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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which sample has the greatest mass?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1 mol of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2 mol of \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2 mol of Ar</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4 mol of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the total number of atoms in 0.100 mol of \({\text{[Pt(N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{{\text{)}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{]}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>11</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(6.02 \times {10^{22}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(3.01 \times {10^{23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(6.62 \times {10^{23}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Nitroglycerine, \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_5}{{\text{N}}_3}{{\text{O}}_{\text{9}}}\), can be used in the manufacture of explosives. What is the coefficient of \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_5}{{\text{N}}_3}{{\text{O}}_9}({\text{l)}}\) when the equation for its decomposition reaction is balanced using the lowest whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">___ \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_5}{{\text{N}}_3}{{\text{O}}_9}{\text{(l)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{N}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>20</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>33</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">4.00 mol of a hydrocarbon with an empirical formula of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) has a mass of 280 g. What is the molecular formula of this compound?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) is \({\text{22.4 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). What volume, in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), is occupied by 3.20 g \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.24</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4.48</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>22.4</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>71.7</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of an ideal gas at 100 kPa and 25 °C is heated to 50 °C at constant pressure. What is the new volume in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.50</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.90</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1.1</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>In which mixture is NaOH the limiting reagent?</p>
<p>A. 0.20mol NaOH + 0.10mol H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. 0.10mol NaOH + 0.10mol H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>C. 0.20mol NaOH + 0.10mol HNO<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>D. 0.10mol NaOH + 0.10mol HNO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the percentage yield when 2.0 g of ethene, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, is formed from 5.0 g of ethanol, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH?<br> <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(ethene) = 28; <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(ethanol) = 46</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{{2.0}}{{28}} \times \frac{{5.0}}{{46}} \times 100\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{\frac{{2.0}}{{28}}}}{{\frac{{5.0}}{{46}}}} \times 100\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{28}}{{2.0}} \times \frac{{5.0}}{{46}} \times 100\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{\frac{{28}}{{2.0}}}}{{\frac{{5.0}}{{46}}}} \times 100\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which graph shows the relationship between the volume and pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas?</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-09_om_11.36.39.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/03"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">How many molecules are present in a drop of ethanol, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{OH}}\), of mass \(2.3 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\)? \(({{L}} = 6.0 \times {10^{23}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(3.0 \times {10^{19}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(3.0 \times {10^{20}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(6.0 \times {10^{20}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(6.0 \times {10^{26}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the total number of nitrogen atoms in <strong>two </strong>mol of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(6.02 \times {10^{23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.20 \times {10^{24}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.41 \times {10^{24}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements about solutions are correct?</p>
<p class="p1">I. A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.</p>
<p class="p1">II. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.</p>
<p class="p1">III. Concentrations of solutions can be expressed in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">A. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide is:</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3CO(g)}} \to {\text{2Fe(s)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What mass of carbon dioxide, in g, is produced by the complete reduction of 80 g of iron(III) oxide?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>44</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>66</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>88</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>132</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the number of ions in 0.20 mol of \({{\text{(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(8.0 \times {10^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.2 \times {10^{23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(4.8 \times {10^{23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.4 \times {10^{24}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A sample of element X contains 69% of <sup><span class="s1">63</span></sup>X and 31% of <sup><span class="s1">65</span></sup>X. What is the relative atomic mass of X in this sample?</p>
<p class="p1">A. 63.0</p>
<p class="p1">B. 63.6</p>
<p class="p1">C. 65.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. 69.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the concentration of NaCl, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), when \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaCl solution is added to \({\text{30.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.600 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) NaCl solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.450</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.300</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.500</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.800</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the whole number ratio of the coefficients of ammonia to oxygen when the following equation is balanced correctly?</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">___\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + \)___\({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to \) ___\({\text{NO(g)}} + \)___\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1 : 2</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2 : 1</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4 : 5</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5 : 4</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the coefficient for \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) when the equation for the combustion of 1 mole of pentane is balanced?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({{\text{C}}_5}{{\text{H}}_{12}}{\text{(g)}} + \) _ \({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\) _ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\) _ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>16</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the pressure, in Pa, in a \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)container containing 1.8 g of steam at a temperature of 727 °<span class="s1">C</span>? (\(R = 8.31{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\))</p>
<p class="p2">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{1.8}} \times {\text{8.31}} \times {\text{727}}}}{{{\text{18}} \times {\text{100}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{18}} \times {\text{100}}}}{{{\text{1.8}} \times {\text{8.31}} \times {\text{727}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{1.8}} \times {\text{8.31}} \times {\text{1000}}}}{{{\text{18}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 4}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{{\text{1.8}} \times {\text{8.31}}}}{{{\text{1.8}} \times {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{ - 4}} \times {\text{1000}}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The relative molecular mass of a gas is 56 and its empirical formula is \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\). What is the molecular formula of the gas?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of a substance if 0.30 mol of the substance has a mass of 18 g?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5.4</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>30</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>60</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">1.7 g of \({\rm{NaN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}({M_r} = 85)\) is dissolved in water to prepare \({\text{0.20 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of solution. What is the concentration of the resulting solution in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.01</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.1</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.2</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>When sodium bromate(V), \({\text{NaBr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is heated, it reacts according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{2NaBr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{2NaBr(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p>What amount, in mol, of \({\text{NaBr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) produces \({\text{2.4 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of oxygen gas, measured at room temperature and pressure? (Molar volume of gas \( = {\text{24 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) at room temperature and pressure.)</p>
<p>A. 0.017</p>
<p>B. 0.067</p>
<p>C. 0.10</p>
<p>D. 0.15</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which contains the largest number of ions?</p>
<p class="p1">A. 1 mol of \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}})_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. 1 mol of \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. 2 mol of \({{\text{K}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. 3 mol of \({\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the value of <strong>x</strong> when 32.2 g of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>•<strong>x</strong>H<sub>2</sub>O are heated leaving 14.2 g of anhydrous Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>? <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O) = 18; <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) = 142.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4•</sub><strong>x</strong>H<sub>2</sub>O (s) → Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (s) + <strong>x</strong>H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
<p>A. 0.1</p>
<p>B. 1</p>
<p>C. 5</p>
<p>D. 10</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">\({\text{5 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of carbon monoxide, CO(g), and \({\text{2 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of oxygen, \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), at the same temperature and pressure are mixed together. Assuming complete reaction according to the equation given, what is the maximum volume of carbon dioxide, \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\), in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that can be formed?</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2CO(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What will be the concentration of sulfate ions in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) when 0.20 mol of \({\text{KAl(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\) is dissolved in water to give \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of aqueous solution?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.2</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">On analysis, a compound with molar mass \({\text{60 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) was found to contain 12 g of carbon, 2 g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen. What is the molecular formula of the compound?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the sum of the coefficients for the equation when balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">__ \({{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{g)}} + \) __ \({{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to \) __ \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + \) __ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest whole numbers?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">__C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (aq) → __C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH (aq) + __CO<sub>2</sub> (g)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">A. 4</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">B. 5</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">C. 9</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">D. 10</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with whole numbers?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><sub>—</sub>C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>(g) + <sub>—</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) → <sub>—</sub>CO(g) + <sub>—</sub>H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>A. 26.5</p>
<p>B. 30</p>
<p>C. 53</p>
<p>D. 61</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p1">___ \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + \) ___ \({\text{CO(g)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{Fe(s)}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>9</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Why do gases deviate from the ideal gas law at high pressures?</p>
<p>A. Molecules have finite volume.</p>
<p>B. Cohesive forces increase the volume from the ideal.</p>
<p>C. Increasing pressure increases the temperature of the gas.</p>
<p>D. Collisions between molecules occur more frequently as pressure increases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What volume, in \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), is occupied by 2.00 mol of gas at 27 °C and 2.00 atm pressure?</p>
<p class="p1">Assume: \({\text{1.00 atm}} = 1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and \(R = 8{\text{.}}31{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{8.31 \times 27}}{{1.01 \times {{10}^5}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{2.00 \times 8.31 \times 27}}{{1.01 \times {{10}^5}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{2.00 \times 8.31 \times 300}}{{2.00 \times 1.01 \times {{10}^5}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{2.00 \times 8.31 \times 300}}{{1.01 \times {{10}^5}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>How many moles of oxygen atoms are there in 0.500 mol of hydrated iron(II) ammonium sulfate, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Fe(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>•6H<sub>2</sub>O(s)?</p>
<p>A. 4.00</p>
<p>B. 7.00</p>
<p>C. 8.00</p>
<p>D. 14.00</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A fixed mass of gas has a certain volume at a temperature of <span class="s1">50 </span><span class="s2">°</span><span class="s1">C</span>. What temperature is required to double its volume while keeping the pressure constant?</p>
<p class="p2">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>100 K</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>323 K</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>373 K</p>
<p class="p2">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>646 K</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with the lowest whole number ratio?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">__Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(aq) + __HCl(aq) → __S(s) + __SO<sub>2</sub>(g) + __NaCl(aq) + __H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>A. 6</p>
<p>B. 7</p>
<p>C. 8</p>
<p>D. 9</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the number of atoms of oxygen in 2.0 mol of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>•10H<sub>2</sub>O? Avogadro’s constant, <em>L </em>or <em>N</em><sub><em>A</em></sub>: 6.02 × 10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup></p>
<p>A. 6</p>
<p>B. 26</p>
<p>C. 3.6 × 10<sup>24</sup></p>
<p>D. 1.6 × 10<sup>25</sup></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>5.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup> sodium carbonate solution, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(aq), was added to a volumetric flask and the volume was made up to 500 cm<sup>3</sup> with water. What is the concentration, in mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution?</p>
<p>A. 0.0050</p>
<p>B. 0.0040</p>
<p>C. 0.020</p>
<p>D. 0.010</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon containing 84.6% carbon by mass with a molar mass of 142.3 g mol<sup>−1</sup>?</p>
<p>A. C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>44</sub></p>
<p>B. C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>10</sub></p>
<p>C. C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></p>
<p>D. C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the expression for the volume of hydrogen gas, in dm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP when 0.30 g of magnesium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid solution?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup>\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>A. \(\frac{{0.30 \times 2 \times 22.7}}{{24.31}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{0.30 \times 22.7}}{{24.31}}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{0.30 \times 24.31}}{{22.7}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{0.30 \times 22.7}}{{24.31 \times 2}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>How many grams of sodium azide, NaN<sub>3</sub>, are needed to produce 68.1 dm<sup>3</sup> of N<sub>2</sub> (g) at STP?</p>
<p>Molar volume at STP = 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>; <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(NaN<sub>3</sub>) = 65.0</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NaN<sub>3</sub> (s) → 3N<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2Na (s)</p>
<p>A. 32.5</p>
<p>B. 65.0</p>
<p>C. 130.0</p>
<p>D. 195.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compound has the greatest percentage by mass of nitrogen atoms?</p>
<p>A. N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>B. NH<sub>3</sub></p>
<p>C. N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. NaNO<sub>3</sub></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the coefficient of <span class="s1">\({\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_3}{{\rm{O}}_4}\) </span>when the following equation is balanced using the lowest whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><em>__ </em>\({\text{Al(s)}} + \) <em>__ </em>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_3}{{\text{O}}_4}({\text{s)}} \to \) <em>__ </em>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}({\text{s)}} + \) <em>__ </em>\({\text{Fe(s)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the maximum volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of CO<sub>2</sub>(g) produced when 1.00 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) reacts with 20.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol\(\,\)dm<sup>–3</sup> HCl(aq)?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Molar volume of gas = 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup>\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>; <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(CaCO<sub>3</sub>) = 100.00</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{{20.0 \times 2.0}}{{1000}} \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{20.0 \times 2.0}}{{1000}} \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{1.0}}{{100.00}} \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{1.0}}{{100.00}} \times 2 \times 22.7\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The molar mass of a compound is approximately \({\text{56 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Which formula is possible for this compound?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{NaN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>AgOH</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>MgO</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>KOH</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The volume of an ideal gas at 27.0 °C is increased from \({\text{3.00 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) to \({\text{6.00 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). At what temperature, in °C, will the gas have the original pressure?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>13.5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>54.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>327</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>600</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which non-metal forms an oxide XO<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>with a relative molecular mass of 60?</p>
<p class="p1">A. C</p>
<p class="p1">B. N</p>
<p class="p1">C. Si</p>
<p class="p1">D. S</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">Which equation represents sublimation?</div>
<div class="column"> </div>
<div class="column">A. 2Al(s)+3I<sub>2</sub>(g)→2AlI<sub>3</sub>(s)<br>B. HgCl<sub>2</sub>(s)→HgCl<sub>2</sub>(g)<br>C. I<sub>2</sub>(g)→I<sub>2</sub>(s)<br>D. CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s)+2HCl(aq)→CaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq)+CO<sub>2</sub>(g)+H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the percentage yield when 7 g of ethene produces 6 g of ethanol?</p>
<p><em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(ethene) = 28 and <em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(ethanol) = 46</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH(g)</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{{6 \times 7 \times 100}}{{28 \times 46}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{6 \times 46 \times 100}}{{7 \times 28}}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{6 \times 28}}{{7 \times 46 \times 100}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{6 \times 28 \times 100}}{{7 \times 46}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the volume, in cm<sup>3</sup>, of the final solution if 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of a solution containing 1.42 g of sodium sulfate, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, is diluted to the concentration of 0.020 mol dm<sup>–3</sup>?</p>
<p><em>M</em><sub>r</sub>(Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) = 142</p>
<p>A. 50</p>
<p>B. 400</p>
<p>C. 500</p>
<p>D. 600</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The complete combustion of 15.0cm<sup>3</sup> of a gaseous hydrocarbon <strong>X </strong>produces 60.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of carbon dioxide gas and 75.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of water vapour. What is the molecular formula of <strong>X</strong>? (All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.) </p>
<p>A. C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6 <br></sub>B. C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8 <br></sub>C. C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> <br>D. C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub> </p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">At <span class="s1">25 °C</span>, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) nitric acid is added to 5.0 g of magnesium powder. If the experiment is repeated using the same mass of magnesium powder, which conditions will result in the same initial reaction rate?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-29_om_17.47.23.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/17"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the amount, in moles, of sulfate ions in \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.020 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ FeS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.0 \times {10^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which volume, in cm<sup>3</sup>, of 0.20 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> NaOH (aq) is needed to neutralize 0.050 mol of H<sub>2</sub>S(g)? </p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>S(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na<sub>2</sub>S(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) </p>
<p>A. 0.25 <br>B. 0.50 <br>C. 250 <br>D. 500</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">\({\text{3.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ethyne, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\), is mixed with \({\text{3.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of hydrogen and ignited. The equation for the reaction that occurs is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Assuming the reaction goes to completion and all gas volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure, what volume of ethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\), in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), is formed?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1.5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>3.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>6.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Chloroethene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Cl}}\), reacts with oxygen according to the equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[2{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{Cl(g)}} + 5{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{4C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}} + 2{\text{HCl(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the amount, in mol, of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) produced when 10.0 mol of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Cl}}\) and 10.0 mol of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are mixed together, and the above reaction goes to completion?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>4.00</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>8.00</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>20.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>How many atoms of nitrogen are there in 0.50 mol of (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>?</p>
<p>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 3.01 × 10<sup>23</sup></p>
<p>D. 6.02 × 10<sup>23</sup></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is a homogeneous mixture?</p>
<p>A. Oil and water</p>
<p>B. Sand and water</p>
<p>C. Ethanol and water</p>
<p>D. Chalk and sand</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture increases by 20 °C. If 0.10 mol of the limiting reagent is consumed, what is the enthalpy change (in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)) for the reaction? Assume the specific heat capacity of the solution \( = 4.2{\rm{k}}{{\rm{J}}^{ - 1}}{{\rm{K}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 0.10 \times 50 \times 4.2 \times 20\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 0.10 \times 0.050 \times 4.2 \times 20\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{ - 50 \times 4{\text{.}}2 \times 20}}{{0{\text{.}}10}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{ - 0{\text{.}}050 \times 4{\text{.}}2 \times 20}}{{0{\text{.}}10}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which factors affect the molar volume of an ideal gas?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{I.}}}&{{\text{Pressure}}} \\ {{\text{II.}}}&{{\text{Temperature}}} \\ {{\text{III.}}}&{{\text{Empirical formula}}} \end{array}\)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following is consistent with Avogadro’s law?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{P}{T} = \) constant (\(V\), \(n\) constant)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{V}{T} = \) constant (\(P\), \(n\) constant)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(Vn = \) constant (\(P\), \(T\) constant)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{V}{n} = \) constant (\(P\), \(T\) constant)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements about mixtures are correct?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{I.}}}&{{\text{The components may be elements or compounds.}}} \\ {{\text{II.}}}&{{\text{All components must be in the same phase.}}} \\ {{\text{III.}}}&{{\text{The components retain their individual properties.}}} \end{array}\)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">__ \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}} + \) __ \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to \) __ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + \) __ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>5</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>7</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>11</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>13</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Some sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Which term describes the role of sodium chloride in this process?</p>
<p>A. Solute</p>
<p>B. Solvent</p>
<p>C. Solution</p>
<p>D. Saturated</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which electron transition emits energy of the longest wavelength?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_06.16.15.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/06"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What volume of sulfur trioxide, in cm<span class="s1">3</span>, can be prepared using \({\text{40 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) sulfur dioxide and \({\text{20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) oxygen gas by the following reaction? Assume all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>20</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>40</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>60</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>80</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">7.102 g of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{ (}}M = 142.04{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\) is dissolved in water to prepare \({\text{0.5000 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of solution. What is the concentration of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(2.500 \times {10^{ - 2}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.000 \times {10^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.000 \times 10\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.000 \times {10^2}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The structural formula of a dioxin is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-15_om_17.18.13.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/02"></p>
<p>What is its empirical formula?</p>
<p>A. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What are the coefficients of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) when the following equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers?</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{CaS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-26_om_06.53.02.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/03"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which is the best description of relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub><span class="s1">r</span></sub>?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom</p>
<p class="p1">B. The average number of neutrons and protons in all isotopes of an element</p>
<p class="p2">C. The weighted mean mass of naturally occurring isotopes of an element compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12</p>
<p class="p2">D. The weighted mean mass of naturally occurring isotopes of an element compared to 1/12<sup><span class="s1">th </span></sup>of the mass of an atom of carbon-12</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Aluminium carbide reacts with water according to the equation below. What is the <strong>sum</strong> of all the coefficients when the equation is balanced?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(s)}} + \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p>A. 13</p>
<p>B. 14</p>
<p>C. 19</p>
<p>D. 20</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which represents an empirical formula?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{B}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of washing soda crystals, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \bullet {\text{10}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>105.99</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>124.00</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>263.15</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>286.19</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">When \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a hydrocarbon, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{x}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{y}}}\), was burned in excess oxygen, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of carbon dioxide and \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of steam were produced (all volumes were measured under the same conditions). What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?</p>
<p class="p2">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What mass of carbon dioxide, CO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g), in g, is produced when 5.0 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>(s),reacts completely with hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq)?</p>
<p class="p2">\[{\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2HCl}}({\text{aq)}} \to {\text{CaC}}{{\text{l}}_2}({\text{aq)}}+{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{l)+C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p2">A. 0.050</p>
<p class="p3">B. 2.2</p>
<p class="p3">C. 4.4</p>
<p class="p3">D. 5.0</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which compound has the highest percentage of carbon by mass?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A gas with a molar mass (\(M\)) of \({\text{44 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) occupies a volume of \(2.00 \times {10^3}{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^3}\) at a pressure of \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\) and a temperature of 25 °C. Which expression is correct for the calculation of the mass of the gas, in g? \((R = 8.31{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\)</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{{44 \times 1.01 \times {{10}^5} \times 2.00 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{8{\text{.}}31 \times 298}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{44 \times 1{\text{.}}01 \times {{10}^5} \times 2.00 \times {{10}^3}}}{{8{\text{.}}31 \times 25}}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{1{\text{.}}01 \times {{10}^5} \times 2.00 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{44 \times 8{\text{.}}31 \times 298}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{44 \times 1{\text{.}}01 \times {{10}^5} \times 2.00 \times {{10}^3}}}{{8{\text{.}}31 \times 298}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which sample contains the largest amount, in mol, of oxygen atoms?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.20 mol \({{\text{P}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.30 mol \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.40 mol \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.80 mol \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>For which compounds is the empirical formula the same as the molecular formula?</p>
<p>I. Methane</p>
<p>II. Ethene</p>
<p>III. Ethanol</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Equal masses of the metals Na, Mg, Ca and Ag are added to separate samples of excess HCl (aq). Which metal produces the greatest total volume of H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Na</p>
<p class="p1">B. Mg</p>
<p class="p1">C. Ca</p>
<p class="p1">D. Ag</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the total number of protons and electrons in one mole of hydrogen gas?</p>
<p>A. 2</p>
<p>B. 4</p>
<p>C. \(1.2 \times {10^{24}}\)</p>
<p>D. \(2.4 \times {10^{24}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which solution contains the biggest amount, in mol, of chloride ions?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{60 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.20 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{70 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.30 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{NaCl}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{0.30 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}{\text{ClC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{COOH}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">8.5 g of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) are dissolved in \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) to prepare a \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution. Which statements are correct?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) is the solute and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) is the solution</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The concentration of the solution is \({\text{17 g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[N}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{]}} = 1.0{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which compound has the empirical formula with the largest mass?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statements are correct about Avogadro’s constant?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is the number of ions in 12 g of sodium hydride, NaH.</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is the number of molecules in \({\text{22.4 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of hydrogen gas at 0 °<span class="s2">C</span> and 1 atm.</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is the number of atoms in 12 g of \(^{{\text{12}}}{\text{C}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which molecular formula is also an empirical formula?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>At which temperature, in K, assuming constant pressure, is the volume of a fixed mass of gas at 127 °C doubled?</p>
<p>A. 200 K</p>
<p>B. 254 K</p>
<p>C. 400 K</p>
<p>D. 800 K</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the maximum mass, in g, of magnesium oxide that can be obtained from the reaction of oxygen with 2.4 g of magnesium?</p>
<p class="p1">A. 2.4</p>
<p class="p1">B. 3.0</p>
<p class="p1">C. 4.0</p>
<p class="p1">D. 5.6</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the mass, in g, of one molecule of ethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(3.0 \times {10^{ - 23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(5.0 \times {10^{ - 23}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>30</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(1.8 \times {10^{25}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What volume of carbon dioxide, CO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g), in dm<sup><span class="s1">3</span></sup>, is produced when 1 dm<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup>of octane, C<sub><span class="s1">8</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">18</span></sub>(g), undergoes complete combustion?</p>
<p class="p2">\[{\text{2}}{{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{18}}({\text{g)}} + {\text{25}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {\text{16C}}{{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} + {\text{18}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. 1</p>
<p class="p1">B. 4</p>
<p class="p1">C. 8</p>
<p class="p1">D. 9</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Combustion of ethanol takes place according to the following unbalanced equation.</p>
<p class="p1">___ \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{OH(l)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">What is the mole ratio of ethanol to oxygen in the balanced equation?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:1</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:1</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1:3</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2:7</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the sum of all coefficients for the combustion of one mole of propane?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">___ \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to \) ___ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + \) ___ \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>A. 8</p>
<p>B. 12</p>
<p>C. 13</p>
<p>D. 15</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the mass, in g, of one mole of hydrated copper(II) sulfate, \({\text{CuS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{5}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\), given the following relative atomic mass values?</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-16_om_08.40.48.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/01"></p>
<p>A. 160</p>
<p>B. 178</p>
<p>C. 186</p>
<p>D. 250</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A hydrocarbon contains 85.7 % carbon by mass. What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?</p>
<p>A. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>\({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of \({\text{BaC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) is added to \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). A precipitate of \({\text{BaS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) is formed according to the equation below.</p>
<p>\[{\text{BaC}}{{\text{l}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{BaS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2NaCl(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>What is the amount, in mol, of \({\text{BaS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) produced?</p>
<p>A. 0.0050</p>
<p>B. 0.010</p>
<p>C. 0.050</p>
<p>D. 0.10</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>0.040 mol of \({{\text{(N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{Ni (S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}} \bullet {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) is dissolved in water to give \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of aqueous solution. What is the concentration, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), of ammonium ions?</p>
<p>A. 0.00040</p>
<p>B. 0.0080</p>
<p>C. 0.20</p>
<p>D. 0.40</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the pressure, in Pa, if 3 mol of gas occupies \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) at <span class="s2">25 °C</span>?</p>
<p class="p1">Given: <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(R = 8.31{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({10^{ - 3{\text{ }}}}{{\text{m}}^3} = {10^3}{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^3}\)</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{3 \times 8.31 \times 298}}{{500}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{3 \times 8.31 \times 25}}{{0.0005}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{3 \times 8.31 \times 25}}{{500}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{3 \times 8.31 \times 298}}{{0.0005}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which volumes of gases at standard temperature and pressure have the same mass as \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)?</p>
<p>I. \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p>II. \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p>III. \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of \({\text{Si}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
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<p>For which compound is the empirical formula the same as the molecular formula?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>A</em><sub>r</sub>(H)=1; <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>(C)=12; <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>(O)=16</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>5.0mol of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) and 6.0mol of CO(g) react according to the equation below. What is the limiting reactant and how many moles of the excess reactant remain unreacted?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
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