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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>i</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img 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" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is set up between the Fe<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) | Fe (s) and Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) | Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) half-cells.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation and the cell potential of the spontaneous reaction. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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" width="651" height="204"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The figure shows an apparatus that could be used to electroplate iron with zinc. Label the figure with the required substances.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why, unlike typical transition metals, zinc compounds are not coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals like iron can form complex ions. Discuss the bonding between transition metals and their ligands in terms of acid-base theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as shown.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride and copper.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Cu<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is colourless.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the electron configuration of the Cu<sup>+</sup> ion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">4HCl (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label <em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="657" height="313"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of formula CuCl<sub>2</sub>•<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>. The following results were obtained:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass of crucible = 16.221 g<br>Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g<br>Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the value of <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wires: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrolyte:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrode number (on diagram):</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name of gas: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, to two significant figures, for the disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during the disproportionation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, for the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I) chloride solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion, [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, forms.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bond angles: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base, referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_11.35.47.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="8.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.<br><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>NH</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><br>Explain the effect of adding <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of hydrazine with a second H<sup>+</sup> is so small it can be neglected.)</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>5</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}{\text{ (hydrazine)}} = 5.77">
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>b</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> (hydrazine)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5.77</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p>Calculate the pH of a <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.0100{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>0.0100</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> solution of hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid using section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta H">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</math></span>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" + 50.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}">
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>50.6</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {H_{{\text{vap}}}}">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>vap</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of hydrazine in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>. <span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> (If you did not get an answer to (f), use <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 85{\text{ kJ}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>85</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{1000 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>1000 d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{24.8 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>24.8 d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw a diagram showing the delocalization of electrons in the conjugate base of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of butanoic acid has a concentration of hydrogen ions, [H<sup>+</sup>], of 0.00192 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions, [OH<sup>−</sup>], in the solution at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of a 0.250 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ethylamine at 298 K, using section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the pH curve for the titration of 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of ethylamine aqueous solution with 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of butanoic acid aqueous solution of equal concentration. No calculations are required.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a suitable reagent for the reduction of butanoic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the product of the complete reduction reaction in (e)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following curve was obtained using a pH probe.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>State, giving a reason, the strength of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> for this acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of an anthocyanin is 4.35. Determine the pH of a 1.60 × 10<sup>–3</sup> mol dm<sup>–3</sup> solution to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A student performs a titration to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">, in vinegar using potassium hydroxide.</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The pH curve for the reaction is given.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="446" height="312"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write a balanced equation for the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Identify the </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>major</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">species, other than water and potassium ions, at these points.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="651" height="162"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest, giving a reason, which point on the curve is considered a buffer region.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">expression for ethanoic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of the conjugate base of ethanoic acid using sections 2 and 21 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">In a titration, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>25</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of vinegar required <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>20</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">potassium hydroxide to reach the end-point.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> State the type of error that would result from the student’s approach.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Potassium hydroxide solutions can react with carbon dioxide from the air. The solution was made one day prior to using it in the titration.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of this error on the calculated concentration of ethanoic acid in 5(e).</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The graph represents the titration of 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid with 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_13.41.48.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/02.d.i_01"></p>
<p>Deduce the <strong>major </strong>species, other than water and sodium ions, present at points A and B during the titration.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous ethanoic acid.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 1.74 × 10<sup>−5</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an equation, why sodium ethanoate is basic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict whether the pH of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride will be greater than, equal to or less than 7 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide, NO<sub>2</sub>, with water to form two acids.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate the equation for the reaction of one of the acids produced in (e)(i) with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>This question is about the weak acid methanoic acid, HCOOH.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of 0.0100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> methanoic acid stating any assumption you make. <em>K</em><sub>a </sub>= 1.6 × 10<sup>–4</sup>.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Sketch a graph of pH against volume of a strong base added to a weak acid showing how you would determine p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> for the weak acid.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Explain, using an equation, why the pH increases very little in the buffer region when a small amount of alkali is added.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>50.00 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.75 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydroxide was added in 1.00 cm<sup>3</sup> portions to 22.50 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.50 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> chloroethanoic acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the initial pH before any sodium hydroxide was added, using section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The concentration of excess sodium hydroxide was 0.362 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the pH of the solution at the end of the experiment.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the neutralisation curve obtained <strong>and</strong> label the equivalence point.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Propanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak organic acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of 0.00100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> propanoic acid solution. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the general shape of the variation of pH when 50 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.001 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH (aq) is gradually added to 25 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.001 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH (aq).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The overall equation for the production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + NH<sub>3</sub> (g) +<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>O<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCN (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why NH<sub>3</sub> is a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ammonia.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> = 4.75 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify whether a 1.0 dm<sup>3</sup> solution made from 0.10 mol NH<sup>3</sup> and 0.20 mol HCl will form a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the shape of one sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>) and one pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>) bond.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds in HCN.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the hybridization of the carbon atom in HCN.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why hydrogen chloride, HCl, has a lower boiling point than hydrogen cyanide, HCN.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metal cyanide complexes are coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia is added to water that contains a few drops of an indicator. Identify an indicator that would change colour. Use sections 21 and 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving a reason, whether magnesium or nitrogen would have the greater sixth ionization energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure. The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (1) CO<sub>2</sub> (g) <img src="images/5.PNG" alt width="64" height="25"> CO<sub>2</sub> (aq)</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equilibrium (2) CO<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="49" height="14"> H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)</span></span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid: </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">At 298 K the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide in carbonated water is 0.200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and the pK<sub>a</sub> for Equilibrium (2) is 6.36.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pH of carbonated water.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup>g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The uncertainty of the 100.0cm<sup>3</sup> volumetric flask used to make the solution was ±0.6cm<sup>3</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the maximum percentage uncertainty in the mass of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> so that the concentration of the solution is correct to ±1.0 %.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The reaction of the hydroxide ion with carbon dioxide and with the hydrogencarbonate ion can be represented by Equations 3 and 4.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3) OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq)<br>Equation (4) OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) + HCO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> (aq) → H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how these equations show the difference between a Lewis base and a Brønsted–Lowry base.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (3):</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Equation (4):</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate has a pH of approximately 7 at 298 K.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume when 25.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH (aq) is gradually added to 10.0cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.0500 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (aq).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="569" height="344"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the type of bond formed when chloramine is protonated.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Sketch a graph of pH against volume of hydrochloric acid added to ammonia solution, showing how you would determine the pK<sub>a</sub> of the ammonium ion.</span></p>
<p><img src="images/5di.PNG" alt width="478" height="387"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration, using section 22 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain, using <strong>two</strong> equations, how an equimolar solution of ammonia and ammonium ions acts as a buffer solution when small amounts of acid or base are added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Another common acid found in food is ethanoic acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of ethanoic acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, and the following pH curve obtained.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Annotate the graph to show the buffer region and the volume of sodium hydroxide at the equivalence point.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the most suitable indicator for the titration using section 22 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe, using a suitable equation, how the buffer solution formed during the titration resists pH changes when a small amount of acid is added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of ammonia molecules in the solution with pH = 9.3. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An aqueous solution containing high concentrations of both NH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> acts as an acid-base buffer solution as a result of the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>Referring to this equilibrium, outline why adding a small volume of strong acid would leave the pH of the buffer solution almost unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium salts form slightly acidic solutions owing to equilibria such as:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Mg<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> Mg(OH)<sup>+ </sup>(aq) + H<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Comment on the role of Mg<sup>2+</sup> in forming the Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> ion, in acid-base terms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> is a complex ion, but Mg is not regarded as a transition metal. Contrast Mg with manganese, Mn, in terms of one characteristic chemical property of transition metals, other than complex ion formation.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethanol and methanoic acid are important industrial products.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ethanol is used as a fuel.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in enthalpy, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 56.00 g of ethanol is burned. Use section 13 in the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate, K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, can form two different organic products. Determine the names of the organic products and the methods used to isolate them.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation and name the organic product when ethanol reacts with methanoic acid.</p>
<p><img 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yBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIENhqASHYVpdH5wgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBDYhIATbhKJzECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIbLWAEGyry6NzBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECmxAQgm1C0TkIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgS2WkAIttXl0TkCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFNCAjBNqHoHAQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAlstIATb6vLoHAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAwCYEhGCbUHQOAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgACBrRYQgm11eXSOAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEBgEwJCsE0oOgcBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgMBWCwjBtro8OkeAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQILAJASHYJhSdgwABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAYKsFhGBbXR6dI0CAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQ2ISAEGwTis5BgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECCw1QJCsK0uj84RIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhsQkAItgnF5BwnMR48jgL29v1BjN8nL17ceD+O/fu3Zsc+GIzj8oe65sWwEe/Hg3hQ1GTnceyPT1a9vfF6f1vXbDB2bfae72vU0zW7KtHY13++R29b12wUoHPTvaSTpbGz/xzqbdt7vrt/NQrXvdnbtv88cP/qLkW9t79t789YuGbt373V27b3Z8z9q7sSjb29bfvPd/evhn/nZn/b3p+xa3b/6mTLfKcQbOMF7v9BcxNbVYz+tjflJnatxtn7Hwr+Ebbqk+Jeskqo/73kKmyv1ef6mv3Dr7et+9eqD1n///Opt+31+lxfxb3kKq7Z+zN2U+4lVzHO3p8x//66xI3PgoYLka7Xffqm3L8uLFmmLwrBMi2sYREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECNQCQrDawhYBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgECmAkKwTAtrWAQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABArWAEKy2sEWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJCpgBAs08IaFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQC0gBKstbBEgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQqIATLtLCGRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgUAsIwWoLWwQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABApkKCMEyLaxhESBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQI1AJCsNrCFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQKYCQrBMC2tYBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECtYAQrLawRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkKmAECzTwhoWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBALSAEqy1sESBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIZCogBMu0sIZFgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBQCwjBagtbBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECmQoIwTItrGERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAjUAkKw2sIWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBApgJCsEwLa1gECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQK1gBCstrBFgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECCQqYAQLNPCGhYBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgEAtIASrLWwRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKiAEy7SwhkWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIFALCMFqC1sECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQKZCgjBMi2sYREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECNQCQrDawhYBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgECmAkKwTAtrWAQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABArWAEKy2sEWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJCpgBAs08IaFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQC0gBKstbBEgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQqIATLtLCGRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgUAsIwWoLWwQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABApkKCMEyLaxhESBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQI1AJCsNrCFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQKYCQrBMC2tYBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECtYAQrLawRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkKmAECzTwhoWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBALSAEqy1sESBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIZCogBMu0sIZFgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBQCwjBagtbBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECmQoIwTItrGERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAjUAkKw2sIWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBApgJCsEwLa1gECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQK1gBCstrBFgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECCQqYAQLNPCGhYBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgEAtIASrLWwRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKiAE23hhT2I8eBwF7O37gxi//4ALvB/H/v1bs2MfDMZx+UNdc5Xy+/EgHhQ12Xkc++OTVW9vvN7f1jUbjF2bved7RG9b1+yqRGNf//kevW1ds1GAzs3e8z3627pmZynqnb3nu/tXjbhkq7dt//nu/rWkFtXu/rbuJRXiko0rsO39GXP/WlLEendv2/7zwP2r5u/e6m97U+5f3W557xWCbby+/T9obmKritHf9qbcxK7VOHv/Q8E/wlZ9UtxLVgn1v5dche21+lzflODN/WvVh+wK/s+K6/W5vop7yVVc0/1r1Uel/7ztbev+taoo7l+rhHrPof7z3f1rVVHWsF116gxfF4JlWFRDIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQSAWEYKmHFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQIYCQrAMi2pIBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECqYAQLPXQIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyFBACJZhUQ2JAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgFRCCpR5aBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECGQoIwTIsqiERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAikAkKw1EOLAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgQwEhWIZFNSQCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFUQAiWemgRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKCAEy7CohkSAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJAKCMFSDy0CBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIEMBYRgGRbVkAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBFIBIVjqoUWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJChgBAsw6IaEgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQCogBEs9tAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBDIUEIJlWFRDIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQSAWEYKmHFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQIYCQrAMi2pIBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECqYAQLPXQIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyFBACJZhUQ2JAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgFRCCpR5aBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECGQoIwTIsqiERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAikAkKw1EOLAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgQwEhWIZFNSQCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFUQAiWemgRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKCAEy7CohkSAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJAKCMFSDy0CBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIEMBYRgGRbVkAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBFIBIVjqoUWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJChgBAsw6IaEgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQCogBEs9tAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBDIUEIJlWFRDIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQSAWEYKmHFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQIYCQrAMi2pIBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECqYAQLPXQIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyFBACJZhUQ2JAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgFRCCpR5aBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECGQoIwTIsqiERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAikAkKw1EOLAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgQwEhWIZFNSQCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFUQAiWemgRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKCAEy7CohkSAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJAKCMFSDy0CBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIEMBYRgGRbVkAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBFIBIVjqoUWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJChgBAsw6IaEgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQCogBEs9tAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBDIUEIJlWFRDIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQSAWEYKmHFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQIYCQrAMi2pIBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECqYAQLPXQIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyFBACJZhUQ2JAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgFRCCpR5aBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECGQoIwTIsqiERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAikAkKw1EOLAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgQwEhWIZFNSQCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFUQAiWemgRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKCAEy7CohkSAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJAKCMFSDy0CBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIEMBYRgGRbVkAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBFIBIVjqoUWAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJChgBAsw6IaEgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQCogBEs9tAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBDIUEIJlWFRDIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQSAWEYKmHFgECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQIYCQrAMi2pIBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECqYAQLPXQIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyFBACJZhUQ2JAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgFRCCpR5aBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECGQoIwTIsqiERIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAikAkKw1EOLAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgQwEhWIZFNSQCBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIFUQAiWemgRIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkKCAEy7CohkSAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJAKCMFSDy0CBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIEMBYRgGRbVkAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBFIBIVjq8YGtn+Pw6adRIF783268OHgTfxlP4+wDr/DPfvv78SAeFP2/P4jx+3/21Vac/2wa//n37TNa0WsvEyBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAtdAQAi2VpEuG4KVIdnDeHbwjzhZ65qbPXg7QrCzOJkM48Wju/FgMI6rzuI2K+xsBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAwDYICMHWqkIZgj2O/fEF0dbJJH4YfBH3ZivGPov98S9rXXWTB29HCPY+psPfz1bTCcE2WV3nIkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBEoBIVgp0evvJUOw2bl/ifHgs1nQc29vFMe9rrf5g4Rgmzd1RgIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQGD7BIRga9XkQ0KwiLPJQfx2W56/tRi3EGytCeBgAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBA4JoICMHWKtSHhWAxHcaz2Vcifx+H08WTr96PY//+4sH0p9MY/3EvnszecytuP3oV45PGo/TPpjH+7s+x//Rh40H8xUP3/xrj6ekFIzmOyejfG8fdjSd7BzGaHMeyEGzZ/voiJzEePL7gK4zFc77+I76tvgZaPBeto6+VSfnctMXfSz6ov+rn02FMowGBTZ4AABKiSURBVD3OwnAvXn83jmmDsR5DRMxM38Trvd2G6ZK+zg4sx/1pPBv+PD9+OIhnd8r+F2McxaSs28kkRm8ueD3pzKJx7phbce/pIL4dTZY8T67s05b8wEHXmOwjQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJXLCAEW6sAHxaCda4Eq0Kwf4n9/zX/umRRlNl/uwcxWYQ3Z9O38fWju62gpgxe5qHN16Oj878+efIuDs8FPOVxn8X/HvxL569DVuHS0jCqDl7OP8frON4dPF88A628VuPvnefx+t3iC6GbCsF+96/x+mU7yCqveTeevHx7LghbbXorbjf7Opsr5bg/jWcH38XrJJAsr3cr7j0fxtHxPy5+/VwwdxYn7/7UCNTq883nRBFeDuuArZq7ZZ+EYBWJDQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAg0BIQgrVAPqz5ISHYkmeClSHYLPhq/Hrk2TT+8+/Teah18mPslwFYsbKpWhFUrLYaNVYxtR+6X1/z9p0vYv9tuZLoNKbjf5v9GmMVuLXCrv4h2GkcDb9aBGAP49ng+yq0OZv+v3hVhkbJKrf+D8av+ln6Na4XSQD4ebye/FqX9+ynOHw+X1F37+mr+GHSfErbcUzevqrCqPQZbo3Aqbjmo73403hRp2Il2vDlYiXfb+LJo08vfP3F6L/q/hSL0o6G8eViRVnap2a97saTwY9LVoQlp9MgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEGgJCsAbGh29eJgRrB1WtMKYRgs1WD51bHdQIle58FYdHHV97bAQ6txurx+J4FC9moUo7HJuPtBm63N5UCHb2Ll7vFivWusOa+pq/iToE2kQIdjd+e/Du/Eq4Rn+ar1er8paZxq8xOfh8vvIusWmGYK1aFqzV9YpVZF31KudMu791YNk9D4pvXparATuu++GT1xEECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQOBGCQjB1ip3GWi0v7a2rL0b576yWIVg7VCk7Fh5jWWvz99XhTo7ZUByFsejl/MVWc1grDzt7O+yoCeWPiusPrwOg5pfhzzfj/qI+VY5nltRr7DaRAhWjrt9vf+K0d5vZmFWs5/td3W1q1Vmy0KwTtfa5fbsOWXtM9evJ/2pAstl4yjOU9br4rnQvqI2AQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgELNsoMvhk/bOZWlZ+303q10HOtXXCsvneTX/Fl9hHP6t++H1VQjWXBnVUKxefxz745PGC63N6n3leZaELecOG2zwmWB1mNVeWda6bKtZH5cEQ613dTW7g6rmOy/nMDti9pD8YRwOh3F40PiBgiUhWHdfV12v+/UqPLzzMkbH55YDVgOqxtsZsFVvs0GAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAi0BJZlW0KwFlR3swzBVgRU3QfP91bh1ZJzVA+Ob/yiZOf5yr4sfrUwyhVQZbvzoKjClyTo6bsSrFyp9KEPaL+qEKz4NcmD9NlozfCy3E5sukOsWrff61W4VV5z1d+kT/XVbREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQLdAkKwbpdL7i2DpyUB1mXOcsUhWJQhWytUqUKZ1v56SF1hz3UKwepncNWr+IoH+f95vhJsNIn/Hnetkusad60S0e/1yntV+FW+vrQuzb7YJkCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBEoBIVgp0evvRwjBVoVkZb+r9/k6ZEky/9sVSp3FyfjV4lccd+PF8F3Hry3Wq9PSr3Z2na95xX6vL1uR1zyzbQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQKC/gBCsv11EfIQQrLrGxQ9Dr0KUj/Vg/MavIDafjXW+H23gxgP7q+df1YFT81ztI7va1QqqpSujukKpel/9cP722ZetaquP7e5rz9cv9WD8dh+1CRAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgcsKCMEuK9X5vo8Rgp3G0fCr+a883vkqDo9Oz/fk7Kc4fP5w9isHt5u/WFgFKw/jy+FPce5x6yc/xv6ju/PjWiHSxWFWcyXVrUjCoOqcd+PJ4MfzK6wafa0DqDoEq/edH2bXnn9WCHZ2NIwv7yx+5TOx6RlyVZ1fdnz5DLdbce/5MI7OFas4Qf0Vzg91qi5vgwABAgQIECBAgAABAgQI3FABIdhahf8YIVhEVMHSrbhd/NLkaLIIl87iZDKK13u78yBr57PYH//SGFEjQNvZjRd//DGms3ClOO772H+6CM6K50wlQU9ENFZ63X70Mg4nx4vzHsfk7at4VgZEO60QLJrXLJ6x9X1MThaJzskkfhh8MQ/0qhVrxWnrEOz2o1cxLt/fGMmyzX4hWGM1WuHS/Dpk8QuRw0Eyvts7zR8lWBZilT3s/3odvN2NJ3sHMarMI86m4zjstCuv6y8BAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBwkYAQ7CKdla99pBCsyKSmb+PrctVW+XD05O9ufD06Or/a6+woRi/LkGyxsqk87s7z+L9/+B/xoCsEi9OYjr5ZPDerddzO3Xjy8k0c/p/Hs/AtWQk2MzuOdwfPF2FX+9iifb6v9cqz8v3N4Gl5IfqFYAVoY/Vc6dH8WwR/oz/Es9m+z+P15NdFJ/qHXPMTXHT8WZy8+1MrgCs9yr/n7ZoP4z8XZi6n8woBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIELhRAkKwtcr98UKwWTeLVUrf/SFeNMOwO1/E/pu/xXja8TXJamynMR0PGyu/6pVGF4dI7ZVmzZVoF4U5xYWLa/4tvq1WLxUhTrEy7N+TFU5VF6O9wqwZPNXvam9d3P/i3Rf0s2PV172ng/j2u/F8xVwVlDWfx3bB+WadW/f1osuTGL1pr0bbjRcHf11S5/qaQrD2DNEmQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJzASGYmUCAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIJC9gBAs+xIbIAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAgBDMHCBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIEMheQAiWfYkNkAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAQAhmDhAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQvIATLvsQGSIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgIAQzBwgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBLIXEIJlX2IDJECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQEIKZAwQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAtkLCMGyL7EBEiBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQICMHMAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgewFhGDZl9gACRAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEhGDmAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAQPYCQrDsS2yABAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECQjBzgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAIHsBIVj2JTZAAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABIZg5QIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkL2AECz7EhsgAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQICAEMwcIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQyF5ACJZ9iQ2QAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEBACGYOECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIZC8gBMu+xAZIgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECAgBDMHCBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEshcQgmVfYgMkQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAQgpkDBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAEC2QsIwbIvsQESIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgIwcwBAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgACB7AWEYNmX2AAJECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgSEYOYAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBA9gJCsOxLbIAECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJCMHOAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIEAgewEhWPYlNkACBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAEhmDlAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECCQvYAQLPsSGyABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgIAQzBwgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBDIXkAIln2JDZAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQEAIZg4QIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAhkLyAEy77EBkiAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQICAEMwcIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgSyFxCCZV9iAyRAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIEBCCmQMECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQLZCwjBsi+xARIgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECAjBzAECBAgQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAIHsBYRg2ZfYAAkQIECAAAECBAgQIECAAAECBIRg5gABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgED2AkKw7EtsgAQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAkKwjc+BkxgPHkcBe/v+IMbvP+AC78exf//W7NgHg3Fc/lDXXKX8fjyIB0VNdh7H/vhk1dsbr/e3dc0GY9dm7/ke0dvWNbsq0djXf75Hb1vXbBSgc7P3fI/+tq7ZWYp6Z+/57v5VIy7Z6m3bf767fy2pRbW7v617SYW4ZOMKbHt/xty/lhSx3t3btv88cP+q+bu3+tvelPtXt1vee4VgG69v/w+am9iqYvS3vSk3sWs1zt7/UPCPsFWfFPeSVUL97yVXYXutPtc3JXhz/1r1IbuC/7Pien2ur+JechXXdP9a9VHpP29727p/rSqK+9cqod5zqP98d/9aVZQ1bFedOsPXhWAZFtWQCBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEUgEhWOqhRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkKGAECzDohoSAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAKiAESz20CBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEMhQQgmVYVEMiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBBIBYRgqYcWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAhgJCsAyLakgECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQKpgBAs9dAiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBDIUEAIlmFRDYkAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCAVEIKlHloECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIZCgjBMiyqIREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECKQCQrDUQ4sAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCBDASFYhkU1JAIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgVRACJZ6aBEgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQoIATLsKiGRIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkAoIwVIPLQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgQwFhGAZFtWQCBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEUgEhWOqhRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkKGAECzDohoSAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAKiAESz20CBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEMhQQgmVYVEMiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBBIBYRgqYcWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAhgJCsAyLakgECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQKpgBAs9dAiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBDIUEAIlmFRDYkAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCAVEIKlHloECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIZCgjBMiyqIREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECKQCQrDUQ4sAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCBDASFYhkU1JAIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgVRACJZ6aBEgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQoIATLsKiGRIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkAoIwVIPLQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgQwFhGAZFtWQCBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEUgEhWOqhRYAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkKGAECzDohoSAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAKiAESz20CBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEMhQQgmVYVEMiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBBIBYRgqYcWAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAhgJCsAyLakgECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQKpgBAs9dAiQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBDIUEAIlmFRDYkAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCAVEIKlHloECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIZCgjBMiyqIREgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECKQCQrDUQ4sAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQCBDASFYhkU1JAIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgVRACJZ6aBEgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECGQoIATLsKiGRIAAAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgkAoIwVIPLQIECBAgQIAAAQIECBAgQIAAgQwFLhWCFW/yHwNzwBwwB8wBc8AcMAfMAXPAHDAHzAFzwBwwB8yB6z4H2vneJ+0d2gQIECBAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgRyExCC5VZR4yFAgAABAgQIECBAgAABAgQIEDgn8P8BCqGCPDtL/TgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="667" height="189"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the titration curve of methanoic acid with sodium hydroxide, showing how you would determine methanoic acid p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify an indicator that could be used for the titration in 5(d)(i), using section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration of methanoic acid in a solution of pH = 4.12. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify if aqueous solutions of the following salts are acidic, basic, or neutral.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> carbonic acid, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq), is 4.17 at 25 °C.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub> , for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following equilibrium concentrations in mol dm<sup>–3</sup> were obtained at 761 K.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 761 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the value of Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the above reaction at 761 K using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] in the solution and the dissociation constant, <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> , of the acid at 25 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate <em>K</em><sub>b</sub> for HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> acting as a base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation to show ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation to show it acting as a Lewis base.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid solution.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid) = 9.333 × 10<sup>−6</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using appropriate equations, how a suitably concentrated solution formed by the partial neutralization of 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid with sodium hydroxide acts as a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with sodium hydroxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a reason why most halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Classify 1-bromopropane as a primary, secondary or tertiary halogenoalkane, giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane with aqueous sodium hydroxide using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, giving your reason, whether the hydroxide ion acts as a Lewis acid, a Lewis base, or neither in the nucleophilic substitution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> advantages of understanding organic reaction mechanisms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphoric acid, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> can form three different salts depending on the extent of neutralisation by sodium hydroxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one mole of sodium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate <strong>two</strong> equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> if 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> is completely neutralised by the addition of 28.40 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.5000 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reasons that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis base.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAukAAAC/CAYAAABDjELIAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABdlSURBVHhe7d0PVFZ1nsfxD2DWGhjr5MbzyGBHUbPV7ABHt8nZMPOhnf6MC/07TYqLNbWT5RkXZXVsZ/b4r5TFnOqccVrY1NY9TsOz5pxm5CGJdkgPDJA7elIIXSPgodXTUSBHDZ5n73244CNiYov2A9+vzj1efs/v3vu7v3s75/Ncvl4jghYBAAAAMEak8ycAAAAAQxDSAQAAAMMQ0gEAAADDENIBAAAAwxDSAQAAAMOc93aXhIR4Zw0AAADAlVBf3+Csdeo1pPfsBAAAAODy6C1/U+4CAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYZuCG9PYq5SZGKCKi5+LWjJwCldS2OB2/aQG11RYpN/e38jstX0+7/N5nrPObodyqNqftIrrmKNP7/zz2lfY1zhUAAGAQGfhP0ucWqikYVNBZOpre0oPN6zUz9UWVtAScTt+kRvlWPavF+045PwMAAABfbdCVu0S67tD8zAfk8vtUVPm50woAAAAMHIO4Jn2MJsRHW39+Km9moiJm/ECZM9ydJTFpBaoNPWRvUW1JgXK62iMmKzN3iwpy/kEFtfaTb2fbH+TKuylHM7pKamYskzesnCbgr9CmnDRnH9bizlRuca3aQuUmCcrYfEjanCF3WPlGz23cmetVfE6JjjW24vXKdHcdM0f/Xv4/zmf9yS7HKbHOOXws1vlW+a1P7IqZXCVGpCin5Fhnd6u1pWSZdS7hbadUW/CIdd7LVHLwLWXaJUeZPzg7X6HlEWdOu4Rtc8HfeBzTvuJ/OWcONjnj6tTz+p3f54LXxvlcOiN/1ZYe90CRatu69tCm6vVpSkhYoO3N7U4bAADA5TXoQnrAv0f5m/ZoVv4/6ZHx1zmtltI/SnN8au1oUvWLf6PEyBYdLPixUmduU9QLf1BHR4N2LXVr8+K5Wn7sTqUlhm27NU+vfDRNG1s71NHk01K9oYyucprAQb0xb7bmVdyrSuvzYPCEDqwcojzP41rxX6OVXVevwrljnbKc95SdbH1xaKtQ3uOztbT5QZU3nVbQOvabo3bKk2qF/8Yz1gHPqNG7TKmenYp79YBag6fV9MJwvbPW1zmefhRo3K6FqTO1vPlxHbDHHxpLsTJSnlJe1XENGZekDFeVthT90YrEtpP6uHqP/AprCxxR2bYyaVaKJt4QZTX4VVp8neYcOGHN1z5VvvuKPCrTtrIjZwO2s41rzj1KGX6h23C/Nv+8XneVnAiNa9cdezXPGVf3HHVdv1CpU5nyEn6reQ+8otKLXZvQFwzrC0rVa3o8Za2aH3xLTR32PvI06p2/U+rC7WoMDTZaST8uUn39q5odN8RuAAAAuPyCPXz726OcNcN9WRlcN1ZB+xTOXyYF5+aVBa3QZakPWiHZans6WNj0ZWjTkBO7gktcrmDquvJga6ihI9hamRdMtbd3PRssbDhttTnbupYGd50I7czyp2BN/sPW/lKD6yqtLZsKg3OtbVxLdgVPOD3O5exjbmGwKfRz1/YPB/Nr/hRqCQmNx9lPx4FgvsfVY59Hg7uWJJ89bl90zVH3sXty9tl9vo7W8uC6VFdQnvxgTYfTJ7RufeaMLTTPXW3OXHryDwQ7nPk455hd23T1t5tq8oMeJQeX7Dra2XCOL61pfdo6xqRgVuER68o4nHGFz1H4Pi/52vS6jw7rdJYGXRccGwAAQP/qLX8Pur84Gmw9oMIlbm1e9IyWb//k7JPbsYkaPfLsk9D2j6tV6HdratIY2UUxoSfKj9bo8V8ulMu/U2+Xf9bZ0TZshG4Y1jVVQxQTO8JZt9yUrO9nTZJ/7UI9l7tV3pLwUoreHNX+96ut8UzVlDFhT+uHj9O0WWPlL6zWx40f6X3fMM2aNk7DnY+lWE2cluKs95PAMR3Z2yRNTtIk11Cn0RI9RklT3dK+OjW0De88rm+nyupOKVC3W9t807Rm3bNy+Sq0/7Mzaql8V1v80/Xo9Ju7fzUzdvJojXTWFTleD+XMs/p7teND+yn4KdWV7ZTP5VFaSthcnmei7px009lf9zjjCs1R4BZlFTUpWDhdDdu98nq9+nXu00qd/5bT2XKxa/OZPc9+jZ01RWO6DxKp4RNTNEtVKqz+RBS4AACAb8LAD+k9Rd+i9J/kaIlrvwrerlJY1A7TrqOf1OmQYjTyBiso2+UnT2zRxG0v6qn7/9oKaIf0weH/7VtAixyt9A2F2lX4vOLeyVbGzAmKCdU1e1Xlt0tXegh8oePNJ6VDi5VyjVMnHVqc2nXLl42H9UFoLdwQjRydqLGh9frOWvnubXtbZii38kSo9wVZY/n8kF+Ki1XMOXfCdbphZIzk/1zHv4jUTZOmyqPDqmloUVtDnfZ5HtDs+5M0WZUqP1CnyiKf/J57NT28ROgcVvBNuUdzXO8o71fVaulTqYtthGJjwktMnHGFnJG/5J81I2aCZi54W4etb2ORY57Qm/lZzueWi1ybQOtxNVvdDi1O0TXhc+fO0ObOPQAAAHwjBl9ItzlPpS8sUtfHjpDLXu1oUMnqXO2bs0LPJMeGPpUVhe8c8xdWLO6j6PG6O/0pvfRek4KtNdqV/z3VL87QAy+XOXXcYSKvV2zcMMmTr5qOsN8AdC112fqr0WN0p06q+fgXZ38T0P3Fwpag9E115297zvKeslNuCPW+IGssI8Zas9B8XK1nD2Q5pRNHWyWXFZKvj1Rk4nf0qKdJW4qK5LMC+bBZU5Q43m47rr2H9unQ3qYeT6N7Mfw2pc1Jln/Luyqv/L22+dyak3Zb2G8K+sIZl62lTC8/8TPVZBWqoWGTsh9KV3r6dxUv5/MuX3Ft2mJiFWfdBZ78A6Ga9p5zWJed3Pd7AAAAoB8NzpDe8rHKiw/JFRer652mc0UqOj5Rk1Wj/8z5e72kp/TivEmKtv8y4p4SFStJd03qLta4NHYozFqg5+aOlX/vETWfE35tIzXprqTu8pFugYMqSHN3vnlm5K26yyPtq2kKK884rgPllc56P4m8UTffbpe1VGt/+FP/tsOqrrDLYBIVH23dIk4/f1mBXtsiZSSN1pBQW6x8P3xMP7QCd6jN2bx3Nyp1/o/k8f9Kq3M29qHUxWY/qbfLYxwtf1TRliq5MpI07vRxNftdmnznrXJ138Vtaqg57Kz3oue1cebZt2236sKuU6C2QGkRbqUVHAz7kgQAAHDlDL6QHmhUyYsvaa3/Ya2c/50LPqmNTJypp7O+pd2lQ5V8z626KfKM/BWva9mC16Ssx859u8tXCDR6Nd9t/yunXue1fQG1HSzR28UnlTprktxdM/zBYTUd/0S1/kglpj2mLNdbWr4qXxV2OA74VbFhjZb7krRudbrGDxmjtKfTJbuWumC/FT3t0o7XtGJtlbOz/mIF5+eXKUuvacGy/9BBe/z2/K1+QYtLnbGExj9CKWkeuXaXqlRd4TqsRr5Pgduec/vp+0mVllpB+6KlLrYqrV2R1/m6y67rqmf16vPTNTwmXpNTrYC95Xf6MDRuv6o2rXPmqFVHT5y6+LVx5tnlW69VGz6QP7SbD7Rh1Xr5Uhdr9SPjB+H/IAAAYCAY+Bkk9P7xsHriqHg90XivfDX/qqzwVzD2FDimwxVWEP3l7dozM15REdfKPW2H4taUq+r1dI3q48xEjrpfK3/zqu5r/qkmxERZY4hSzMSt1n62a+uiqYrWTbrj2R9r7snFSvnzDOUfaLG2SdfrVeVaE7dD09zXWmN2a9qOOK2pfF2LQiU3QzUqfbVKfVnS8smKsce2okX3LfF0HvRS9Zyj0JKoTO+n1lhma0PpLq2M26qJ9vhD8zdLhd1jsXXVlFurXU/XNcSpVbcyep8CtyXyZk1/dLq1ktzHUhePltx3Wq9MuCE0rpl7klVYulrpo4ZK0Sl6ZuOrWqJ1SgmNO1nZH03QssI11lZN2nvkmHTRa2PPc56qKpcobsfDckdFKMr9sHbELVHl1meVHDpP3pMOAACuvIigXXwbJiEhXvX1Dc5PQH+y/wGjuZqwPFG7Dq7U3X0J9gAAAINcb/mblIQrJuD/vd7YUq3URbM1lYAOAABwQSQlXAGfhl4ZGeXO1J6pa7XxmZTQu+kBAADQO8pdAAAAgG8Q5S4AAADAAEBIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMQ0gHAAAADENIBwAAAAxDSAcAAAAMM0hCepuq16cpIWGBtje3O2099aFPe7XW3x6vhCe3q9lp6qm9Ok+3J9ymJ7d/6rSc7+J9rtx4++ecBtp4zTonxnt5x2vUOQ208Rp1TlfpPdNP53R13jP9dE5X6T3TP+c08O6ZgSQiaHHWQxIS4lVf3+D8BAAAAOBy6i1/U+4CAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYhpAOAAAAGIaQDgAAABiGkA4AAAAYZuCG9PYq5SZGKCLTK7/TdNn5vcqMiFBibpXanaZL0V6Vq0Rr+4jzljTlFJSoti3g9AQAAMDVjCfpl8KVrk3BoOqykzXEabp0YzW3sF5Baz+dy2k1lT+o5uUzlbqiVC1OLwAAAFy9COnfuKFyTX1UmXOS5d/yripbeJoOAABwtRv0IT3gr9CmnLTu0hJ35noV19rPq9tUlTtDEe5lKukOxsdUkpNyblvgoArS3HLnlKilR7lLz31HuDOVW1xr7flrmpyo+OiuS9Ki2pIC5cxwn93/jBxtqvKra7QXPX7Ar6pNOZpxoc+75iDiGXn9X6eABwAAAJfD4A7pbRXKe3y2ljY/qPKm0wp2NOjNUTvlSV0mb+MQjUu6Qy6/T0WVn3f2b/9E1YVVUlhboG63tvmGada0cRoeanFY4f2NebM1r+JeVbZ2KBg8oQMrhyjP87hWlBxzOvXFGfkrtmlT4RTlb3hI40NX5IwavcuUOnObol74gzqCQXU0lSkv4bea98ArKrW/QFz0+MdVlfeUUpY268HyJmsfp9X05hi948nQQu8nTtCPVnL2e9a2v1C66+sX8AAAAKB/DeKQfkq1v8rV4tLpWvmT+ZrqGmqd7Sjd/Y85WqLXtODnu6WUezTH1aS9R46FQmvg8H+r+JC9bVdbQG0NddqnJN01aaT9wVmffaT3fX65pk7RuNDT7+G6JStfTcFKvXT3jZ19enVImzMSOp9sh5Zr5Z62QJtPtutEyxed4TlwWEUbvfJ7HtW81FGhixTpStZ9d020vkDsUfXHJy96/ECtV8sWV8uzcqkWTnVZ+xgq193P6oUl16pgwcbOoA8AAAAjDeKQflT736+Wxk7VlDHXOW2W4eM0bdZY+Qur9fEwe32YfNt2qy5wSnVlO+XzvKB1i9zyvf+RPtPnqizyWWH5Xk1PDNuH7aZkfT9rkvxrF+q53K3ylvS1zKXnXxztUGtNoZZMKNai2au0vfGMdVVuUVZRk4KF09Ww3Suv16tf5z6t1PlvOfuwfOXx2/XZ/gr5NEGzpsSHXeRYTZyWcjboAwAAwEiDN6QHvtDxZiuIHlqslGu6nlrbS4IyNocel1tGatJdSdK+OjW0taihplGeR/9W9//lGKm4Ugc+/VBFW5qstu8osedMRY5W+oZC7Sp8XnHvZCtj5gTFRExWZq5XVX4raPdZpKLHz9ZPXpgnl3+n3i7/zGo7I3/JP2tGzATNXPC2DgesXmOe0Jv5WZ2b2L7y+CfVetwu1ynV4pSYsHO/Ru6MjZ3bAwAAwFiDN6RHXq/YuGGSJ181HV1PrcOWumwlD7lOidPvlceuQfcVWYF8qGZNGafxobY6HfrDAe3193waHSZ6vO5Of0ovvdekYGuNduV/T/WLM/TAy2WX+CrFSA2fmKJZzk9qKdPLT/xMNVmFamjYpOyH0pWe/l3Fq9Xp4Ljg8fcoEDvC6vCw8mv+dP65B99TdnJ05z4AAABgnMEb0ruekvt2qqzulNNmcd7WEpFWoFr7CXXczbrd1aSy136hLbpDSeOGOW1v6YcZC+VzdbZdlB2Ysxboublj5d97RM2XVPIdUMuBShUrVnGxfyZ9cVzNfpcm33mrXN1XqE0NNYed9V6cc/xG6dap8qhM28qOdNa5h5xSbcEjioh4RAW1YXMCAAAAowzikH6dEtMeU5YVtpevyleFXYIS8Ktiwxot9yVp3er0zjepDL9NaXPc2l26W5pzj1KGW41O3brN1dXWQ6DRq/lut2bkeJ1/KTSgtoMlerv4pFJnTZL7EmY24N+lF1e8Ib/nR5qfeqMUE6/Jqdb3iy2/04f2vkOvUlynFWurrN6tOnri1EWPHz9+pp7O+pZ8y9doQ4X92kb7LTL5WrW8TKnrsvXI+B419gAAADDGwA/pmzPk7q657loSlen9VJGj0vV6VbnWxO3QNPe1iohya9qOOK2pfF2LkmOdHYxQSppHLuu/yRPc6iwCcZ7CK1lz0m4799WLjshR92vlb17Vfc0/1YSYKOuYUYqZuFVxa7Zr66Kpzn560/PtLhGKci9S433/pprCeZ1fHKJT9MzGV7VE65Ri7zsqWdkfTdCywjXyOG+e0cWOb9esv+5T5Zo47ZjmVlToLTI7eoyP96QDAACYKCJoFymHSUiIV319g/MTAAAAgMupt/w98J+kAwAAAIMMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADAMIR0AAAAwDCEdAAAAMAwhHQAAADDMIAnpbapen6aEhAXa3tzutPXUhz7t1Vp/e7wSntyuZqepp/bqPN2ecJue3P6p03K+i/e5cuPtn3MaaOM165wY7+Udr1HnNNDGa9Q5XaX3TD+d09V5z/TTOV2l90z/nNPAu2cGkoigxVkPSUiIV319g/MTAAAAgMupt/xNuQsAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgGEI6AAAAYBhCOgAAAGAYQjoAAABgmIigxVkPSUiId9YAAAAAXAn19Q3OWqfzQjoAAACAbxblLgAAAIBhCOkAAACAYQjpAAAAgGEI6QAAAIBhCOkAAACAUaT/A+0zhsZKXlVjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hybridization of hydrocarbons affects their reactivity.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism of reaction between 2-chloropentane and aqueous sodium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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4+JAbUMW5ONNwHqKX5XuHaND0PDhO4SR1xJL4N/JxMUaDYiVhx5aST7JR6bKc7dLvLHo9HhFnZMs8kTWq/hFM/d6XC1sYF3w1tidklFoA/utOqbmf7NgVD4iltovh0mjHN6W9TxspGuTzkQQgght4ZVIbLXmivw/l/+xoO3ODHGmyjqcNeiBhz6/qLJ3ACXoTlax/4Vz93J4entY2g8tF7Ha/owu6b3bm8rg38PGaf1RCyyy2rNtoHuH+129OewL53fJjQ6Har+nmmOEOIY7FgX6M+psHBk389R0w/BvxHq91Yjq0oHeeRC/Em8HlK3EysydnccILdlC7ZXiz/aDdTv+xCbpdHw90I5RAGvIcOgFBcqfh/viCPyTa4aaLuSwM6Mk3VgLza/s1+6jtiQMWwbAmcjRxoUaC1rZqcijksP7Zeb8WyOB1J2/h0ZA/6GFTlqGsxJukeNRhdjv7pAvC/BxvTV/EZBfauXwb+zAX/skaiCOOllszoXqeK0qqEL8e5rL+L5jFQ+BetqZBSZjdLXfYL0x0PZ542zJMkRmrIUv1UOhEwZi1Up4sxvxvPtw/BQsjgTlz+mLngMw/ujD6P15jO61jsxBT20RMoY+dSnEDnclpnjupqdijgu8X7yGTimKUTKA7/gaYR0hxqNrsdedcEPKHplA86PmiwNfu9r9g2ZzRV4L3UTC+LjkbJ6CSL8BkhTsKavEUe+dxyl7/Onjfjo9Wf4F/VH5PJtyHluPAwd+t4If+5dqLKXIVLqemfE2bS25WN9rPngQXsRp/VciJx2s3qJM41tQ9H6mHaXLXbPmtmpnME11OTMZg22nvZ82KhehUSxcWlVY6ltzgVDY9Q2DQ0NqKmp6fD48UfxOvJL2LcyAemVoUiaEQaFvho5McH91xvltNy13JzE/3lwRcdA4Qrlpr+/g6PXBYaPWOXs2bMW1nsNsVv/htd//2v8ki8n0tfkIKYv5v/nk/1Ibs1MTsaZrob08QxarsuhZty6UiqkhgwRAqZvE07c5Gn2VFcoJLDv334Gts7w2drE5RMKhTqe2lMfv5kgBIvraPeYIrxz8Bhf4kfhxLZZQkDISqH0is7w3OYZ5uyHyg37ew5Tbi4KpakT2etYIbPiMnvNy5DTlpubLEtXCiEBI4Tp246zV/3A4esCa3+FJmHF0/ebrZM9xj9l2E7pe5rMfHnzuLBt+oge/Q1xfeb654CZuCh29FbwHvJ0coTF/bp/Tr3cApPj38CuklKUtHtsxH+e2cCPXBvRdPkqX3oghk98HGGoRV7mJ3T0b5E7l5t3ET9WvJubLyJe/xwlGZ7Imp2JfdoBzl1u9DUoyBQHdY9D3MR7+6kntv/1rC6wlhcWZ35qtk72yH8dfnyJdmT3YmLcOED3N2QW2H7nSAr+xHbGm6m07vCmXWvvY5/p1MbSjVbEu6ZtNpnuWGV2z3PzqZNNp0S2gjj9c7vpoYtxvNG0P9C27fPx8YFSqTR7hCBo6lJkz9Uifco4xG7xwfLcRZikkEE2/NeIE+/0VbkXB0/2Q5e2s3HrcjMUV/a8wJbrGCicudzoT/4TBeKtbcMex0Rp7BPVBWJd0Eq6rbhxynjxMR1peeXs7xjeHjJkiIX1SkPcLTAeYOhQWfBPnLQ1+vMeAImlrgHieBwmn4zdbq3dTyZdax0eI4SohGeEKLO0ti7Cm0JTxQaz9/kjJFkoPHtdWqrzrr7LQkVmbMfPGh9SV19vtq8njF26jnXTFvE7OQR3LzdNx4XC1GmGZUMWCBvK6viyzlpu2n6fkNRS4YpZWseHO9UFImO+mq7PsM6ozDLBpttYGU+bBSwWCuu6Pech/T1zdORPbNZy7hTE4zcoh2GI8falrYxTIP8LKukqDR2qiv+NCWZplQeO4YK4uL4GH68SB4eKAz3/jrLaM9BUlbDW9Fi22E6s2NTNPRG0ldgpTv8sfj5jD6o0Z1Bb9iHiO9yK1aiH29cjXhiiFLt2zeeuICK3LzdewYh9fZdhfpBj7yN5vB/vgnXWcnMN576vYf/K2dHqPXyAtil3rguYFg2+/bSWPXkUGSXfsXzXoEr1ouGqsS27cEhrw6F762XnNfj+nG29RBT8iY1acElzilVTjKVJlcJmYO4kcYplBe4bO9owQVNrmjfGPPofECdvNmrtNvSZiUWL+NSsYiX5pwREsqe6gi+g7mInaflOjU/Fa2HFz88ZJVVAMr9HsWjh49L7HfRw+3rGA3d6D5KeNRzV4JL0jBhQuemcs5Yb44RsncyO6tZ5ysjkGBQornU/0qc8hbQcFT7XjMBq8f4xxzIQYXp6wFoyT3jffTt7Yvs8MTb8VUKs0Fqxy+Cp8GbVgmlaR/qmBmjEJ+OGwd90mkTfQIwS9zxdAxqvWtFCbvd5D/bxYZZ33B5uH+knVG5cj7vnqSwY87Zs45d1i3eBTUZyciJiJ4zm4wsMi/U3KrLEIcju9EGg+OTQKZwz7e+8pMFR8TBR7gNvz86Lq+XPmxxl3iLywd50fwc7onLjelwxT2V+DyN5axk0tYeg2rQR2W+J89XoUJXzZ7z9ZW/6eGy/dTUFf2Ijk5b0hUY09bL1KrtnFCaL5+QaduCdd74ytIabq6F6+30Us6fyuMcQ3kX3mGxwEEaLPWvi57cfhTgLtr5+P97ZvFd6v3+1oKnR0BVHN3cyR+Wmc85aboxTlV9nWXq1dxPPMK6Vp+xvS5Py/BKBIxcip8YT4dNjERv5Hxh1r7iR4o3rxAmCekh/FY0XrrMncvgqbJlZlv1O/F9CeszjvnA8IZbfmlM42+4yHRt43Y/fvzwXoTiH4vVPS1MnB4ZOQXLet6x8z8CaxQ+zNm4XFA9jMZ85sjg9CqFsZwua8AxyqsSTf/2tGWdrTrN/g/DE2EAW7ogpKjedcdZy44n7xj7IfkMdamrqpGDbKy6VpyzIGqemb52+Xvw+T0r3u4E8FnMeG8KX7IHmOvZbi59/EGPvs62ZSMGf2M444lR3ErXnrbz+tlMD4BfxotnUyXKEzl0LVek6xPoP4GmdGQD/mBXIN50eOmULcjOmSa/6lf7fqD1ykT0Rb0rVceyz26NyY5nTlhtZ643XdEdqcb63h/6ulKcSC1PTS9/nNeQWLbdpwJ/+fC2OiG0Zi1fMWIlf8iexdC0gcTyOk0/GKUkd67rkW854/XF/TV1rJSo3Ds6Zy41xylkrrzsnvWGco8D6uQfoOn/SxwZCGfcHzJU34GD5SbozmUQP7XE1DiIIc5dNg5L2MAuo3HTk5OVGpkTcst+x49lKlB9v5InEPhpxvLwSkP8Oy+KUNnffU9VEekfxEOJfehS6gkJ8ca63XbguwDjHeVgi4if58kTSAZWb9py+3MigmDQbL4VdRMGOAzjX665/0hl9zSfIzLuIsJdmt59CuId+Jh7+8+fSQARx1ini2CifiC2o3BBbULlxfpbykI78CSGEEDfTeuQvtgwIIYQQ4nrMj/yp298JUT4RW1C5IbagcuP8LOUhdfsTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEHKr6c9hX/p06Zr8wJEJyC6vhz1vkUDBnxBCCLml9NB+uRlLLyTg61oNqvLvx+5XP8NJO0Z/Fw/+jVBnPYnARBXqeQpxBjdQr85HWnSwoRXMHiMTM6FSd90S1teXIy+Nt5x56zlLpUZ964dsWy9xFr3NXz2a1dmIDlwCVX0LTxNRuekr3e+jlvwAVeKYts8YH2GZUPNssm29faC5HFnRE5Co+oEnGPR8e2RQRGSgcnMs/GUyeN6pwAD+jt2I0/saWbrhv/O6Ihzf9kchhH2ngIRCoY6nugLXyicLrpQKqSEjhKjUQuFE001BuHlWKF05jX3vWcK2Ez/yhcw0lQmZUSOEkIR3hbK66yzhinCicKUQFcDWk1kmNInL2LJeF0Llpis3habjuUJCCKsvAhYLhXU/8XSGyg1/1kvW7KOW8N9/+rbjLJcsuSiUpk4UAqJWCoUnrrDX14W60lel9Xb+mT7Q9C9hW8J49vuMFhIKNTxR1M32/FQhZN4vljPTh8k6pPK1WFhZerbPtt1SHrrkkb+h1fUs1t0IQ5wPTyROQg+t+gsU6MZhZnw0lF6siMr8MWnuDIThCA4cvciXM8U+c2gXtlQFIWnRHIz3E9vMCihjk/Hy3LtQtWUXDmlbbFgvcR62lBtOXw913krMWncZD8cF80SjXqyXmLBmH7V8WKw/X4sjurswOugXlruqtf/C3oKLCJs5GzFKBUsYAL9JT2FmGFB54BguGJbqQ7wnaNa7uPHwZHQIMd1tj0c4UirPSHPttz0OY2tsgPhhVOdmYsewZ/FihL9du+btue5b5AcUvbIY+bctwGvxE+DLU4mzuIrvvv0GOvlwBA1u6/iSDR2DyT4NOFh+ku0e5gxdZsc0e5AS7sXTRAOh8JUDugY0Xm22Yb3EedhSbkQtqC96DbH5d2DZa3MQ5uvB041sXS9pz5p91FLw16P57CnUsKbW+BBvntZey3dqfGreOJANwZjJQcBBNY530qiwWf1uvBK7A7ctS0V82GCe2Mbm7Wk+ipzEp7AO87E+fhRMfyV7cMHg/3OMWvRXfJwxBX4u+O1c3zVoL+mA272h8DTJQJkcgwLl0J1vZNWxlfRncbi0FvAZhkBfduTfV+slDsjWciOD16gklHycigjpaNRcH5ZH0lG7fdS84SUyNr4u4pOXH+bn0IMRnZYPdf0N9r4eV7WNuA45fBUDDR+ReODOQezQr9NGxTXU5CxEYs5RNPMUA3bknbMEcTnVbM2d8BqNRSX5yLB4ZN6L7fl4NdKLj6I4PQqh4vc0GdNgDx233ekpoAwfbvdWE7GXH9F43sKxlMwT3nffzl9Ygx0xVO7BjkogbOkTCPPoq/USx2Rr/rLgrxxj6M63iMqN/ZjvozzZlLFxgEF4ZMXnvIu8HBuU/8Ds+M1QN7fgamMDWPPMDAu23oP4c0sGQjkvHXNOrcbS1gaAGPhT8cKpJ/HOvODOg6PXcIRL3fmWsOBv6/bE55ucBmCPymUIt/Sb9BEXDP6EMM0VeC91E05PXYvNXe3IhJBbw5p9VBaM+KJqaI5tRnywMeAqEBwdjYlVm7Dq4xrc5Kk9JvNHxKp1hgbAB5+hJPtFKfBvWeUevcZUJxIHcwe8B1toVeuvovHCdf6iG+K5s6WLkYXFyF8fA3+plPfBeokDs1f+UrmxC4v7aE/poLl8FXd4+0DOU9q0oKnxMn/eBbEBkP48RmUnYv4HI7AqvbeBXwbP3mxPP6LgTxwMHwB0vRFa03Njeh0ua3SQD/aGJ0+yRF//FbKXzkf6mRjk5ixEeGt3bu/WSxydvfKXyk1f63wftcVt8FR443bWELikvcbTRCzYXr4EyH3gbTpWw5w4q17GmziavBXbFpzAqoySXs4NwIJ/b7anH1HwJw7GE/eNfRBy3UnUnhcH9Bjovz+M0gY5lMp7OhnPoUdzdR6SJj+N9VKl8qLZAC5b10ucg73yl8pN3+luH7VAuw9pI3+JkWn72l1VoW9qxAUE4YmxgRh4XziekF/Ekdp/s7/AGccKKIdhSGeNCzHwr3oB24el4q0F0ZiS/AbWDStE0qreNQA8bN2efkbBnzgYGRThjyFOvh9r136E6ma2+zRXoyhnJyrl0VgQOdRiodWfK8Ly2BUoxgxkf2CpUrFtvcRZ2Ct/qdz0le73UQsUYZiRNB66gh0oqObhnwXtL/N2ombqciye5MuW+RUej7sLlWuzkCsto0VNUT52VP4cUxc8huEWM+gaanIzDIG/9bI6BYLjV0sNgEW5XYz2745N23ML8Ml+JH02k5OjMM6kRDP8OZnrQl3FdiE1agSf/Yo9olKF3Iq6thmv2uVtk1CRGdm2bIdHpJBZIc4fZsV6XZj4fV1bT8uNOWM5Mpvhj8oNf9Yb1u6jFvLgZp1QUfgmn31RfIwXEjKLDbMtcjfryoTcVHHWReMy04TU3DKhzs4Z9FPFm8L9HWb4u3Xb0xlxG8z9TPwfbwdI11CKlxgQx0b5RGxB5YbYgsqN87OUh9RjRQghhLgZCv6EEEKIm6HgTwghhLgZCv6EEEKIm6HgTwghhLgZCv6EEEKIm6HgTwghhLgZCv6EEEKIm6HgTwghhLiZ1hn+xBmACCGEEOJ6zGf4o+l9nRDlE7EFlRtiCyo3zs9SHlK3PyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEHKr6c9hX/p06bK8wJEJyC6vh56/ZQ8U/AkhhJBbSg/tl5ux9EICvq7VoCr/fux+9TOctGP0d8ngr68vR14ab0HxVlSWSo16ezajSB+6gXp1PtKig1vzcGRiJlTqrlvC3ee7beslzqN3+74ezepsRAcugaq+hadx9SokGtdp8gjLUsNsSdKV5hqUZCVgJP/9ut3/OvndjY/W3/9W5U9zObKiJyBR9QNPMOh5OZRBEZGBys2x8JfJ4HmnAgP4O3YjzvBnFBAwhD9zYk1lQmbUCCEk4V2hrO46S7ginChcKUQFjBCiMsuEJsNSTs0l8qkrV0qF1BCWX6mFwommm4Jw86xQunIa+96zhG0nfuQLmbEm321Zrwtx+XIjXBRKUycKAVErhcITV9jr60Jd6atSGZi+7bjAcrwLN4Wm47lCQsgQ9jstFgrrfuLpopus6KwUQtyknJjrs3Jz87RQ+MfxbfnTuv/FCpkVl/lCVuD7ekDUq0KptK/fovxp+pewLYF9n4DRQkKhhieKelMOGel3WSysLD3b/bJWspSHLnbkr4f20C5sqQpC0qI5GO8ntp0UUMYm4+W5d6Fqyy4c0tIxnmNjeaj+AgW6cZgZHw2lFyuiMn9MmjsDYTiCA0cv8uVMWZPvLTaslzgV7b+wt+AiwmbORoxSwRIGwG/SU5gZBlQeOIYLhqU60tdDnbcSs9ZdxsNxwTzR1A2crz0JnXw4ggbb/XjMZelPfoEPdl9pyx+2/0UsSkAkyvHh/lNWHqHfwLnPt7N9/S7MfXkhIqR9vb/zh/cgznoXNx6eDB+e2qq7ctiiRlZY+x6KwMAxvPdAi+rcTOwY9ixejPC3a9e8iwV/Q9fJMc0epIR78TTRQCh85YCuAY1XKfg7tqv47ttvOuzIsqFjMNmnAQfLT7Ldw5w1+d5sw3qJM2n5To1PdXdhdNAv2io22RCMmRwEHFTjuMWGfwvqi15DbP4dWPbaHIT5evB0U804W3MamBiOEIWLVZn9SKaMR5GmGkXxwbYHHu1X2LRiJzB1ORZP8uWJ/Zw/9bvxSuwO3LYsFfFhg3lim27L4dUwpFSekebab3scxtbfaJGT+BTWYT7Wx4+CaU1mD+5RkvVncbi0FvAZhkCLOzdxHNegvaQDbveGwtOkeMrkGBQoh+58I2seWKldvrMj/75aL3FAelzVNuI65PBVDORpIg/cOYgFiU4b/jJ4jUpCycep/CjSghYNvv20FvKWXXh5pPFIbTrS8sppHFFvNFdD9fb7KJbPwKrf/YrlVHeuoabgPeTpxiMpKQL+xt3Ypvxh68pZiMSco6zpYIodeecsQVxOdefjELxGY1FJPjIsHpnbWg7Z9ny8GunFR1GcHoVQ8TuEZUJtxwELbhD89Wiu3IMdlUDY0icQRrHfwf2IxvMWjsFlnvC++3b+whrm+d5X6yWOiVW6jQ1gzTszrNL1HsSfW8KCv3KM4TRQJ/TfH0ZpA3viEYEV5RrDkVrVX6Dcn4L4DeVmwYN0Twy8sxEYOgXJeecR+ezv8FBnDS9TzUfwyY5DbIf+L0wL8+aJtubPQCjnpWPOqdVY2toAEAN/Kl449STemddF74TXcIRL3fmW2FoO2fbE55v0BLBH5TKE2zFeuX7wb67Ae6mbcHrqWmzuKkOJa6F8J33E0F19Bse2zkWwsZHgFYzoaWGoynoLH9dcM6QRK7UFutqyNfDfPR+TF6lwrsteFOO4Hhb7436N4SY7tM35I445WLXO0AD44DOUZL8oBf4tq6bAzw0qDNf+is1HkbN0MbKwGPnrY9q6iYgDuwPegy20qvVX0XjhOn/RDYv53gfrJQ5MBk9vH8j5qzYtaGq8zJ/bwyVcbqKL/Wwl85uIuTPHQbf7IxSf7KoRxccCYRziJt7bg8DVTf6IDYD05zEqOxHzPxiBVem9Dfy3qhz2nMuGQ339V8heOh/pZ2KQm7MQ4V106xFHwgfpXW+E1vTcmF6Hyxod5IO94cmTLOk833u3XuLoWKWr8MbtLDxc0poGEVbpXr4EyH3gbTrWgzgIY3d4N0HaOH4n7HFMHG56Lr2XxFn1Mt7E0eSt2LbgBFZllPRyHIfzlEMX3Bv0aK7OQ9Lkp7FeCgAvdj6QhzggT9w39kHIdSdRe/4GT2O5Kp3Xk0OpvKeTUbDd5but6yXOwuO+cDwhv4gjtf9mpYEzBg3lMAyx6QBAD+2+dIwMfARp+1jl3YofyckfxNj7qNnYve5+xxAM7aqevnAMByp18Jk8BkPbZWMv8kcM/KtewPZhqXhrQTSmJL+BdcMKkbSqdw0A+5TDvudywV9/rgjLY1egGDOQ/QEFfucjgyL8McTJ92Pt2o9Q3cx2n+ZqFOXsRKU8Ggsih1ostN3nu23rJU5E8Ss8HncXKtdmIbdaHNypRU1RPnZU/hxTFzzW7jyx9Vi5GTcdSaEXUbD9fw3lhtHXH0TejtOYuiYRk+jyPytY+h1Zg73mM+TsOILQpDn4jX/ndXXLuVM4BB+MG3oX2o+BszV/rqEmN8MQ+Fsvq1MgOH611ABYlNvFaP/u2KUc2gGf7Efi/DOANQkVmZHS97D8iBQyK5x/jj/xu7i260JdxXYhVZzFy5h3UalCbkVd24xXP1UImfez9IRCoc7qfLdivS5M/L6u7mZdmZCbKs4aZ8z7aUJqbplQZ8zgduXGnLEcmc/wJ663QijMXCCEGNcbskDI/PyES8wY2p2+LDfd/46W8+CnijeF+wMmCqmlF3lKe7cqfwzbZT7DnxXlsJ9ZysOfif/j7QDp+khxBCZxbJRPxBZUbogtqNw4P0t5SP1VhBBCiJuh4E8IIYS4GQr+hBBCiJuh4E8IIYS4GQr+hBBCiJuh4E8IIYS4GQr+hBBCiJuh4E8IIYS4GQr+hBBCiJtpneFPnAGIEEIIIa7HfIY/mt7XCVE+EVtQuSG2oHLj/CzlIXX7E0IIIW6Ggj8hhBDiZij4E0IIIW6Ggj8hhBDiZij4E0IIIW6Ggj8hhBDiZij4E0IIIW6Ggj8hhBDiCJrLkRX9HFT1LTzBfij4E0IIIbeUHs01e5G1dDGyqm7yNPtyweDPf8TECdKsRoGBE5CYpYK6/gZ/nzi+G6hX5yMtOpjn4S8xMjETKnU9y10rSS1o9vlEFep5Up+slzgw2/JXX1+OvLTprZ8JHJmALJUa9a0fonLT56T9k9XNqh94Qmes+O319VDnpSGav99/dX4j1FlPmtUxjM3bcwfGPr8GKT78pb2J0/saBQQM4c+c182zhcIfQ0YIUamFwommm8LNus+FlVEjhICoDUIFe+0KXCGfunSlVEg1yUOWqULpymnse88Stp34kS/UlctCRWas9DsFJBQKdTy19+t1blRuLGgqEzJZ/RCS8K5QVnedJVwRThSuFKIC2Hoyy4QmcRkqN/xZH2n6l7AtYTxb72ghoVDDEzvR7W9/ky2yUggJmCakFh6X8qu1zp++TTjBPmIfV4Tj2/7I/q5ZHdPd9lyvEDLvZ58RP9f6MPkdfhLfXywU1v1keN1HLOWhix35X8PJ4o+wWzcOM+OjofSSQeb3KBYtfByo+hT7T1zlyxHHpYdW/QUKTPIQMn9MmjsDYTiCA0cv8uU6o0ezOhepWeX8tVFv10scmy35yz5zaBe2VAUhadEcjPcbwNIUUMYm4+W5d6Fqyy4c0rZQuekz/Ch+1ru48fBkdH+Aa02eNkC99wvowmYgPiYYXixF5jcRc2eOAyoP4eiFvj93bugpehbrboQhrsOX6GZ7GsYgpfKMNM9+2+MwtsYGGD7ej9iv6UoGQhmfz37MfMQrB/I04lyu4rtvv4FOPhxBg8XK2EA2dAwm+zTgYPlJaHmaRc0VeC91K7DoOcxtt2P2cr3EwdmSvzIoIjJwTLMHKeFiNW00EApfOaBrQOPVZio3faV+N16J3YHblqUiPmwwT+yKFXnaosG3n9ZCPjoIg1uj2UAMHfMAa1xUovx4I0/rKz+g6JXFyL9tAV6LnwBfntqq37fHdi4W/M2J5/8/wdub90I+9Vn8Lsx0ByeO6Rq0l3TA7d5QeJoUT5kcgwLl0J1vZFVCZxqhfm81spCI1QsjzHbM3qyXOL4+zF/9WRwurQV8hiHQlx35U7npG16jsagkHxkR/lYGHivy9KoWl66zRXwV8ORvi2R3+iCQNcvON/7IU9rT1+QgLjEP1c2mozZYvKjOQ2JcDmo6Hczxc4xa9Fd8nDEFfpa+hI3bcytYlwfOSF+NnJiRCJ2yBHmnH8GzCQ9ZziziYH5E43kLx1IyT3jffTt/YYmxux9IWT0P4V638XQjW9dLnENf5S8rR5V7sKMSCFv6BMI8qNz0Ga/hCFcq+AtrWPHbX23EedY+MCe70xt38+eWyJSz8M6c03hhaT5vAIiBPx9LXziNOe/MgrLTWKGAMny41J1vkY3b08ojHCmVGxHr58ET7Md1w6EsGPFF1dBoTqHs3aHYPSMGi1QalsXEJRm7+1NS8Ydwb55ISA9J5WgTTk9di83zgl29a9SNDYBfxIvYIjUAtqKk5B1D4N/yIiKksR+uzw3KNsvkSU9hZtgV7P7gC5yk6O/g7oD3YAtHB/qraLxwnb8wZ9Ld/4cHOmmV27Je4jz6IH+bjyJHvM4ai5G/Pgb+Uu1I5ebWseK39/TGYLnhqSl9UyMu8OedExsAS7Fq1E7Mn78Lo1Yt7X3g79X29C/3aNgau4k0DWii4O/g+GCr643QXjXJLL0OlzU6yAd7tzuXJmk5hf0flgNVbyA2NNBwbe2wGGQ1sPeKl2BC4BKo6j16vl7iRGwoNyb09V8he+l8pJ+JQW7OQoSLI8slvVsv6Q0rfntPBXxZ1X79krbd2At9UwM0UGCw9x08xZIbqN/3FlYdnYFt26bj6Kq3sK+3cwP0anv6l4sF/0vYl/YIAkemY5/WtLAYWoryh4bReX+H54n7xj4Iue4kas+37Yj67w+jtEEOpfKejkf20nkys8tnThUZJsuI3IgyjXgOTdHz9RInYkO5kRgGeSVNfhrrpcBv3u1r63pJ71nx23sEYuwTQdAdqcX51ir/Gr4/XIEG3AvlkM5yRwz8byBp+71Y91YipkxZhLfW3YvtSW/0rgFg8/b0PxcLhT4YN+NphOo+w/aCY2iW0rSoKcrHjspQJCVF8K484rhkUIQ/hjj5fqxd+5FhME5zNYpydqJSHo0FkUNtLLT2Wi9xDLblr/5cEZbHrkAxZiD7A0vne6nc3DrW/PY+CH/8Mcgr38Ha3KOszmeNuZrPkLPjEORTn0LkcMuXfOtr/geLpMA/G8FSL48MXsGzDQ2ARf/TxWj/7ti2PbcEn+xH0uczOd0S14W6ikIhU5pByjCDUkjCBuHzE1f4+87PNfKpK2IebhdSxVmxeB4GRKUKuRV1QuuEXdJMWCy93exaJiy+b8V6XRiVG6ZduWgSKjIj25bt8IgUMivEOdqo3PS1nyreFO63MMNfx3QrfvubdUJFbqoQZXxfnJ0xdbtQIc3YaEed1UG3anu6YCkPfyb+j7cDpHOlYpcpcWyUT8QWVG6ILajcOD9LeUg9VoQQQoiboeBPCCGEuBkK/oQQQoiboeBPCCGEuBkK/oQQQoiboeBPCCGEuBkK/oQQQoiboeBPCCGEuBkK/oQQQoibaZ3hT5wBiBBCCCGux3yGP5re1wlRPhFbULkhtqBy4/ws5SF1+xNCCCFuhoI/IYQQ4mYo+BNCCCFuhoI/IYQQ4mYo+BNCCCFuhoI/IYQQ4mYo+BNCCCFuhoI/IYQQ4mYo+BNCCCFuxsWDvx7N6mxEB45BouoHnkYc3w3Uq/ORFh0szUwlPkYmZkKlrmc52hXzz01AYvZXqG/9kK3rJc5CX1+OvLTprfkbODIBWSq1SRnoyKrP1KuQaHzf5BGWpUYLX4QQZ+Lawb+5Au+lbkIVf0mchPYrvD07AxUPrEVJlQaa2jK861+K5NjnkVtzjS9kTmzobUb87H9AuaEcGs0plOXG4Mz6+Yhnr5vFRWxaL3Eel/Dl2ylIqxiL7JIqQxl4dyj2JP8eSbnVlht4zeXYED8Hq88/gZ1lp9hnqlCyZoj0mdZywz6pPa7GQTyKjJLvpGlSjY/KlHB4SMsQ4lxcOPg3Qv3eamRV6fhr4hxYRav+AgW6cZgZHw2lFyuiMn9MmjsDYTiCA0cv8uXM6Gvw8apNOB03E3HBCpYwAH4RC/Hy3LtQ9eE/cKLFxvUS56H9F/YWXETYzNmIUfIyMOkpzAwDKg8cwwXDUiZYmTi0C1uqgpC0aA7G+w1gaQooY5MN5WbLLhzSik2GGzhfexI6+XAEDRaXIcT5uWjwF48Cc5GaBSxKmQkfnkqcwVV89+03HSpa2dAxmOzTgIPlJ6Hlaab0J/+Jgsq7EPf4r1j1beSLiNcPQFO5DOEetq2XOI+W79T4VHcXRgf9oq1ikw3BmMlBwEE1jkuB3JQMiogMHNPsQUq4F08TDYTCVw7oGtB4VfxMM87WnAYmhiNE4cLHS8StuGZJlrr7twIpqVj4qD9PJM7hGrSXdMDt3lB4mhRPmRyDAuXQnW9kzYOO9E0N0EAO78ZDyE6cwM/JTkdaXjk/d2vbeomz0OOqthHXWRnwVQzkaSIP3DnI1ySQW0F/FodLawGfYQj09WCtCg2+/bQW8pZdeHmk8Xy/adkixPm4YPDn3f1IxOo/PADT9jxxBj+i8byFY3CZJ7zvvp2/MNeCS5pTaMBRvL3iI+CPRajVnEFt2VLclp/Az93asl7iPFjwb2xAx5N8LPh7D+LPraFHc+Ue7KgEwpY+gTAW+/XfH0ZpA3vLIwIryjWG8/1Vf4Fyf4rJuABCnIuLBf+27v6U1fMQLp7XJW7EH1PX/BlLxvtJBVvmNxFzZ442OXdLSDf4IOHTU9di87xgQzlSxqOIBfxjW+ci2FineAUjeloYqrLewsc0WJQ4IdeKjibd/X8I9+aJxLncAe/BbWftW+mvovHCdf7CnAye3j6QYxCCA31MCjU/6tN9g2+/E2xYL3EexjJgrgVNjZf58240H0XO0sXIwmLkr4+Bv1W14yVcbqKL/Yjzcang33LiH/iwqoG1xp9EKL8Od1hsJhrYf8XJv0Zgogr1fFniqPhgq+uN0Jqeo9XrcFmjg3ywNzx5UhsZvIYMg5K/6sgXg+70smG9xHmw4K/wxu3Q4ZLW9EicBf/LlwC5D7xNx3qY0dd/heyl85F+Jga5OQup15C4PJcq4R7hy1DJr781Pk6plsGH/ReZ/U9otsbCjy9LHJUn7hv7IOS6k6g9f4OnscpZOu8qh1J5j8VxHLLBQRgtr0Xp4bNoC+38qE8a4e9t03qJ8/C4LxxPyC/iSO2/28qAcfCechiGWAzoejRX5yFp8tNYLwX+FxEhXfJnpId2XzpGBj6CtH2sEdHKWLYexNj7qNlInA81b4mDkUER/hji5Puxdu1HqG5m1XhzNYpydqJSHo0FkUMtF1rFw1i8Jho1a99B0TkxuLNKveYz5Ow4jalrEjFJ4WHbeonzUPwKj8fdhcq1WcitFgd3alFTlI8dlT/H1AWPYbiFDNafK8Ly2BUoxgxkf2Ae+EWsPI6bjqTQiyjY/r+GcsPo6w8ir7VsUckhTkgwERAwhD9zHT9VvCncHzBaSCjU8BTn54r51N51oa5iu5AaNUL6rtIjKlXIragTbvIlWMYKmfez9IRCoY4nCcIV4cTnG4SEEP6ZkAVC5ucnhCb+rlXrdWHi93V1N+vKhNzUaW35GzBNSM0tE+qMGdyu3DQJFZmRJsuaPyKFzApD6blZVyEUZi4QQozvdShbrkv8vsS5WcrDn4n/4+0A6Ry52FVOHBvlE7EFlRtiCyo3zs9SHlJ/FSGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmKPgTQgghboaCPyGEEOJmWmf4E2cAIoQQQojrMZ/hr930voQQQghxfdTtTwghhLgZCv6EEEKIm6HgTwghhLgZCv6EEEKIWwH+P1XqY8thbH/cAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a sigma and pi bond.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the hybridization of carbon in ethane, ethene and ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, giving a reason, if but-1-ene exhibits cis-trans isomerism.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of reaction which occurs between but-1-ene and hydrogen iodide at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the mechanism of the reaction between but-1-ene with hydrogen iodide, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, giving a reason, if the product of this reaction exhibits stereoisomerism.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the rate expression for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the units of the rate constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the initial rate of reaction in experiment 4.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, with a reason, the mechanism of the reaction between 2-chloropentane and sodium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the reason benzene is more reactive with an electrophile than a nucleophile.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>