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<h2>HL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) have many uses.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A molecule which acts as a chiral nematic thermotropic liquid-crystal is given.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="446" height="134"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Label with an asterisk, *, the chiral carbon atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain the effects of very low and high temperatures on the liquid-crystal behaviour of this molecule.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Low temperature:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">High temperature:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to the photosensitive chemical 11-<em>cis</em>-retinal and isomerizes to 11-<em>trans</em>-retinal on absorption of light.</p>
<p>Outline how the formation of 11-<em>trans</em>-retinal results in the generation of nerve signals to the brain.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structures of the main form of glycine in buffer solutions of pH 1.0 and 6.0.</p>
<p>The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of glycine is 2.34.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a buffer system with a concentration of 1.25 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> carbonic acid and 2.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (carbonic acid) = 6.36</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance in a solution.</p>
<p>Calculate the concentration of an unknown sample of pepsin with an absorbance of 0.725 using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Cell length = 1.00 cm</p>
<p>Molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient) of the sample = 49650 dm<sup>3</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A different series of pepsin samples is used to develop a calibration curve.</p>
<p> <img 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"></p>
<p>Estimate the concentration of an unknown sample of pepsin with an absorbance of 0.30 from the graph.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Taxol is an anticancer drug.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the feature of Taxol that is a major challenge in its synthesis. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the challenge in (a) was resolved by pharmaceutical companies.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A polarimeter can be used to determine the optical rotation of an optically active substance.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe what happens to plane-polarized light when it passes through a solution of an optically active compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation.</p>
<p>Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>