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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_Z^AX">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
</math></span>, for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p>Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p>Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel catalyses the conversion of propanone to propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Discuss, referring to intermolecular forces present, the relative volatility of propanone and propan-2-ol.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>Pb</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Ni</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Pb</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
<p>Label the diagram with the species in the equation.</p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Suggest a metal that could replace nickel in a new half-cell and reverse the electron flow. Use section 25 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Describe the bonding in metals.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Nickel alloys are used in aircraft gas turbines. Suggest a physical property altered by the addition of another metal to nickel.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH, has a wide variety of uses including the removal of ice from aircraft and heat transfer in a solar cell.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction.</p>
<p>2CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (g)</p>
<p>(i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State how increasing the pressure of the reaction mixture at constant temperature will affect the position of equilibrium and the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<p>Position of equilibrium:</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>c</sub>:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction using section 11 of the data booklet. The bond enthalpy of the carbon–oxygen bond in CO (g) is 1077kJmol<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) The enthalpy change, ΔH<sup>θ</sup>, for the following similar reaction is –233.8 kJ.</p>
<p>2CO(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> HOCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH (l)</p>
<p>Deduce why this value differs from your answer to (a)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<p>Ethene:</p>
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
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