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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The electrical circuit shown is used to investigate the temperature change in a wire that is wrapped around a mercury-in-glass thermometer.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>A power supply of emf (electromotive force) 24 V and of negligible internal resistance is connected to a capacitor and to a coil of resistance wire using an arrangement of two switches. Switch S<sub>1</sub> is closed and, a few seconds later, opened. Then switch S<sub>2</sub> is closed.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The capacitance of the capacitor is 22 mF. Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor when it is fully charged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The resistance of the wire is 8.0 Ω. Determine the time taken for the capacitor to discharge through the resistance wire. Assume that the capacitor is completely discharged when the potential difference across it has fallen to 0.24 V.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass of the resistance wire is 0.61 g and its observed temperature rise is 28 K. Estimate the specific heat capacity of the wire. Include an appropriate unit for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> other energy loss in the experiment and the effect it will have on the value for the specific heat capacity of the wire.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>0.46 mole of an ideal monatomic gas is trapped in a cylinder. The gas has a volume of 21 m<sup>3</sup> and a pressure of 1.4 Pa.</p>
<p>(i) State how the internal energy of an ideal gas differs from that of a real gas.</p>
<p>(ii) Determine, in kelvin, the temperature of the gas in the cylinder.</p>
<p>(iii) The kinetic theory of ideal gases is one example of a scientific model. Identify <strong>two</strong> reasons why scientists find such models useful.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The first scientists to identify alpha particles by a direct method were Rutherford and Royds. They knew that radium-226 (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{86}^{226}{\text{Ra}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>86</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>226</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ra</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>) decays by alpha emission to form a nuclide known as radon (Rn).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>At the start of the experiment, Rutherford and Royds put 6.2 x 10<sup>–4</sup> mol of pure radium-226 in a small closed cylinder A. Cylinder A is fixed in the centre of a larger closed cylinder B.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>The experiment lasted for 6 days. The decay constant of radium-226 is 1.4 x 10<sup>–11</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>At the start of the experiment, all the air was removed from cylinder B. The alpha particles combined with electrons as they moved through the wall of cylinder A to form helium gas in cylinder B.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the nuclear equation for this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce that the activity of the radium-226 is almost constant during the experiment.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that about 3 x 10<sup>15</sup> alpha particles are emitted by the radium-226 in 6 days.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The wall of cylinder A is made from glass. Outline why this glass wall had to be very thin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 18 °C. The volume of cylinder B was 1.3 x 10<sup>–5</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and the volume of cylinder A was negligible. Calculate the pressure of the helium gas that was collected in cylinder B over the 6 day period. Helium is a monatomic gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m<sup>3</sup> contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The temperature of the gas is 290 K.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When the gas is supplied with 0.86 kJ of energy, its temperature increases by 23 K. The specific heat capacity of the gas is 3.1 kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> K<sup>–1</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A closed box of fixed volume 0.15 m<sup>3</sup> contains 3.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. The temperature of the gas is 290 K.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine, in kJ, the total kinetic energy of the particles of the gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, with reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas, how an increase in temperature of the gas leads to an increase in pressure.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Liquid oxygen at its boiling point is stored in an insulated tank. Gaseous oxygen is produced from the tank when required using an electrical heater placed in the liquid.</p>
<p>The following data are available.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Mass of 1.0 mol of oxygen = 32 g</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">Specific latent heat of vaporization of oxygen = 2.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An oxygen flow rate of 0.25 mol s<sup>–1</sup> is needed.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between the internal energy of the oxygen at the boiling point when it is in its liquid phase and when it is in its gas phase.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, in kW, the heater power required.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume of the oxygen produced in one second when it is allowed to expand to a pressure of 0.11 MPa and to reach a temperature of –13 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas that does not apply to oxygen.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A square loop of side 5.0 cm enters a region of uniform magnetic field at <em>t</em> = 0. The loop exits the region of magnetic field at <em>t</em> = 3.5 s. The magnetic field strength is 0.94 T and is directed into the plane of the paper. The magnetic field extends over a length 65 cm. The speed of the loop is constant.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the speed of the loop is 20 cm s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnetic flux linkage <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Φ</mi></math> in the loop.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnitude of the emf induced in the loop.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>There are 85 turns of wire in the loop. Calculate the maximum induced emf in the loop.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The resistance of the loop is 2.4 Ω. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic force on the loop as it enters the region of magnetic field.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy dissipated in the loop from <em>t </em>= 0 to <em>t </em>= 3.5 s is 0.13 J.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass of the wire is 18 g. The specific heat capacity of copper is 385 J kg<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. Estimate the increase in temperature of the wire.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A container of volume 3.2 × 10<sup>-6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> Pa and temperature 320 K. Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A helium atom has a volume of 4.9 × 10<sup>-31</sup> m<sup>3</sup>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The mass of a helium atom is 6.6 × 10<sup>-27</sup> kg. Estimate the average speed of the helium atoms in the container.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is 4 × 10<sup>20</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Calculate the ratio <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{volume of helium atoms}}}}{{{\text{volume of helium gas}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>volume of helium atoms</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>volume of helium gas</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">ci.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Discuss, by reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas and the answer to (c)(i), whether the assumption that helium behaves as an ideal gas is justified.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">cii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An ideal monatomic gas is kept in a container of volume 2.1 × 10<sup>–4</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, temperature 310 K and pressure 5.3 × 10<sup>5</sup> Pa.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The volume of the gas in (a) is increased to 6.8 × 10<sup>–4</sup> m<sup>3</sup> at constant temperature.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by an ideal gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the number of atoms in the gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, in J, the internal energy of the gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, in Pa, the new pressure of the gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, in terms of molecular motion, this change in pressure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titan is a moon of Saturn. The Titan-Sun distance is 9.3 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The molar mass of nitrogen is 28 g mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the intensity of the solar radiation at the location of Titan is 16 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen. The albedo of the atmosphere is 0.22. The surface of Titan may be assumed to be a black body. Explain why the <strong>average </strong>intensity of solar radiation <strong>absorbed</strong> by the whole surface of Titan is 3.1 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the equilibrium surface temperature of Titan is about 90 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass of Titan is 0.025 times the mass of the Earth and its radius is 0.404 times the radius of the Earth. The escape speed from Earth is 11.2 km s<sup>−1</sup>. Show that the escape speed from Titan is 2.8 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math> and the period of revolution is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi></math>.</p>
<p>Show that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> is the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 1.2 × 10<sup>9 </sup>m and the orbital period is 15.9 days. Estimate the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the mass of a nitrogen molecule is 4.7 × 10<sup>−26</sup> kg.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the root mean square speed of nitrogen molecules in the Titan atmosphere. Assume an atmosphere temperature of 90 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss, by reference to the answer in (b), whether it is likely that Titan will lose its atmosphere of nitrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Plutonium-238 (Pu) decays by alpha (α) decay into uranium (U).</p>
<p>The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">plutonium 7.568 MeV</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">uranium 7.600 MeV</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">alpha particle 7.074 MeV</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The energy in b(i) can be transferred into electrical energy to run the instruments of a spacecraft. A spacecraft carries 33 kg of pure plutonium-238 at launch. The decay constant of plutonium is 2.50 × 10<sup>−10</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Solar radiation falls onto a metallic surface carried by the spacecraft causing the emission of photoelectrons. The radiation has passed through a filter so it is monochromatic. The spacecraft is moving away from the Sun.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi></math> of the binding energy per nucleon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>BE</mtext><mi>A</mi></mfrac></math>. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some unstable nuclei have many more neutrons than protons. Suggest the likely decay for these nuclei.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.</p>
<p>Calculate the ratio <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>kinetic energy of alpha particle</mtext><mtext>kinetic energy of uranium</mtext></mfrac></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the power, in kW, that is available from the plutonium at launch.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The spacecraft will take 7.2 years (2.3 × 10<sup>8</sup> s) to reach a planet in the solar system. Estimate the power available to the spacecraft when it gets to the planet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p> State and explain what happens to the kinetic energy of an emitted photoelectron.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p> State and explain what happens to the rate at which charge leaves the metallic surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Three identical light bulbs, X, Y and Z, each of resistance 4.0 Ω are connected to a cell of emf 12 V. The cell has negligible internal resistance.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When fully charged the space between the plates of the capacitor is filled with a dielectric with double the permittivity of a vacuum.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The switch S is initially open. Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The switch is now closed. State, without calculation, why the current in the cell will increase.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">bi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The switch is now closed. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{Deduce the ratio }}\frac{{{\text{power dissipated in Y with S open}}}}{{{\text{power dissipated in Y with S closed}}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Deduce the ratio </mtext>
</mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>power dissipated in Y with S open</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>power dissipated in Y with S closed</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">bii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The cell is used to charge a parallel-plate capacitor in a vacuum. The fully charged capacitor is then connected to an ideal voltmeter.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The capacitance of the capacitor is 6.0 μF and the reading of the voltmeter is 12 V.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Calculate the change in the energy stored in the capacitor.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">di.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Suggest, in terms of conservation of energy, the cause for the above change.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">dii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Potassium-40 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>K</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>19</mn><mn>40</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math> decays by two processes.</p>
<p>The first process is that of beta-minus (β<sup>−</sup>) decay to form a calcium (Ca) nuclide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Potassium-40 decays by a second process to argon-40. This decay accounts for 11 % of the total decay of the potassium-40.</p>
<p>Rocks can be dated by measuring the quantity of argon-40 gas trapped in them. One rock sample contains 340 µmol of potassium-40 and 12 µmol of argon-40.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the equation for this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the initial quantity of potassium-40 in the rock sample was about 450 µmol.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 × 10<sup>9</sup> years. Estimate the age of the rock sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the decay constant of potassium-40 was determined in the laboratory for a pure sample of the nuclide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The diagram shows the gravitational field lines of planet X.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQsAAAEMCAYAAADTUJPqAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dD2wU153HfybV6eBcCiRRagcCCi0miCSGYI4WEMShNm6jGmGRKogCDYZQQahSxYZQ1PwpcASiIOK0VwXMAYmKLpwtaLiCSeCggI6AwSRFwNKUkpjYjVIHwjmkrYTn9J14ltn1zuzs7OzuzLzvkyzPvH8z7/PefPf9f3mapmlCQwIkQAJJCPRK4k5nEiABEtAJUCxYEEiABBwRoFg4wkRPJEACFAuWARIgAUcEKBaOMKnhKS8vT42EMpWuCFAsXGFjIBJQjwDFQr08Z4pJwBUBioUrbAxEAuoRoFiol+dMMQm4IkCxcIWNgUhAPQIUC/XynCkmAVcEKBausDEQCahHgGKhXp4zxSTgigDFwhU2BiIB9QhQLNTLc6aYBFwRoFi4wsZAJKAeAYqFennOFJOAKwIUC1fYGIgE1CNAsVAvz5liEnBFgGLhChsDkYB6BCgW6uU5U0wCrghQLFxhYyASUI8AxUK9PGeKScAVAYqFK2wMRALqEaBYqJfnTDEJuCJAsXCFjYFIQD0CFAv18pwpJgFXBCgWrrAxEAmoR4BioV6eM8Uk4IoAxcIVNgYiAfUIUCzUy/OYFE+bNk1wEplxGplxjf/z58+P8csbtQnkaZqmqY1A7dSfPn1aRo0alRBCJBKRYcOGJXSjpXoEWLNQL89jUlxcXCw1NTUxdripq6ujUPSgorYFaxZq57+e+suXL8ugQYOiJEpKSmTv3r0yYMCAqB0vSIA1C5YBGThwoF6TMFAsW7aMQmHA4P8oAdYsoijUvvjiiy+kT58+UllZKdu3b5fevXurDYSp70GAYtEDiboWGAFpaWkR9GPQkEA8AYpFPBGF7yEWHBxTuAAkSTr7LJIAojMJkMCXBCgWLAkkQAKOCFAsHGGiJxIgAd+LBXrp8UdDAmEi8OmnnwYuOb4Xi8OHD8uSJUsoGIErWnxhKwKYBDd16lQ5evSolRdf2vteLMrKyuT++++nYPiy+PClUiUAoZg+fbrMnj1bxo8fn2rwnPr3vViAzuLFiykYOS0mfLgXBMxCgTIdNBMIsQBUCkbQihbf10wg6EKBtARGLPCyFAxz8eN1UAiEQSjAOlBigRemYATlE+F7gkBYhAJpCZxY4KUpGPwQg0AgTEIRWLGgYAThU1H7HcMmFIEWCwqG2h+jn1MfRqEIvFhQMPz8yaj5bmEVilCIBQVDzY/Sj6kOs1CERiwoGH78dNR6p7ALRajEgoKh1sfpp9SqIBShEwsKhp8+ITXeRRWhCKVYUDDU+Ej9kEqVhCK0YpFMMJDJNCSQCoH4MqOaUIBVIGdwOs3kRDM9jUwO4uYjTtNNf94SuHDhgr6s3BAMowxhmTnKmCom1GKBTDQLxvvvv69n+okTJ6S5uVmVPGY60yRw5swZQZnBPhTGf9WEAghDLxZIJARj8ODB8u1vf1vPbNhRLNL8ghQKvmfPHj21EIoHH3xQvv/97ytVozCyWgmxQLXxt7/9rXzyySdGumXnzp3Ra16QgBUB7P+6adOmqPPnn3+ulyWjSRJ1UOAi9GJhtC/xq2A2uFcxw80MeJ2cQCQS6eHJaIqoVn5CLxbXr1/Xq4w4wzPeHD9+PN6K9yQQQ+C9996LucdNdXW1XqZQtlQySh1fiBGQc+fO6ed5omqJo/qOHTvGQ4C7SzyPL4z99FFzGDt2rIwaNUoqKir0/6NHj1a2vCglFrFFQeSFF14QjJC8/PLLyhYAMxOKxU0aRvO1qqpKli5detNB4SulxQL5/sorr8i7775LwRARisWXSmAIhYrDo3ZaGPo+C7vEw808D4MnnyWjFX53CoV1HitfszDQhLGGAfFrbW3Vh4w//vhj6ezsFEwwMszBgwej804MO/xHZ/CwYcOiVuPGjdOvR44cKX369JGBAwdG3cJ0QaGwz02KhYlPkAXDEAaIATptMUV5165des99//79xfzBG0m+7bbbZMCAAcZt9D/CGgZzU8xCY44XJ8VBVEaMGBF4AaFQGDlu/Z9iEccmSIKBAo7hX8wwxOgOhvQmTpwoQ4cO1WesZrIGANG4dOmSPhMW79DW1ibTpk2TMWPG6H+JRCgOtW9uKRTOsoJikYCTnwUDH+m+fftk27ZtUlhYKFOmTJEJEyZIUVFRTkd0MCyNKfT4+9nPfqYL14wZM3wvHBSKBB+AhRXFwgKMnwQDHyL6FyAQMFjQVFpa6tuqP5pEp06dkkOHDunCUVNTo/eD+G2OAoXCovBbWWs0lgTq6uq06upq7fr165Z+MukQiUS0VatWaSKi/29pacnk4zISN9gdOXJE51hSUqJt3bpV6+joyMizUom0tbVVw/sgj2mcEcAsRhobArkQDIhCTU2NXpgbGhp88XHZIHLsBPEDT4gf/udKNCgUjrMsxiPFIgZH4ptsCQY+JtRkKisrtaamppzVaBJT8M4WIpEr0aBQuM9HioVDdpkUDBRgc03C4SsF3ptZNNA8yXRzj0KRXpGhWKTAz2vBwMeBjwTVcjQ3Mv2xpJDUrHqFaBhiif6NTBgKRfpUKRYpMvRKMNAvgQ42fCS5arunmPSMewcTNMG8ZkKh8CbrKBYuOKYjGKg9YIQDQpGpX1EXSfJNEKO2BT7ot0nXUCjSJXgzPMXiJouUrtwIBjowjdqEqk0Op5DByqhluGVFoXBK25k/ioUzTgl9pSIY6JNA34QXv5YJXyaEluZaGMQjFUOhSIWWM78UC2ecLH0lEwyjwONXEgWYJnUCENhUhJZCkTpjJyGU38/CamarU3u7/TAwTXvJkiVy9epV2b59u2+nZztNa678lZWV6UvtV6xYoW9WZPcenMJtRyc9N4pFevz00IkEA4V26tSpgmXca9euzekiLw+SmPMosIIWa02wq9n8+fMl0UZFFIrMZhMXknnI11h8htrEvHnzZOXKlYJfRRrvCEAknnnmGbly5UrMVogUCu8YW8VEsbAi49J+2bJl+kbAR44ckfHjx7uMhcGSETCEGZstd3R06CtxuWdmMmrpuVMs0uMXE/ro0aP63hIUihgsGbuBYGDjnbNnz8rcuXOVPFIwY3ATREyxSADFjdXp06f1cyUoFG7ouQ8Dwdi7d6/s2LGD/ULuMToKyQ5OR5jsPaG9vGDBAqFQ2HPKhCs6l9GRjH6iRJ2emXimqnFSLNLMeaNjbf369eyjSJOl2+AQDBh0fNJkjgDFIg22+CV77rnnBB1r7MxMA6QHQdHRiRESNEtoMkOAfRZpcK2trZV+/frJ8uXL04iFQb0igElwaJKwlucV0dh4KBaxPBzfYfPcw4cPx4z1Ow5MjxkjgN3PsdM5DlfK5FEIGUuAjyNmM8RF5mDkA9VdtJF79+7tIgYGyRQBHHrU1NSkD6Oyw9NbyhSLFHmiAGLkA1Vd/nKlCC9L3jFrduzYsXoeZemRSjyGzZAUs5n9FCkCy5F3iPqkSZM45d5D/l/xMK7QR4WTwHDYDxY00fibAJqHr776ql4LxJGKQTpO0a9kWbNwmDPGLxUKYHFxscNQ9JZrAqtXr9a3CMDKX5r0CLDPwiE/9FHg4F8KhUNgPvH25JNP6rVBdErTpEeAYuGAH4bjdu7cKQsXLnTgm178RADNEQj9s88+y+ngaWYMxcIBwHXr1gmWnrPd6wCWD71gdi2GVPfs2ePDtwvOK1EskuQVlp1/8skn+n4JSbzS2ccEqqurZc2aNaxdpJFHFIsk8FCrqKmpSeKLzn4ngJoF+pzq6+v9/qq+fT+OhthkDWoVEAv0V9AEnwDWjtx66636zlpsUqaen6xZ2DBjrcIGTgCdIBB1dXWye/fuAL597l+ZYmGRB6hVwHDpuQWggFqjKYJ1PVw3knoGUiwsmG3ZsoV9FRZsgmyN9TyTJ0/myIiLTKRYJICG3a9wPsXo0aMTuNIq6ARmzpwp2GKAJjUCFIsEvNChia3auPw8AZwQWBmzcDmrM7XMpFjE8UJbFr86paWlcS68DRMBbIX4u9/9LkxJynhaOHQahxgdm+iv2LhxY5wLb8NEwBhGvX79OmuQDjOWNYs4UFh+PmPGjDhb3oaNAIZRMavz1KlTYUtaxtLDmoUJLZogffr04aQdE5MwX2J/kubmZm647DCTKRYmUGyCmGAocMmmSGqZzGaIiVdLS4tUVFSYbHgZZgJGUyQSiYQ5mZ6ljWJhQolREGz0SqMOgYkTJ+rHTqqTYvcppVh0s8NELBju2O2+MAUx5Lhx4+Ttt98O4qtn/Z0pFt3Iz549qy9hznoO8IE5JYCl67t27eJaEQe5QLHohoSt87ALNI16BLBfCfstkuc7xaKbEaqiQ4YMSU6MPkJHYOTIkXLx4sXQpcvrBFEsuomiKooqKY16BIYOHSrHjh1TL+EppphiISJogmA2H42aBAYPHqyXATVT7zzVFAsRfUPe/v37O6dGn6EigBEw1Cxp7AlQLETk448/Fgyh0ahLoLKykrWLJNlPsRCR8+fPS35+fhJUdA4zAfZXJc9dioWIfhZmoEZCus7L5vJvSPnm89KVPI8z4OOaXHjrZVm+1eb5ncflxQcLpXDOVjnfGf+WXdJ5fqvMKbxX5jV+kKM0xGLBiMiZM2diLXkXQ4BiISJXrlyJgcKbJASuNUv9nDVy8oaNv/wxsvDFGina9rT8+NfN0mn22tksv/7x0/JWxXPy/LTB4odCyJqlOYMSX/shnxK/WRZtN23axGFTz3n3kvwHfiQvrhstB2uel1+fvPrlE7o+kMafzJMaqZE3N0yTO31UAtva2jynEKYIs55VWINhbLMfJpDepKVLrh1YLoV5j8jGA2/J+jn3Sl5enuTllcvSrcelPb42b3poV/tJaXxxjhTq/rvDbD4gF4wmwLUDsrSwUMo3viXHty6VB7v9Fc5ZL29duGaKSaSr/bhsXVre/exCeXDpZjlg+EE8wx+Ste3tsm/ePXJL4XI5cM3qxfrJAz/9pTQ89oHUPPUfcrLzb/LRznWyePNgWffij+SB/KwXv5h0mm/QDPnwww/NVr66xt4buTZZzy1sYzZhwgSpra1l77Nl7u+QBbNeF1m0T25oN+T/Io+LbJkpM186HludN8J3HpeXZj4uu25ZICdvaKJpmtxoe0pueW2BPB7TBGiXfQtelIav/kje1DTRblyW1+/cK2WP18vJblHp+qhR5j8wTw58/efSpsd1Xv696KjMmrxcGj/6h0jfUnnh/H6pLSiQsvpzcqNttZT2tSlGvQbLtOefk8ci6+SpRfNkVtUhqWj4pfz0gX7G2/O/DQHMAcJZJ+Xl5Ta+suSkZdlEIhFNRKJ/dXV1WkdHR5bfIvZxeB9/mBvaZ/uf1gpkpPZYwyXtRvSluu0Lntb2f3ZD026c0+rLhmpl9ee0G1qcWzTMF1qkfoYmZfVaBBF9tl+rLRCtoHa/9lnUj/G8GVp95AtN0z7R9tc+cDNM1N+X9tGwelwF3c+PerK5+Lt2uWGRViCiFTzWoF2+mTCbMNl1QrmsqanJ7kNtnoZvAu9j/lZsvGfFyeYnITtq9cQTT8jUqVOlsbExOw8MxFPukfEj7zB1/PWS/IHfkHvb90lT86dxKeglfUtXS1vbShn7l9/rHBsb/0s2L62Uonk74vzG33bHKxclcrlT5Np70vTaSSkoHiJfjykZ+TKw6G5pf+1tabZscsTHbbrvapd3/vuQtItI+54D8k77P0yOvDQTwNaO+BZwJiuOz/ST+Yr5ZdA+zoU5ceKEVFVV5eLRAXtmm5y+9NeeQ42dZ2Tzokdl3rYOmVz7nDzxr7dKv/K10lz0NRmz4n253Nklqax6aV/7kHxtbQI0BU8nsExmdU3Ob3n+y36K/S+I/KJaqmYNleY3f+KrPguk4o9//KPeT5MsRblyz9b3iWZsIhPz+wFPmf5LtBQYh9V2dHRk/NlWaUsExp92hVI85DZTjQNv+Te58MbzMu+tSdJw+ZL8zwvzZfr06TK99E75LOJmJWV3X0SispCsf6IHtC7pPFkvP553XL5Tv0YWlk7Vh1MnH1wnT8X0pfQImBOLb37zmzkrg+ayiW8By+bjjdlPJq/jn2vcx4iFYZmt/8Y+Ajj9C/sh0hgEupsFxq10Sefl9+UPBWVSPiaeU6dchijcO1pGFvxTNIR0fS5X//r3m/dOrvreJ+U/LJQ/HD0bN/JyVU6++LDklW+WC1YDHwni72rfL6ufWieRx56T1XNHSr5YDKcmCKuyFb6FtWvX6ntsYBq6X0xOxKKkpETf9xBAOM02UVE4KWt/8ZI06sOVmO34mjwx602peOVxmdxj5GGAjCkvk4J9/ylbDn70ZROlq12Ob/i5LN6c6ozE22TykuVSsecZWb7haLdgXJMLjWvlqRqRdaunyzCUmPxCKbq3z5cvfr1TjNHZmJR0fSA7V/xU/k0el9dXPmyaT9FPHli4RupnYzh1gxxg/0UMNvMNvg0cpdnU1CT4ZnJtsi4WgwYNEhzkM378+Fyn3cfPL5PaH94jF1eNl7y8W+SrpQfk3q0NsmF6otmOvaTv5CfkzS3F8r8PDZRbMH9i4DL5/aA5srOhVgpSTGWvO6fJhoMbZNJfnpfCWzBf42syedcAeaJ5483hzl53S8XSH8o/MM/iXx6TN97/W9xTrsrJlxZJlT6f4idSaq7xwGf+SJm7GsOpz8qsFbvloxRqK3EPUuK2rKxM/2ZynVieGyKid2qhDZh7g0lZK2T4Q+/Lysg2eWzYP+f+lRR5A4xAYAYnmsQ0iQlkvWaR+DVya4uNbzD5hUZtAoWFhWoDSJJ6ioWIcOObJKVEAefOzpilbgqkOPUkUixEpF+/fnLp0qXU6XkeonuClfYGmyCes7WPEMvTsT6ExpoAxUJEhg8fLvxlsS4kKrhwm4LkuUyxEJE77rhD3y0rOS76CCsBblOQPGcpFiJy++23y5///OfktOgjlASwbYIf5jH4HS7FQkSfGIZfFho1CXzwwQcyefJkNROfQqopFt2wuLtzCqUmZF7/9Kc/cXd3B3lKseiGNGXKFJ+MiDjINXrxlABGQu6++25P4wxjZBSL7lzFPPzm5uYw5jHTlIQA9o246667kviiM8WiuwyMGDFCX7TDIqEWAczcRROUq56T5zvFopsRjrCDQc84jToE0ARBE5QmOQGKhYnR7Nmz5ezZsyYbXoadwJ49e/QNpMOeTi/SR7EwURw1apTs2JFs30pTAF4GmsCnn34qGDIvKioKdDqy9fJcom4ijc1S+/Tpo2/xxzasCUxIL3EWBzq1ly9fHtIUepss1ixMPHv37i2rVq3iqIiJSZgvUYucNGlSmJPoadpYs4jDidPStmzZIhs3boxz4W2YCKAJgu32cegVfiRokhNgzSKO0ejRo+Xdd98VFCaa8BI4ePCgXoukUDjPY4pFHCsUHoyK7N69O86Ft2EisG3bNvnud78bpiRlPC0UiwSIsUHqK6+8IujwpAkfgdOnT+uJKi4uDl/iMpgiikUCuJj6ff/998upU6cSuNIq6AR+85vf6LXHoKcj2+9PsbAgPnfuXN+dNWnxqrROgQBm6KK/oqKiIoVQ9AoCFAuLcmCca4LREZrwEMChPeiTYsdm6nnKoVMbZhAKrEhEAaMJPgFjuBRniXLSXer5yZqFDTPWLmzgBNAJfRU4hJtC4S7zKBZJuOHwZtQuaIJNAEvRMVw6c+bMYCckh29PsUgC36hd4Hg7muASwIKxZcuWsVaRRhZSLBzAw2nva9as4bwLB6z86AV9T6hZcAQkvdxhB6dDfqtXr9Z9coWiQ2A+8YaJdVgs9uqrrwonYaWXKaxZOOS3cOFCfVSEByg7BOYTb1hZim3+KRTpZwhrFikwxP4Hv/rVr2T79u0cp0+BW668QthnzZole/fuZV+FB5nAmkUKELFmBFPB6+vrUwhFr7kggOYHhGLlypUUCo8ygDWLFEFiYs/UqVNl/fr1YoyUpBgFvWeBAPqYrl69KuicpvGGAMXCBUesWlywYIFgONXYFdxFNAySIQJoLq5YsUIOHTrE5qKHjCkWLmFigs/hw4fl5ZdfZoF0yTATwbBQbNCgQRKJRPQmYyaeoWqc7LNwmfNYjNS/f3+9OeIyCgbzmAD6KaZPny5NTU0UCo/ZIjrWLNKAisL56KOP6gUU4kGTOwLIiyVLluj7kCxevDh3LxLiJ7NmkUbmYpkzdtTCH5eypwHSg6DPPPOMHguFwgOYFlFQLCzAOLVGByc6Op988kkKhlNoHvuDWF+5ckXvP/I4akZnIsBmiAlGOpeoWUyYMEGOHDnCIdV0QKYYFkKB/UbeeOMNzqdIkV2q3lmzSJWYhX/MuYBQQDDYJLGA5LE1hOLtt9+W733ve7J06VIu9POYb3x0FIt4ImncDx48WBcLCkYaEB0GhVDgfJfNmzfrTUBssIwOTnR00mSGAMXCI64Y38ew3Q9+8AO9hsE+DI/AxkUDMcDsTAgF5rgYu16hY5OCEQfL41v2WXgA1BAKDJ8avfGJ7Dx4lNJRGMOjgGA1Gc6ocVi5Kw0wzcSzZpEmQCtRMEZJ8AuIX0JWj9MDDc7YlwK1BzshYA0jPc62oTUa1wRaW1u1kpISra6uzjKO69evazU1NVp1dbUG/zSpEzhy5IjOuaGhwXFg5AmYgz+NNwTEm2jUi8WJUJipoKBDWFDwaZwRwIeOjx7cIpGIs0AmXxQMEwwPLikWLiCmKhTGI1DgUfBXrVrFXzwDisV/sKqsrNRrZR0dHRa+kltTMJIzcuqDfRa2jbSejlZ9FD199rTBxjlYNg2D9rdxQG9Pn+raoG8HK3qLior0k8OwH4Ux4uGGCvsw3FCzCONUVehP0/sckvVROOXU0tISrWWk88vp9HlB8GfUJjLRv8MaRvolgM0QhwzdNj3soje3ydGnoWpnHMQSTTMIcVNTkx2ytNwoGGnh09gMsahxma3TaXqY44m/xqpVVJNff/11OXbsmN40UWmqOLYoxLyIW2+9Vfr27as30bDPaaYMmyRpkk1Pa8IfOhM1CitqaJqgUw9/YR41QU0Cv/Iiov/PdjOMNQyrEmhvz2aIDZ9sCoX5NSAUEAxUy8PUPAHPXIqEmTEFw0zD2TXFwoJTroTC/Dro8MOELuMXGPdBM+iHgfghHUbncLZrElbMKBhWZBLbc21IgmZcpvooEjzKkRXa9rt379bb94WFhfqCtdLSUl/vLI5hYSzZxzAopmjPnTtXRo8e7bvNjbmWxFER1D1RLOJY+U0o4l5Pn5thfISGcNx33336vAR0mObKQNDOnTund1JiMxrj3R5++OG05klkIz0UDGeUKRYmTn4XCtOr6pc4ng+jKDiSYNOmTVJdXS0TJ04UiMddd92V0Y8Uz7506ZJ+Ojk2oNm1a5fU1NTIlClTZMyYMRl9djwHL+4pGMkpUiy6GQVNKOKzFjMfcVbGxYsXdQE5ePCgnDhxQv+A+/XrJ8OHD5f8/HwZMmRINChmlCYyiKu1tTXqdObMGf0awoS9LiFMlZWVMnbsWD3ekSNHhmLrfQpGNMsTXlAsRCToQpEwZ0X0ZfH46FED6OzslLa2Nvnwww9176gZoDZgZVBLwbkoMBADCM0dd9wht99+eyiEwSrdFAwrMjw3JLRCYZ3l1i55eXkYHbP2oIgLBSNxRis9gzOsNYrEWU1bpwQ40zMxKSXFAm1yrP586KGH9JWNKBw0JGAmYAhGRUWFvPPOO9zpTKXjC+NHDlAwFi1apM9dMBcSla/ZDOmZ+4888ojs2LFDd8Boz7hx4/Q+HKvO4Z4xhMcm9B2cOC2sqqoqYY7xQKBYLBSLWB6427dvn5SXl/dwKCkp0Q/FxnkxqpjQN0NQjUTPfiJzzz33JLKmHQlECYwYMSJ6bb7ATu4qCQXSHnqxwKxG7AaN087NBgKSzg5M5rh4HV4C2KUdtQizeemll6JHPpjtw34derFABnZ0dOgzDb/1rW9F8xMzHWlIwAmBadOmRb3NmDFDzp49q2SHZ+jFwhgexUKm/fv3R5skmBJNQwJOCGC/VJi6ujr9AGZlTz5LvBg1HLaJlpljyTTPk0icv1gKT9OTgLFZj9lFxeXtoR0NMWoU5iMFnfyKqOyHoyGp5b5qMz1D2QyhUKRW6OnbHQFj4pYqp7eHTiwoFO4KPkO5I6CSYIRKLCgU7go8Q6VHQBXBCI1YUCjSK/AMnR4BFQQjFGJBoUivoDO0NwTCLhiBFwsKhTcFnbF4QyDMghFosaBQeFPAGYu3BMIqGIEVCwqFtwWcsXlLIIyCEUixoFB4W7AZW2YIhE0wAicWFIrMFGzGmhkCYRKMQIkFhSIzBZqxZpZAWAQjMGJBochsgWbsmSUQBsEIhFhQKDJbkBl7dggEXTB8LxYUiuwUZD4lOwSCLBi+X6KO07jfe+89fcv+7GSnuk/hEvXs5T1Ol8cGTMXFxdl7aJpP8r1YpJk+Bk+BAMUiBVgKevV9M0TBPGGSScCXBCgWvswWvhQJ+I8AxcJ/ecI3IgFfEqBY+DJbcvdSOAeWhgQSEaBYJKKisJ1xrqfCCJh0CwIcDbEAo5o1Do4uKirSk93a2io4iYuGBMwEWLMw01D4ura2Npp6HPdIQwLxBFiziCei4H2ik8JbWloCNWFIwWzLepJZs8g6cn89EB2aK1as6PFSzz77bA87WqhNgGKhdv4LOjRPnDjRg8KuXbuksbGxhz0t1CXwFXWTzpSDQH5+vjQ0NOgwqqqqoteGGymRgEGAfRYGCf4Xrg1hIbAjwGaIHR26kQAJRAlQLKIoeEECJGBHgGJhR4duJEACUQIUiygKXpAACdgRoFjY0aEbCZBAlADFIoqCFyRAAnYEKBZ2dOhGAiQQJUCxiKLgBQmQgB0BioUdHbqRAAlECVAsoih4QQIkYEeAYmFHh24kQAJRAhSLKApekAAJ2BGgWNjRoRsJkECUAMUiioIXJEACdgQoFnZ06EYCJBAlQN15goIAAACZSURBVLGIouAFCZCAHQGKhR0dupEACUQJUCyiKHhBAiRgR4BiYUeHbiRAAlECFIsoCl6QAAnYEaBY2NGhGwmQQJQAxSKKghckQAJ2BCgWdnToRgIkECVAsYii4AUJkIAdAYqFHR26kQAJRAlQLKIoeKFpGiGQgCUBioUlGjqQAAmYCVAszDR4TQIkYEmAYmGJhg4kQAJmAv8P/w8j2XwCjaYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how this diagram shows that the gravitational field strength of planet X decreases with distance from the surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The diagram shows part of the surface of planet X. The gravitational potential at the surface of planet X is –3<em>V</em> and the gravitational potential at point Y is –<em>V</em>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Sketch on the grid the equipotential surface corresponding to a gravitational potential of –2<em>V</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A meteorite, very far from planet X begins to fall to the surface with a negligibly small initial speed. The mass of planet X is 3.1 × 10<sup>21</sup> kg and its radius is 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup> m. The planet has no atmosphere. Calculate the speed at which the meteorite will hit the surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At the instant of impact the meteorite which is made of ice has a temperature of 0 °C. Assume that all the kinetic energy at impact gets transferred into internal energy in the meteorite. Calculate the percentage of the meteorite’s mass that melts. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 × 10<sup>5</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>