYKIosQzbf9U4neZqPwX9WONtxvbJlm0hRUlZvnNLrx0fKEo6C1KUWJ4sQQP37Nf0ZoM2mJDGbUhA4zTM0fYennv60Y9+dHj26V//9V/bbixbd0JA4gs+l/zpgbX7/QnIQgk1OcEfvve97x3GNsTJnjfOXJb15VVLiBL8uqvmpEw7I5ezegz+4A/+gIHLGrNr+iqiBCuyjCP1xlCr7L/97W9zbBtjKEqsqCbLZ2t7LXhskP37v/+7+eu//murh8t9/elPf7pcZYE1aZwCT20mm0xszTSIDQkmUMt2KX5fMm58+umnBrGptS2FU84+yPzDlZKcVDdQFhwTwcPdfvd3f9dgMLWyoS0y8WuDCWnIUzK4tMIitB0ap9BzffmW8o+1Pvfk47eH41OiBP5Tahvz+7/9278drVJiy2iGDR4Y4+R2tZStKEo60lwpcTwOt23wFk7ohsE7NbghCkpcFaDMv/iLvzg0UxtMSNvbBhE2tsr13e9+V10yL80ot3/E+mfp/rH8cAJTokQrBT6rxY7YfxyqxQeMlam4pbVnLWmIAeifvSEO+/qrcbLLmPqew1YUJR3h/c1cU55lzOFVy5hBPzURoiptgHiaEH1YG0w+URIySCF6fAM5urEFT0AAd22HPkiA0jj5mgP7/eM//qMv2+jx3P6BPmgreaMN4IFmCMSKkjGBPZY+1tEUv9fK+vKXv6wlH9KweqAJqNETCh5AzJK2gFXoqs8cTmM2GUvXuk9R0lGhKHG8QwLHP/zDPzhH8u/CYWXCnFO6NpiQxs0cbl8JY42TjxFs5IoSXBW5ab5yUo67/iFBKybQpdTLc8oQkNiC0uFDOe2ISXjMJ1P8vgyB5UvF2BeB4qt9jNNStpLxjc89b5y5HOsjUMA5f/aznzlH8u9C0ecITNpgQlroFUL+npUpEaymrtZ8tWqcfOdoxxHkROhox3Oluf7xwQcfHHxzTa+r52KxhXJsUZK7P7lECcrBJLyGLfezHbnig4/dmK0oSjpyFCWOBz179uwQ+DEB+DZMkrkHMCYi/MVs2mBCGpy/9Ib+x7Z3rE0oa+xqb+ycmHSNU8z5sXlz+wdeVUcfuK2TQIwomXvrFL4ntzJj/R7n5tzm3Nr5oz/6oywXbiH9ieUkZeayFUVJR5QRTjzL+sTPeGMCWMumDSZOXqfW0zhJLqx85L7ykrJzfb711ltRD2Hnqpfl5CEQI0ry1NiVMuX3OetZa1kQPthqc6Io6TyIokQZSXj7Rq4ylMPNJWmDCWm5NrDItRqSo01oS8oqkMbJbo9cIY71NydTu97Q76h/jf8wMrR/W88noqTkaqDG0Of32jkpab43zVLK9J2TM05rnJa0FUVJZ+18M5fPe1Z0XILHnJ+CLn0rwsapDSakTW1YclzrBvGQ8kyHxqkWg1j/kIAlwqlWu1lvOgGJK6klYNJP+d2hHH6Pi4CWLkyEYcrFiZzrfubgJGWm2ErGOD73vE3PXDslI85RYgIocYtAG0xIm9rWLEqm+jV1TOM0lb/GsTH/kAkNzzxxWycBsWHO1oesFOTwe1wElIiHOVmEljXGLAenqTaM1SvnyLxDUSJE+HkkgBUSOCiCSO4tdWAjKMhVwZe+9KVBs7TBhLTSgWTu2z1zzxcI4CJsJE371Dhp+cbSXO5j+eakj/kHf8l1DtU2zhVRsuQtAfRc83vf2EtZkdEop6yupNaNGDA2frS2uWkapyVtRVHSWWT6ctq12o72W3uoEINjbHVDG0xIwyD1qfNUk0LwhJSNIDF29Y/zQ8SEr40IfCHBT+PkK7uV43j4GsKE23oJiCixezBnErXLmfqe4vepwsBtx1Q5iCHykKl93tQ5dj73O4TWHJ4+TnPKdtuq7VOUdFQoSjTvMObw9g2cFPf+W9+0wYS0mC3nqgqCA8prbdM4uW1E4AkVSujnEv6B3yVB20NeU3f7w/12CGiixDcBYxz5/NE3WYb4fSwl+D7+UraQC4iUcuecgzb5OJW2FUVJZ8G4mWuO1Vd27sOHDw9OGnp/Dw6rqX632wgwuW8DaIMJaTEbAluuYIEVnZyiJDX4uf3XOLl5wCBXfXbZc/yDP5pmk1zvd02U+HqDcTm2QopzEU98wjjE733tcI+j3tQx7hNRbl32PurNFafsctGmuZzm2oqipLNI3MxlW3Hj3+VH1BBIWt+0wYS0NW0IcGNXImO3f2L7p3GKLaNGfty2we0bbusmkCJKcvR4rX6Pvru3iBEnUp/zgJiZEjS1OVGUdN6+rpkrxwiNKAMDIuY/BkcUfcyKq5w5Vw4oSBtMSJMN5ade1UgZpT+nREmuujVOucouVQ7843d+53f4PEkpwAuWW1qUYEVFm7BT/X5qhWYpbHNjY0w7UznF1CF5NVtRlHR0bmYuocXPI4ElftY7h2DQBhPSZMPVAZY9t7qhbyH90zi1zuQnP/nJQXTyeZLWLeVvX2lRMtaCVL8vcRtzrI050tHeOSImlVOOtqMMipKO5M3MlYvshsqBg8NR5zh6SRy4isaVkTaYkLaXDaJLu0J0+69xcvOE7pe6t+3Wz+dJXCLr3XdFCfx2idgy5vc5VmlbsgZYzuE5xgl9XMJWFCWdN+1n5koYPfJ7JUv+tHfK8xPaYEIatyEBjdMwR/jeUqKEv08SbpPWc7qiBD5U6raqLThy+n3rjOe0b4rTEraiKOmsx5nL48X4vRLtYas5inyqypRytcGENN8WuzyLAJrSPmkHzsUVh7YhPbY9WjlTaRqnqfypx+ZysutFm9f0zyHttvP7kIArSoZHb/bGHvi+yRH3LZffY3yGjNHQfHYv3BiLY1j9HIsX9rmx38cuKFI45bQVRUlnSf/MFWvxjeWXQGL/vDecWhtEtbquDSakTW0pfUCQmPPw29RkjfbgL8eGcrRgpnHKUZ9bRgpbtwzsQ8ShzXOEoFYu0+oQkFjiqz3kVqSvDPt4Lr+HH4b4Ymg+u425v6MNWC3SNsQhjXEKJ60crc6QNIqSjtL0zBVCcuN51vDDVdpgQtqeNgQauYqrLUpycZcHref8Y8hcbWE58wmEipL5NQ1L0OLDMMc69jDGfRcuuBiRCxJfXrfXtTlRlHQW2dfM5Xph4D5WRcZ+4nvq6j+w+NnZtMGENJmkZ1cQWACWMmMDwVTRKC/kB+lQBuzgW8XROGn14yrrq1/9qnYoOm2Of0z5XXRDeEJ1Aq4o8fkGJlfkidm0lYxQv5d6UuqVc6c+MT5FMEzlGzuG2OKLaciTGoOmOC1hK4qSzvIUJWMjwEqfumKde0sD1WDi1YKJ1YTJr9pgQtrSt5jQh9ggOtmxzAc1TnOqsB8mHCsn1T/WsEI31mem6wRcUYLxMnaLASWkxAStvFi/D623lHjR6ZVPneK0hK0oSjobU5QE+DocEg6Ln55vcdMGE9JiN0ygWlCLLafV/BqnVtuKN77QXvtZplbbynaFEXBFSdhZ83P5/D51dUFEiW8VYX4P8pTg66ePU55WjJdCUdKxiZ+5xplu+kjN/9Lquy2iDSakzdkwgHP/j5457clxrsYpR7klysAqF9784rYdAq2KkpS3ZWyrIFbMuS1jl1XyOy4up27/1I4PFCWd9efNXCU9qLGyp27hlG4qBtPUbRFtMM0VJaX7VKN8jVONdvjq5K0bH6F1Hm9VlKyFpvb6LeJiLkFUOz5QlHSeSFESOCJbvoWjDaa1ixLfraSU53A0ToHmXzQbb90sinuxyihK5qHWxAdECWJFjq12fKAo6axIURLhzTG3cCBiltgwULXBtHZRMofd2HKyxmlOPXPOnfIP3rqZQ7bdc+eKEox1+HbsNuX3X/7yl4OKm7rtEVTAwpkwvmIf9J/iFNv8FFtRlHSUKUoivC30Fg4CR+yAiGjGIKus4MQMKPyU/dTtoEEFK9xB37RJP4YRuh2zGoOgHXrFNuUfvHWzQocLbPKUKMHrsprP2kXjeMq4jfV7u075HvpqPvLPfUZF6iz1ORabQzmVshVFSWdxipIIzxenae0tHG0wIS335rulkru+3OVpnHLVgQkjx9WkCF++dZPLMu2UMyVKSrYyxe/n+DLGgk9glexvatkpnFLr0s6T+QWfe97yz1wbp9ni0ro2mJCGwBC6PLtxsx26p3FK7TfYply1+uqLuUXoK4vH2yLgipKUf76Z0qMUv9ceKk2pWzunVcEyxWkJW1GUdN5CUaKNmom0Fh9C1AYT0mptGMAp975Lt1fjlFonlnDnXE1q9SJYo42trcRpbWVaPAFXlMz1H4jikHGW0+/dXqP+0NuWcq5P8GBs1dimOC1hK4qSzur1Zq4aXpehTiyrw3khTmI3PPyEv9Bt7NkI93xtMCEtdYttZ2o9S4sXjVNq20uc98d//McGKyXctknAFSVzewkRGzKBz/F7xIKpFcFQYaT1Fedq8XCuANDqCkmbw8lXfoitKEo6iukzl88KGz7+9ttvJ00esQMYVyG+qwpg1gYT0uwNg3/sAS87X+7v6EMrt5A0Tlp/wWrpwChiF8+UcNsmgdyiJJRSqN9r5WmiQcuXkjYmSlLKynHOHE456qco6SgOZ64cZHdQBpbX4cCtLLNrgwlpOTYszbZ6Dzi2fxonrQz0FwFzyU0mLLx9w22bBMTGS/cu1O/tdqWM+SWeu7DbOPUd4ze2DymcptoQe4yipCOWZ+aKpb+B/Fhmx4pJC5s2mJCGQTl3daSGKJkrCnC+9j98NE4t2A9taPEB6lbYbKUdqaIk5BbNFKMUv3fjBuJAyPMrU+1IPTY2nqeeZ8GxEG52nhRObp/s8txjvn2Kko4QRYnPU0aOaw+81vpfMdpgQho2DGh3wy2hOYPHLc/enysoUBaWjMcCIMr3XZGNXSVpnFAfeGgixu5Xju9j/oE+oW2trLzl6CvLOCXgipIxP3XPnHsLZczvtdjg1i37uJ05NiYlT8gnxlmuVUiUE/uQrSu2bLZjnNCvJWxFUdJ5EEVJyEhS8uR+BgCDPmaA2ZOzNpiQlnvD5O0LTBj0vjy52xVansYp9FwtHwJsTGDXykCaPKP02WefjWVh+gYIuKIE48SeFFO6qPkfxqCdrvk9Jtm5dY+1d+qiwW7X2PlT6WCWS9S49WicJM8StqIo6Wjnn7nEijv4vHPnzuGB15jJZGzAYrDGiBIbrzaYkJZ7gygpFRDG2orAiXpzbBqnHOXOKUPEbcrbXHPq5bnLE3BFSY4WhPzSaot+n9p3xINSFz2lOflsRVHSeUX+mSvV21Z4njjRBx98ENz6Em91aIMJaVvYIIJyBSGNU21G/AXX2hZYrv4SoiSk9S36fUi7l85Tm5PMJ/jc87aNmauiBbFU6t6nXLo52mBCGrchAY3TMMeye7JKwteAl+Veq7Y1iBLt9kjOC4PS7OfcHqodHyhKOu/gzDVzlNivB+dYBUFQiF0Z0AbTmCjB8mfoQ645+jMTb/Dp6JPvHrnGKbiCDBldnjJJ7f3KKAPaVRQh9h5r7NhtyrEHpMfKQTp8TW4XxPg9biG7fuq7tYx4NXZbeqqNJY7F3mJGXyXexnAqYSuKks4jKEoyjAxZLQmd7KeqxCBxg8JUfhzTBhPStC30qgf5cvRHa0OJNAQWtHlq0zhJ/pTAL+fKJ3iNBSvksXniOaSWXiuXPvCzHAGfKJlzlT/V6im/nzov1zFcLMjYtL/nKn9OOXbciOFUwlYUJZ0l9ZlrjpV3eC6eKYFDl3DUEJzaYELaEhsmWnuFwn3yf4k2hNahcQo9N3c+maC4SpKbbLvlic2XbmFtv7eFiP19Dodcb77ZbajNiaKks8YyM5dt+Q1+D7nqhSLPIVqwTCpXHYJSG0xI29IGfnOXiDVONRiF+EuNdrHOsgRyi5LQf9/Qit/npJsjlrrtKckpxFYUJZ1FtjVzuV624L4EnLErX9ySSX3l19cNbTAhjduQgMZpmGO4h1sxEEO5N5+v5K6P5bVBQOy+dGti/X7p9rVSX21OFCWdJ3DmyjQial79aoMJadyGBDROwxzDPVyNuatSwxzxezX9JL61PCMngTFRUuJWhN3uWL+3z5XvEOi5Vycg+NH3sW1q/OFc7YJhThtDOJW0FUVJ5wmcucZGREK6BJ2lfy5cG0xIG9twX9d+DmQsX450BAnfbRcEF18etAUBYWy1yX22RWu7xknLF5uGtocGQ/GRsRW12LqZfz0ExPZui7XJ1c0Tu48yZYzn8HuUl1ugo09T42bq+ROcp70QMHUO6vvqV786ijKEU0lbUZR0phmfuUZNxwNjBOQqeM7vlvje4NDq1gYT0ta0TQUn6cdUYJw6JudrnOTYEp/iH638I8cl+sw6bgiMiZKbHKffMMmmTIQQEDKmavv9aa/aSAFX+yJnLqe5tqIo6fxiXTNXG7482Qr7d0smMxpzCDZw5LmbNpiQxm1IQOOEHFjpSAn8w9Kn91DH3/zN3xze0uIqyTSrrR5NESWYNENXKMZWG8f8XuMMITN1S0U7Z61ptnBDH2I4aX2eayuKko4qZy7Nu2amye+W4Mp4asOgsJX6VF77GCZQexLVBhPScggeu96lv2N5NjQgh7RN4xRyXo488uutXCXJQXOdZaSIkhw91fx+ajXXji2++u3f3rHzTq0ayAqOnT/ke+mfG9A4hbQrVx6Kko4kRUkuj7LKwaCDgyMIuZt2H9TN49uHkLHL0QYT0lI2PNAmvwSpne87jnMQqGICm1ZPznKkfI2THAv5dMVgyDmS50/+5E8OPgFxwm2fBESUjK1oaFQwFu2x7uYJedV0rt+7ddr7YwJjLB3nIoa0smFMy8WbxmlJW1GUdF6RNnO14lENt0P+Hb07CU1N+Knd0QYT0mptU0G0VptQr8ZJ2oPAJMFJ0txPBNOUlS0JNvwfNy7Rfe2LKEntdeqbH1N+n9qWtZ2HFVdtfNu3cHJySrGVxAl87nmrN3NtnPrHH398mATv3LlTvKfaYEIatxsCuCLSON3kKPftrbfeOvykvO92XrkWsOQWCMwVJal9qOX3qe0tcd6YKLHrqs2JoqSzBmcu2yszf5d/Sx+rfGNXGrTBhDRuQwIap2GOuD37KmvsTPkXBPjktm8CmiiZekV1Li25tZPi91hVyHELdm4f5HzfrVP7NoycE/vp41TaVhQlncU4c8V6bkR+eQV06qEytzhMdDH5cb42mJCGDcuIsSLHbVONfdwqCQmKCJ6h96g1TlN9w31xbclXzgHXsQf9kEfsj5USbiSgiZIYKim3BFB+rN/jHPg+YlErG26bTt06RVtD4sVUf1I4jZWXYiuKko4mRcmYV2VKl1eEEZBKbdpgQtqaNwiN3EFR4zTFCIF5KhBOnYtjuHWHOmNXynzl8vg6CcwVJam9jvX71HrWfl5tThQlnQete+ZaySjAQ69wePeh11zN1wYT0mI3iICpp+Zjy2stv8apVBvBEfXdu3evVBUsd2UEtiBK7BUJrOhOrU5MrSKGmG7pWLRkfND6T1HSUYmfuTSaTJskUPo3KrTBhLSQDbcnZPBjVSAkkMTcMglpAwJdSL0hZU3l0ThN5U89hts2CNivv/764RZOajk8b1sEtiBKfLdRbItJXLHTYr4jJkyJnpiyJK97a9yOf0vFB2mL+0lR0hEJm7lcetyPJiABSXvgEYN3zq0KbTCFihIEmbnBIxqGcwL6HvpciHNq1K7GSQqI+T0COWfsE6sjqKs217H2Mb0OAYkBOWrHMwvahI10d5vyezfvnvdLcQq1FUVJ530UJQuOQnk1FK8L29vUQ52Y2Fx1b5+L79pgQloLGwKnFjxj2pbrQV2NU0w7QvJKYFniVfCQ9jBPOwRCRUnKQ5JTvYzxe4w1GW8Yt1MPek/VGXIMcS/2YmQsHiJ9zoUd2hvDSfqX01YSO/C5562NmWsnFpDfLsn9NoY2mJBmb/jRthpX7liCnfOwKPow9YNzKD80GGmcbEZzv8vbNrxtM5fkNs93RQkm/VDfnUMkxu/tNqFtbszAiuLci4w5fRk7d+rCbuwcN32Kk83FPS/XPkVJR3I4c+Wiy3JGCcjvViBA5dq0wYQ034aAk/O2ha++EscRjEIDu8YptU1awObbNqk093GeK0rs5xlKEsjh97iwaFGM5OQ2xWkJW1GUdNb0z1w5rc6yDgTkbZxcy3TaYELa2GYv0Y7lCU2Xpd7Q/DXzaZxS24MAbS9ti9jk2zapRLd/nitKlupxDr8PESXa8yy48HHTIeiXEDiow617inkOTlPl+45RlHSExmcuH0EeTyaQe5lfG0xIG9swWEODAgb12O0XlDH2vEvMbZWxds5NR9vs5WeNU0gdviXrUrflQtrGPOshMFeUpE7mMX6PMZ26emqPtSmrIN9SFzOhbUJ7YzhN9Q/HUmxFUdJRHZ+5fNR5fBYBccDQf2XvTrB25dpgQpp9JW/nX+J77ANsS7RJ4zS3Xvv1X/cB5rll8/xtEZgrSnBxkDKmS/j9EpbBBVHoxVNKe9wYlZNTiq1kTsDnnjeKkorWlyCFT982pfi1wYS0tWwIPF/60peKN1fjNPe3EOQ5EvxyLzcSmCIg430qT45jbqzQ/D5HPaXKQPux0jC1pUz6bnmuwKvBybYVRUlnofXMXK5HbWRfni/50z/90+SrAm0wIa31DUu4Y7eGtLZP3UrS8rtpGqeQAOiWI/syyfA5EiHCzykC4i9TeexjKc9+YTJvYbK1+4HvUyu9bl7EBN8KCfrpEy5uub59LT74zpHjOWxFUdLRbH/mEqtv9FOW/7/yla+YX/ziF0m91AbTkqIEE/vUa7tjncJ5MaJkrJzQdI3T2LkQQPZVjJsPx1Be6O0393zu749ArCjBxOybnEMoxvh9SHlbzTOHUw5bUZR0nkVR0sAIw7MI+G0LXE1ApHDLQwDCIfVqamoyoL3y2GdvpbiiZKmHPTXOGBcQ3lNb6AOvWJlZoi8Yz+4q0FT7MYbH+oj0mNiwRP8oSjprUpRMefWCx+TKGz+sFiJMkD80aPiu+rVu4iGwmACglTE3DfXjmY/UDSJvSlzELClLG2AbCEj88cFWocLPEAKuKJnj2yH1+fL4JuWpsWOX7ZaD2OE+RGrnl++ptzzk/Dmfbpt9ZS1hK4qSzgoUJT5vXPA4HpbEEmKrP1GOWy1jVx5jmDCYa4ubsbbFpkOQQDTCRggg3EgghoArStxzQyZy+xxM6qG3TSEwWhuHaFOo8LH7PfXd9/r+1Lkxx0rYiqKkswBFSYwnLpD3vffeO0x6+JQtdtlSzmvhE0En9qokpd0IzrGBIqYeW5DwTZsYcswrBHyipOQtAozBkuVLH/fyWYIlRUnnPRQlDY4iV5ggoECYcKtHQGyi/Zfneq1izWsi4BMla+oL25qfAEVJx5SiJL9vZSlRJsHSr5tC7OReQs0CoKFCxBb45EYCqQRElOA2SsqYw1hdYtVxqn+4hVtyRXKq7hrHlrQVRUlnYYqSGp4eWKc8v1DydgEGHVdhxg1CQTLOhkfiCIgoSR1veD4rRczEtXL9uVOFhNbzJW1FUdJZgKJE88RG0uznGHiV7jcKAkjoG0n+0oyhIAmhxDyhBESUhObPlS/nmEhpE0TCnBWe2JUZrObMqS+ljznOoSjpKFKU5PCmgmW0Lkxw9ZbzB9Dwdo/2EBmCjJZeAj2YU5CUILvvMkNECYS1PaFifKVerQttuzxJW/LTFSUYx0gL3TRRkvIzB6jP5Wu3AT8RELO57seC/wAAGFZJREFUZc21FUVJR5+iJMYLK+ZtdZIce7sG/8smZal5rDwEVgz6uRvK14KclAtB8tu//dsnb0DJcX6SQCqBEFHi3noYGw+pbUg9D+2IERJT9WAso7wam8vXbkOs+HPLmmsripLOGhQltlc2/l2ECX7HBJPnnK32ku6cts85FwFxLPjYq1J8y2YOZZ6rEQgRJdp5U2mYGO2VSvh3injAOTh3bJsaN2PnMH1IwGcripKOF0XJ0G+a38PbOPjxLu2XX32/YBrbuaVul8S2q0R++el4sC35YHGJtrPMdRAoIUq0npcQJVo9kgaRH/ujinLu3E+sToytuoBDCou5bYo5324fRUlHjqIkxoMaySu//Or+1PnYCkBKs3FlpN0uweRd+5/QoZ/2YNb6h+Oh94jBU346HoGBGwmUILCUKCnR9pxlunEKK5SIKc+ePVOrmbotggsntzwpBDFsavVH8rXySVHSWYKipBWPjGwHHBgT6ZJX9rKa4FtJgJhJDQYIQD7BgbLHAlEkRmOvPPF/2cTSY/4YAnsTJRjL9q0lYWWvqsgtU9yaHttQhlbOWH43HeeOraa4eWvuU5R09ClKanrhzLpxZSG/ZYJBHfqcScptGVeQQDiMiQc8SFpSlMRi0/4fhlydQdTleEYntk3Mvz8CrigJea4L4nvqwewxijhHE+6pb62EtNVtC2LAlJgIESRumSn7aENqPJL6Qvo/11YUJR1tihLxupV+YmDLA7AQKCFX+1MrGbiicK8qXEECVFq+VhG6wRn7ssqEiYIbCSxBwBUl7jgba8PYhAo/HvuHfGPnjNWRmh56i9QtXwTJn//5n7uHmtxfwlYUJZ3pKUqaHALxjZLnInDlP2eixVWF/SyJJkhiWofgmHKlF1NHaF4EQrldg2CKIMCNBJYi4IqSpeoNqQcrKKETb0h5U3lEkPzlX/5lttgAgWbHLa1+xDZtdXdq1Vcrp1QaRUlHlqKklIdVKBe3c/DAGIRJ6KrJVDPnChKUXVqUIKCEiB4M+N/7vd87sOHtmimr81gpAq2IkpDxUoqBCJKpZ0hQd+oKTKl2L1EuRUlHmaJkCW9buA78xoZ9ewKBIHbLIUhC6sTVje8KJ6ScsTzou9zeAhP3Vs7YeUwngdwE9ixKMMb/7d/+7XCx5BMk4L7U7afcNp5THkVJR4+iZI4XNXyuvWqCq46YyThWkEzd266JyBZnCIQp4qxm+1n3tgiEiJKYcarRweRfcyVEaxPSHj9+bP7wD//wcIHg3iIeOydnOh7uH3vAHwJIu63jqz+3rShKOuIUJT7PW/lxDByIEtzSwa0dOP7UFitIxsrC0+q1rnbwfI30GbexfH0e6wPTSSAngRBREvJsB8aV/VptzjaOlRXy9gnO1fKF3rIZqztHuu/B/BSBkdtWFCWdpSlKcnh842UgKCAgyi2dX/u1XzM/+9nPTlo9JkhwhaEFm5MCKidgUMszNRAlvt9TqdxcVr8zAiJKYlbs4Me5trEHPbXyMUnnuKjILUjQrqUFmcZHS5trK4qSjipFieZdG01zxYm9cjImSFpA4RNE9soIhBeCf0zgb6GPbMP2CWBCxYplzFV5TF4fQYiMUKGB2xlz38bBGPyN3/iNwy2bsbahf6FtkjLmtgvl+FZOpK6Yz7m2QhyDf+x9ZZeiJMbrNpLXFSe3bt0yv/Vbv2UePHgQ3EMEEp9YkMIwWHMEEikPn3hmBuJDbtPgk2LEJsTvrRHAuINoxsXA1jf0FbdOfQ+14hmYqdhQ6vkYrBrhr5UNvBDD5q62tNKfOe2gKJlDb+XnYiD8/d//vfn1X//1g0KHSkcQmav4XSy46vKVicDkewsH7cXVBF7pRVvxh8DH2zQuce63SkBu4diTNW6PTj1oGSr+fX323b7B+PONU7sO5NVWOUIFiV3W2PcpLmPn5Egf61spW8EfEM8Yy4yhKMnhwSstw75lgyVDGRgYHLiiE4GCIFN6Q3DTno7XhIi0De3nRgJrIyDjzL59OtWHqZWEqfOmjmEFYu4qBASDK0pyCpKp9vuOQVTMWXWAgEvhHnsO4i4urBBz4RfcKEp26wO2ILEhaCIAAwYBFFd5GOwlRQpuy6AO/PKqDFZXJNnt5XcSWCMBjCWIa/g2Jk8ZX0hP/fvKV76SfK5W51/91V+ZN954I7jMH/3oR+b3f//3D+NWK09Lwzla+tbTfvM3f/Ngd4lt+PkCbh0BrpTs0BPGBImGQhMIbiDFgILix1+IYIHwkPwIPhAgCMoSpFE+/iRQIy83EtgaAYwVjB34uS3Axf/38PmNb3zjMNb30Fe7j7A3bkPD/iExc2u+P9UfipIpOhs8FiNI3O5j8EAgQEhgQOUMpAjMWL4UgePWzX0SIIE2CSAuIBbw9kOb9llbqyhK1maxGe2dI0imqnVXPnxLryI8QldWpurmMRIggXoEKEjqsd9qzRQlW7Ws069SgsSphrskQAI7IUBBshNDL9xNipKFgdeojoKkBnXWSQLbJUBBsl3b1u4ZRUltCxSun4KkMGAWTwI7I0BBsjODL9xdipKFgS9ZHQXJkrRZFwlsnwAFyfZtXLuHFCW1LVCofgqSQmBZLAnslAAFyU4Nv3C3KUoWBr5EdRQkS1BmHSSwHwIUJPuxde2eUpTUtkDm+ilIMgNlcSSwcwIUJDt3gIW7T1GyMPCS1VGQlKTLsklgfwQoSPZn89o9piipbYFM9VOQZALJYkiABA4EKEjoCDUIUJTUoJ65TgqSzEBZHAnsnAAFyc4doGL3KUoqws9RNQVJDoosgwRIQAhQkAgJftYgQFFSg3qmOilIMoFkMSRAAgcCFCR0hNoEKEpqWyCxfgqSRHA8jQRIQCVAQaJiYeLCBChKFgaeozoKkhwUWQYJkIAQoCAREvysTYCipLYFIuunIIkExuwkQAKTBChIJvHw4MIEKEoWBj6nOgqSOfR4LgmQgEuAgsQlwv3aBChKalsgsH4KkkBQzEYCJBBEgIIkCBMzLUyAomRh4CnVUZCkUOM5JEACYwQoSMbIML02AYqS2hbw1E9B4gHEwyRAAlEEKEiicDHzwgQoShYGHlMdBUkMLeYlARLwEaAg8RHi8doEKEpqW2CkfgqSETBMJgESSCJAQZKEjSctTICiZGHgIdVRkIRQYh4SIIFQAhQkoaSYrzYBipLaFlDqf/jwocEfNxIgARLIQQAXOvfu3ctRFMsggaIEKEqK4mXhJEACJEACJEACoQQoSkJJMR8JkAAJkAAJkEBRAhQlRfGycBIgARIgARIggVACFCWhpJiPBEiABEiABEigKAGKkqJ4WTgJkAAJkAAJkEAogThR8vKxubp1bs7OzszZrSvz5KVSzfMH5vL8zJydfdNcPfkvJYOW9NI8f/COObfPefnUPPq7fzKPnmuVaGUwrSPw0rx49K659ea1+QToepudXz4wzw8ZwPp75tbdD82LWch+ZR5cvjbuB8e6HLsm1an4x0k5IXlOTmJCdQL/ZZ5cfbOLKYgr9t/Fpbl68MTxU9vvEm3O2FLd6s034MWH5u6t75rrTz43xvQ+ev6OedDPRy+fXJlbZ6+Zywe/6rsCv7xt7j76dF7XDvPnubl19diMz3z2GJhTXUg5IXnmtOH03CRRcn5xYb5mC4hjud2Ed3HxtaHAOB4f++IGl37fcoKxM5nuEDiIkG/dCMITUQKh8ktz/ea3Zg6gEGd17eq0NevuknVlbfjOCzsN+B2Ql+bFk2tzefGKuRgV0Ck2Z2zZucMFdB8++S1LGJz66KkoMeblJ9fmzVvvmkcvxuWEt/JFRYm3NcaYkDgfUk54njRR8mc/MD+49TVLJUqF6MCb5gd3v0NRIkgW/fzcfHL9HfPKcVVEWylBg7rA/IqspiS1McRZUyaNpMYc+zRYbUstiuctSOA04NuVHwL9+diqa4p/UZTYfPn9lMDB5165WRUJWylBOYiJt8yb17+cWOU4rW+QQlFi0kTJ5T+bD6++aW5uCfRYAfSNH5oP758u2b98+shc371tzg/Ls+fm4vLKPHjS3VCQSbKbUD51lnPtpazn5sn9d83tw+2hM3N2cWnef/T0xgEOBn3NXF7/L3P/WNer5va7D81Tn3h98cQ658yc337X3D+2z5ig9p9fmusPf2wuL7pbXMMyJBhO5RH3DOnnq+b2D77fs+iXEQ+rIo5Y1FZKUI27oiJVDz5xtfoTc/f2q/2y+qvm9t2fmCeHK4FelGCJ/erSXPTL7ue3/7v58CmWPLEpkwaWzq/vDmw4XKLvyj2//X3zg77e88v75v+5t/fM5+bpo7+zWN81//Ngc3sCc9t/y1y+/6HfF/rW82MJAtOiRK7UbmKNLYZd/7KPSdvtPDNiixTnfA7jwpk5O79t7t4f3nJ6+fRD8/7lrW4Mnd827/7v++aHt17pr8Tt9lm3u7XJaRCjEEP/zjw6jrW+Yb7xpZV7cjXsjpuRuhwWZtC+2BhqjDnG75+aa4vXgGdInkO7EmNof6vmxt9Q2KmPaislyHlIH3u04cjLaZvtM719Li7/h7kSBmfuHHbq50M/dOdXYevOGb84vQUP/3lf4jni/VUX/wd9ctrvzsPHfqZ9SRQlD8ynuKc2uL0Cw2HJ6xfmU3cCwf05LMO+c7+fEJ6bx1dvmvPz7/T37NyB2e8Pyu9WAc4v3jHXB7Hw0rx4/L65ff7GzW2Ig0G7wPDuhxArkscWNgqow+2MV8357ffNY0y4Lz8xD965Zc6k/uD2Qyh93zw4BIqxPk7lQdsi+il1vfgP8/TFy25ASJulm2Oi5BCIvmYtUcoJN5/dVeqr5vbVzw/39V8+vW/euTjvxWg/MOwB8+Ln5gpC4ujArl0/NY/uvmExEvu8al1dSLm3zDsPPoEFzdOnz51njrrnZi4Q4Ad2Hj7L1LX/lrm8ftw9l3Bo32sTtwNu+s5vSxE4DfjDmvvjR5+yA7LrX/YxKcXNkxhbpDj78xAXXjuOD2OemyfX75gL+9a25OkvjF4+fWjePYhtiUlu+/oK+snp+GzBIUa9Zi4ur/uLgj6+XNi3CwLGl1vuoTqH2yGPNSYlHh5tYEPov8+OoTJxYgzL2Ffig8T4qTwzYmh3seZc2EWIkk5Y2RdGLqs+vp+/aa4e46L8c/P0wffNhTyfIv07iW3iLyjPsZd3frLYDuaM/3BESec/NxeWvY/hgvNo+4D5ye1y5H6yKHnuXpUfr7z/05lA+qAyGDyQlHiu4dV+gnMHphI4DsayHyxCT52AdchjG08xoAKoU71jjhTTfksgoZ4+kHSBRfo4lUecJ6SfZ85KlcNC+jkqSkbyy3ku22O6fOkHxkAESR+F5XC/4+z0XwLIsZyQcpHHFVR9f44TQlfO8Iqnv5I55pG+8LMegd5uR/u7LXGP9/5xCJJD/zoJ1oei3Dz9vl1fSGxxmyWrgHY5yDOIQX1dx4DeFdKNA4lTbvv6irRy3LoOY1tWXMS3PeNrUK50aoqp5Jn+nB9Db9gNnyHqJ0Fh2LffnyclhgpDiV/SZ9cHJZ9bB2I+Xga5sYmUcPz0HT/0z43ttn1Qkr3ft21yfhW2nnIPdTt97+ePoyg55HH73bdBbHTsbNqXdFHSg5Ggf3DKiUAh+W6aaXfEHZhu4HCPSylOeu+wx6uLQzbbgHKe/XnqcPZRcYCg9rtBYzCxu32SWqY4SJ7wfp60s3eqk/SxoHqssnvT6vQ8yaBxddopdRxEQC9WTxjJAJfBEFCuOjCculVfkMEpE4L0hZ/1CPjGn3vc9g/H5oNgLT1y8/T7Rz90j4+dJ+nuJ24j/ou5vr4219c/7G8nin91bT0ZQwPfHKl/kMfus12/ne726ybfQDAMypU8djnGmMOV9/nh9vjV9b+c3iKS046fro2OB/ovIxwG8VHGpjvhOfHh0P6pPO5FsbTF4axyGGN42r+O6Wk7xueLrh3j5/XtVNvl2Gfg5zFsxS+FiV3uWN+VPCcXdQ5bKT7xc4YosTvxn9bTyk4DRydF29BfOKsrdtmH91r7484rg8fXB/sJLcigLim7HcqDJzHtPwY6qaMv2xZrIXmO/XL76+/nSQAcbb/LWNrcf46eJ/lsZ5U0x/YDUdLfzz/pvwQdGeD+cscG9mnwdfnJvjs4pf38XJ6AZ/y5E9cgILv+5ved43NORz+UMsQ33E8RywoZuV15dstcXv3YXGMCf/wv5vJc/Ktrjz4m5Wpa6nfqGcSyvl9jceEQX8Y5DsbLoFzp0yk3PKPwTz+eevZLzsXneN2HXKOxxDnv0DaJAzfln47rqTwiSlw7yv5UDO1tcfQNaYPTTnl2RG65SLbD54jN+zwDWwzO63eC7GPZ64uxi0enzd5ynfzHtvXp9hw25ocnYuVYSNSXGaJElO03zdXj/2OubslrqO4gGzOS1lkZmK5zuPsjffSC187r2zEKNKL9Y85sGzQpj9PuiX7qAVCeA7HL8TDtA8lx2c4+9fDdGhhHLefa3t6vsVJyGrxOusGEygTGgqE0C35m36qz/c72Lzwkah+T8908/f5xHLr7cp7vs2+3u2w+GJtde07G5CCP276+3kGekXIGTRzvx+mkLqJJCtC4yTH7IX+JzzfHum85YqjMJ6dj9rT9U3nG48yg1QO+cmSM4amPjouLaVt157n8pX5h4B537WPvj9XXt/kw94SUO9Z3u66xPFb7M3ydJ0oOQeBr5uL2t8yFdH5wdYxAMTJ4szxT4kBSHc2GqhMbOP1JlpT294UcJnbPFdEgjziPO+hC+uk4ofTDd5VytJucIJ8j5cnhmAmgF3wdZ88976ByYVN7okKj+vYexeXIYD34iMv32Cl+WZxAb7ejSBg24HRs2uO5HxeOzYdC2vULZyyhOtUnlHyDpun+NZx0+jIc4aLmOfahq0TNc8Jo2IbuHM/40mKk9wJkjNENkK5uj2hxOAyfK5Q63AnZiUNa+2XsSywLsadajqzauv049dGuv0occeP5DaLesJ5nTtR22T6PYuz9vm1JbO1yhL/Td9c3Qti6fY7cnylKJCjYjiRpVue8Twe759j7L8yLFxA38mS59fbN4ceVXrt5cyPIoAohEUjy9s3xiei+D8Htx2tw8kqs+3S89GkqD9qW2s9+QLmBa1SUwCHdiX3Ixn375vhW0mHwOw59OFX6KLZ396Vv8oaS8nT9YMBJe9xy+rdvTp7AxxLtTd34ZdsLLK0f3755fHjV8HzW77NIm/iZh8BpwO/KlVe+7bdbcMT2u1O/6H4Z2np74xAj8Ir+jV/c/Hp0RGw56ay8RXHzBuHN6/NWPOwfdj++eXi85WPl6ePWTZ7OT8/OrDwSg6y3bw5v+hzfYEQDI8aXvIVxfGNI3rBw32xDuf0bIoO6HCCzY6hMitrbk5bQOrDy5DlyiJ0r5EHVJd++wUoU3mrsL16D5jB7DMgzQFNvtwpby58O5nPKOXKT+Ky9fSM+NsHWcY3Y3ZmiRDorAx7Vu4Gia9L0e9TKOS+UgYkBZP9Oif1+N6oJMugIopN37O+aa+s3UMLaf8tc/vAH/W9wuO/2Sx+n8kjbUvo5MqDGRMmBlW03qdv+dH+vAO+tX/cPvrkOjfOkj1Kuu48sYb9TMrzaVcpJ+p0S+3dW7H7yez0CvShR7lOf375rfhz9M/PyWi4EKsbg++b+1XeHP+aYEls0QC+fmg/fld9ewsUGYsb/NfcvXxu+GTeILTL+7QkC4wy/Xtv/Cw/87sP9K/Nnx2dT+soH5Zz+Dsghl3d8YRKT2ApG+O2efzJXf2b/y4jn5smDq5v2nI3U5TI5aV9MDL2J3xeX/+3mt5Hc38DoY/xknkO7EmNov+oyvOV2Kpz1lZI+TsmKjcvnuK+07fpR93MZQXPYaeydnp9u2HpfAkn5nRJ3Hj72M+1LnChJq2MHZ2mTptvtkDzuObH73dXb4Bdd1SK6tsz7RVe1YCaSAAn4CKgTj++kHRwP4RKSZyaq0190DS0QYmHmL7qGVrXhfBQlWYwbIjhC8mRozGGZVx46HinvsNQ693/fjJTNZBIggWkCC0ys0w1o9GgIl5A8s7uHWxTfmPxhSa2Kg5iZ+79vtIJ3lkZRksXgIYIjJE+Oxjj/JfikSLQjx38JPimYCSRAAiEEFplYQxrSWJ4QLiF5cnQLF3fH/xIcUiBWSTL8l+CQqjaeh6Jk4wZm90iABEiABEhgLQQoStZiKbaTBEiABEiABDZOgKJk4wZm90iABEiABEhgLQQoStZiKbaTBEiABEiABDZOgKJk4wZm90iABEiABEhgLQQoStZiKbaTBEiABEiABDZOgKJk4wZm90iABEiABEhgLQT+Pz9nABbaJ+R5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride and copper.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Cu<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is colourless.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the electron configuration of the Cu<sup>+</sup> ion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">4HCl (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label <em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="657" height="313"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of formula CuCl<sub>2</sub>•<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>. The following results were obtained:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass of crucible = 16.221 g<br>Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g<br>Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the value of <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wires: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrolyte:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrode number (on diagram):</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name of gas: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, to two significant figures, for the disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during the disproportionation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, for the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I) chloride solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion, [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, forms.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bond angles: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base, referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Fast moving helium nuclei (<sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup>) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with most passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The diagram illustrates this historic experiment.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics), http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/pplato2/h-flap/</em><br><em>phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying various orbital shapes.</p>
<p>Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is a transition metal that forms different coloured complexes. A complex [Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) changes colour when excess Cl<sup>− </sup>(aq) is added.</p>
<p>Explain the cause of this colour change, using sections 3 and 15 from the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about iron.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why, when ligands bond to the iron ion causing the d-orbitals to split, the complex is coloured.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, for iron-54.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6d.PNG" alt width="269" height="186"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative atomic mass, A<sub>r</sub>, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6e.PNG" alt width="400" height="250"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a voltmeter.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, when the Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Fe (s) and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Cu (s) standard half-cells are connected at 298 K. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate ΔG<sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the spontaneous reaction in (f)(i), using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, at 298 K, giving your answer to two significant figures. Use your answer to (f)(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">(If you did not obtain an answer to (f)(ii), use −140 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct value.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>