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href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a 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Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a 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</div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1><img alt="" height="21" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-32-1.png" title="" width="21"> Background information</h1><p>Equilibrium is an important topic in chemistry and one that needs to be understood by students. This particular practical covers equilibrium calculations covered under the AHL sub-topic <a href="../18091/equilibrium-law--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 7 & 17 » Equilibrium law ">17.1 Equilibrium law</a> but also reinforces chemistry that is covered in <a href="../18741/alcohols--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Alcohols "> </a> some of the core parts of the syllabus (e.g. <a href="../18741/alcohols--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Alcohols ">10.2 Alcohols</a> and <a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Options » Option D » Aspirin & penicillin ">D.2 Aspirin & penicillin</a>). It can be difficult in a school laboratory to measure the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> as attempts to determine the concentrations of reactants and products can often disturb the position of equilibrium considerably. Probably for this reason there is no mandatory practical for <a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 7 & 17 ">Topics 7 & 17: Equilibrium</a>. Even so, this makes a good practical as the rate at which ethanoic acid and ethanol react is quite slow (equilibrium at room temperature typically takes about one week to be reached). This means that titrating the mixtures for the amount of acid remaining (which effectively removes the ethanoic acid from the equilibrium mixture) has a negligible effect on the position of equilibrium. It can be useful to discuss other ways in which the concentration of reactants and products can be determined. One such way in which esterification can be followed is by gas liquid chromatography as the area under each of the peaks due to ethanol, ethanoic acid and ethyl ethanoate is directly proportional to their concentration in the mixture</p><p>This experiment has few hazards as long as students are careful when handling the pure ethanoic acid. It is called 'glacial' ethanoic acid because its melting point of 16.6 <sup>o</sup>C is only just below room temperature. If your laboratory is colder than this then the bottle will look as if it contains ice-crystals and may need warming before it can be used. Ethanol and ethyl ethanoate are also used in their pure form although 'pure' ethanol will probably be a 96% ethanol/4% water mixture. If you are unable to get hold of pure ethyl ethanoate then simply leave it out of the initial mixtures used as long as they still make a total volume of 10 cm<sup>3</sup> The concentration of the hydrochloric acid is not crucial but should be about 3.0 mol dm<sup>-3</sup>. Because the calculations are quite involved and the literature value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> at 298 K can be obtained this is a good experiment to use as part of the <a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Practical scheme of work » Internal Assessment » 'Scaffolding' the investigation">'scaffolding'</a> to prepare students for their Individual Scientific Investigation as they can discuss uncertainties and experimental error. The questions and help on how to calculate the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> will also help to reinforce the underlying theory. Versions of this esterification equilibrium practical have a long history of use for British A levels. For example, <a href="../../../Images/250284-finding-an-equilibrium-constant-for-esterification-teacher-instructions.pdf">Salters have a pdf with a very full description</a> including teacher's notes.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h1>Introducing the topic prior to the experiment</h1><p>Before starting this particular experiment it can be useful to demonstrate other equilibrium reactions (and therefore Le <span data-scayt-word="Chatelier" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Chatelier</span>’s Principle) without actually determining <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>. There are several tried and tested experiments that work for this. For example:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Placing 50 cm<sup>3</sup> of nitrogen (IV) oxide in a sealed 100 cm<sup>3</sup> gas syringe and altering the pressure.</p><p>2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) (dark brown) ⇌ N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g) (<span data-scayt-word="colourless" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colourless</span>)</p><p>As the plunger is pushed in and the pressure increases the <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span> initially goes darker as the concentration of the NO<sub>2</sub> increases. Then as the equilibrium re-establishes the <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span> lightens due to the formation of more <span data-scayt-word="dinitrogen" data-wsc-lang="en_US">dinitrogen</span> tetroxide. Similarly when the plunger is pulled out and the pressure decreased it will initially go lighter but then darken as the mixture becomes richer in NO<sub>2</sub>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20practicals/NO2-and-N2O4-equilibrium.jpg" style="width: 357px; height: 301px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>This is a nice experiment to explain to students the difference between the concentration effect and establishing equilibrium.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. </strong>Although not strictly on the syllabus the <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span> changes for the equilibrium between chromate(VI) (yellow) and dichromate(VI) (orange) can also be demonstrated.</p><p><span data-scayt-word="2CrO" data-wsc-lang="en_US">2CrO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup>(aq) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ⇌ Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>-</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p><p>Details for this can be found on the The <span data-scayt-word="Nuffield" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Nuffield</span> Foundation and Royal Society of Chemistry <a href="http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/advanced/equilibrium/an-equilibrium-involving-chromatevi-and-dichromatevi-ions,284,EX.html">Practical Chemistry website</a> but be careful to ascertain whether chromate(VI) can be legally used in your country as in some countries its use is banned in schools. If this is the case you can show the following video.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zP9qEiaL4kQ&feature=player_embedded"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/zP9qEiaL4kQ?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zP9qEiaL4kQ&feature=player_embedded">Chromate-dichromate equilibrium <img src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> An alternative equilibrium demonstration using transition metal ions is to change the ligands in copper(II) sulfate solution.</p><p>[CuCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>(aq) (green) ⇌ [Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>(aq) (pale blue) ⇌ [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>(aq) (intense blue)</p><p>If you still have access to an old OHP projector place a beaker containing a dilute solution of copper(II) sulfate on the projector and project the image onto a white screen. Add some concentrated ammonia solution <span data-scayt-word="dropwise" data-wsc-lang="en_US">dropwise</span>. Initially a precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide will be seen but after a few more drops an intense blue solution of [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> ions will be formed. If you then carefully add concentrated hydrochloric acid the reaction will be reversed and then proceed to give a green solution which mainly consists of [<span data-scayt-word="CuCl" data-wsc-lang="en_US">CuCl</span><sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> ions. Obviously be careful while you are doing this but you should get applause as white fumes of hydrogen chloride are evolved during the process. If you then add water the solution will revert back to the original blue <span data-scayt-word="colour" data-wsc-lang="en_US">colour</span> of the <span data-scayt-word="hexahydrated" data-wsc-lang="en_US">hexahydrated</span> copper(II) ions, [Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>.</p><hr class="hidden"><strong>4. </strong>Another good example is to use a dilute solution of yellow iron(III) ions with <span data-scayt-word="thiocyanate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">thiocyanate</span> ions to give the blood-red iron(III) <span data-scayt-word="thiocyanate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">thiocyanate</span> complex ion.<br> <p>[Fe(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> (yellow) + SCN<sup>-</sup> ⇌ [Fe(SCN)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (blood-red)</p><p>You might also wish to get students to use simulations to illustrate changes to systems in equilibrium.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2><img alt="" class="ico" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-16-1.png" title="" width="16"> Student worksheet</h2><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>DETERMINING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR AN <span data-scayt-word="ESTERIFICATION" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ESTERIFICATION</span> </strong><strong>REACTION</strong></p><hr class="hidden"><p>The equilibrium constant for the <span data-scayt-word="acid-catalysed" data-wsc-lang="en_US">acid-catalysed</span> <span data-scayt-word="esterification" data-wsc-lang="en_US">esterification</span> of <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid with ethanol will be determined. This particular reaction is quite slow so it is possible to measure the concentration of a reactant by titration without significantly disturbing the equilibrium in the short space of time it takes to carry out the titration.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>ENVIRONMENTAL CARE: </strong></p><p>None of the reactants or products are damaging to the environment in the quantities used.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>SAFETY: </strong></p><p>Take care when handling the pure ('glacial') <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>PROCEDURE:</strong></p><p>1. Make up four of the following mixtures using the pure liquids (water, ethyl <span data-scayt-word="ethanoate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoate</span>, ethanol and <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid) and the solution of hydrochloric acid provided in the <span data-scayt-word="burettes" data-wsc-lang="en_US">burettes</span>. Run the liquids into the reagent bottles to give a total volume of 10 cm<sup>3</sup> then stopper immediately to prevent evaporation. Shake well then allow the bottle to stand at room temperature for <strong>one week</strong> to allow the mixture to reach equilibrium. Weigh separately 5 cm<sup>3</sup> of each of the liquids used to make up the mixtures (including the HCl) and record the mass.</p><hr class="hidden"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/Kc-table.jpg" style="width: 539px; height: 188px;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. </strong>After one week titrate the whole of the mixture in each bottle with 1.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as the indicator. In order to find the exact concentration of the HCl catalyst, also titrate the approximately 3 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> HCl(aq) with the 1.0 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> sodium hydroxide solution. Record the results from another pair of students for the four mixtures you did not do.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>CALCULATION</strong></p><p>Give the balanced equation for the reaction between <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid and ethanol.</p><p><em>For each mixture</em></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Calculate the amount (in mol) of ethyl <span data-scayt-word="ethanoate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoate</span>, <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid, ethanol and water present in the original mixture (i.e. before any reaction had taken place). When calculating this for the water remember to take into account the water present in the dilute HCl.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Calculate the amount (in mol) of <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid present in the equilibrium mixture and hence the amount (in mol) of ethanol, ethyl <span data-scayt-word="ethanoate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoate</span> and water in the equilibrium mixture.</p><strong>3. </strong>Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the water, ethyl <span data-scayt-word="ethanoate" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoate</span>, <span data-scayt-word="ethanoic" data-wsc-lang="en_US">ethanoic</span> acid and ethanol in the mixture and hence the equilibrium constant.<hr class="hidden"><strong>QUESTIONS</strong><p><br><strong>1.</strong> Comment on the values obtained for the eight different mixtures.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> The accepted value for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> at 298 K is 4.0. Calculate the percentage error and evaluate your experiment.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Δ<em>H</em> for this reaction is + 17.5 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>. Would you expect the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> to be greater or smaller at 60 <sup>o</sup>C than at room temperature?</p><p><strong>4. </strong>The yield of ester formed in the reaction increases considerably if concentrated sulfuric acid is added to the reactants. Suggest a reason for this.</p><p><strong>5. </strong>What other methods, apart from titration, could be used to determine equilibrium constants?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p><p>This worksheet can also be downloaded from:</p><p><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2014%20practicals/DETERMINING-Kc-FOR-AN-ESTERIFICATION-REACTION.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise-1.png"> <img alt="" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-24-1.png" title="" width="16"> Determining <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></p></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19582" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Determining+%3Ci%3EK%3C%2Fi%3E%3Csub%3Ec%3C%2Fsub%3E+for+an+esterification+reaction%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19582%2Fdetermining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19582%2Fdetermining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction&t=Determining+<i>K</i><sub>c</sub>+for+an+esterification+reaction"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19582%2Fdetermining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19582%2Fdetermining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction&body=Equilibrium is an important topic in chemistry and one that needs to be understood by students. 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