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href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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introduction questions ">Materials science introduction questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26082/mc-test-introduction-to-materials-science-1.html" title="MC test: Introduction to materials science">MC test: Introduction to materials science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26051/materials-science-introduction-answers--1.html" title="Materials science introduction answers ">Materials science introduction answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html" title="Metals and ICP spectroscopy">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26109/mc-test-metals-icp-spectroscopy-1.html" title="MC test: Metals & ICP spectroscopy">MC test: Metals & ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19540/metals-icp-spectroscopy-questions-1.html" title="Metals & ICP spectroscopy questions">Metals & ICP spectroscopy questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26052/metals-icp-spectroscopy-answers-1.html" title="Metals & ICP spectroscopy answers">Metals & ICP spectroscopy answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html" title="Catalysts ">Catalysts </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26518/mc-test-catalysts-1.html" title="MC test: Catalysts">MC test: Catalysts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19549/catalysts-questions--1.html" title="Catalysts questions ">Catalysts questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26053/catalysts-answers--1.html" title="Catalysts answers ">Catalysts answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html" title="Liquid crystals">Liquid crystals</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26133/mc-test-liquid-crystals-1.html" title="MC test: Liquid crystals">MC test: Liquid crystals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19592/liquid-crystals-questions--1.html" title="Liquid crystals questions ">Liquid crystals questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26054/liquid-crystals-answers-1.html" title="Liquid crystals answers">Liquid crystals answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html" title="Polymers ">Polymers </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26130/mc-test-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Polymers">MC test: Polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19667/polymers-questions--1.html" title="Polymers questions ">Polymers questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26055/polymers-answers--1.html" title="Polymers answers ">Polymers answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26759/mc-test-nanotechnology-1.html" title="MC test: Nanotechnology">MC test: Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19778/nanotechnology-questions--1.html" title="Nanotechnology questions ">Nanotechnology questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26056/nanotechnology-answers--1.html" title="Nanotechnology answers ">Nanotechnology answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26857/mc-test-environmental-impact-plastics-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact - plastics">MC test: Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19847/environmental-impact-plastics-questions-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics questions">Environmental impact - plastics questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26057/environmental-impact-plastics-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - plastics answers">Environmental impact - plastics answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography ">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26975/mc-test-superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-1.html" title="MC test: Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography">MC test: Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19860/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-questions--1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography questions ">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26058/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-answers-1.html" title="Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography answers">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers">Condensation polymers</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27130/mc-test-condensation-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Condensation polymers">MC test: Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19910/condensation-polymers-questions--1.html" title="Condensation polymers questions ">Condensation polymers questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26059/condensation-polymers-answers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers answers">Condensation polymers answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27097/mc-test-environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact - heavy metals">MC test: Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19926/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals questions ">Environmental impact - heavy metals questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26060/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - heavy metals answers">Environmental impact - heavy metals answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" title="Option B ">Option B </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry ">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24828/mc-test-introduction-to-biochemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Introduction to biochemistry">MC test: Introduction to biochemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19286/introduction-to-biochemistry-questions--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry questions ">Introduction to biochemistry questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24860/introduction-to-biochemistry-answers-1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry answers">Introduction to biochemistry answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes ">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24830/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-1.html" title="MC test: Proteins & enzymes">MC test: Proteins & enzymes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19289/proteins-enzymes-questions--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes questions ">Proteins & enzymes questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24862/proteins-enzymes-answers-1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes answers">Proteins & enzymes answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html" title="Lipids">Lipids</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24834/mc-test-lipids-1.html" title="MC test: Lipids">MC test: Lipids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19292/lipids-questions--1.html" title="Lipids questions ">Lipids questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24863/lipids-answers-1.html" title="Lipids answers">Lipids answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html" title="Carbohydrates ">Carbohydrates </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24851/mc-test-carbohydrates-1.html" title="MC test: Carbohydrates">MC test: Carbohydrates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19298/carbohydrate-questions--1.html" title="Carbohydrate questions ">Carbohydrate questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24864/carbohydrate-answers-1.html" title="Carbohydrate answers">Carbohydrate answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html" title="Vitamins ">Vitamins </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24829/mc-test-vitamins-1.html" title="MC test: Vitamins">MC test: Vitamins</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19410/vitamins-questions--1.html" title="Vitamins questions ">Vitamins questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24865/vitamins-answers-1.html" title="Vitamins answers">Vitamins answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment ">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24946/mc-test-biochemistry-the-environment-1.html" title="MC test: Biochemistry & the environment">MC test: Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19335/biochemistry-the-environment-questions-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment questions">Biochemistry & the environment questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24866/biochemistry-the-environment-answers-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment answers">Biochemistry & the environment answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24962/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)">MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19341/proteins-enzymes-hl-questions--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions ">Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24867/proteins-enzymes-hl-answers-1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers">Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html" title="Nucleic acids ">Nucleic acids </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24993/mc-test-nucleic-acids-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleic acids">MC test: Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19360/nucleic-acids-questions--1.html" title="Nucleic acids questions ">Nucleic acids questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24869/nucleic-acids-answers-1.html" title="Nucleic acids answers">Nucleic acids answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html" title="Biological pigments ">Biological pigments </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25033/mc-test-biological-pigments-1.html" title="MC test: Biological pigments">MC test: Biological pigments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19365/biological-pigments-questions--1.html" title="Biological pigments questions ">Biological pigments questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24870/biological-pigments-answers-1.html" title="Biological pigments answers">Biological pigments answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html" title="Energy sources">Energy sources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25112/mc-test-energy-sources-1.html" title="MC test: Energy sources">MC test: Energy sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19404/energy-sources-questions--1.html" title="Energy sources questions ">Energy sources questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25025/energy-sources-answers-1.html" title="Energy sources answers">Energy sources answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25178/mc-test-fossil-fuels-1.html" title="MC test: Fossil fuels">MC test: Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19312/fossil-fuels-questions--1.html" title="Fossil fuels questions ">Fossil fuels questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25123/fossil-fuels-answers--1.html" title="Fossil fuels answers ">Fossil fuels answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25188/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19421/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-questions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25180/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25207/mc-test-solar-energy-1.html" title="MC test: Solar energy">MC test: Solar energy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19430/solar-energy-questions-1.html" title="Solar energy questions">Solar energy questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25189/solar-energy-answers-1.html" title="Solar energy answers">Solar energy answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25236/mc-test-environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact – global warming">MC test: Environmental impact – global warming</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19450/environmental-impact-global-warming-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming questions ">Environmental impact - global warming questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25190/environmental-impact-global-warming-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming answers">Environmental impact - global warming answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25258/mc-test-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">MC test: Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19455/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25204/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-answers-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answers">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25269/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-hl-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19468/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions ">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25205/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25302/mc-test-photovoltaic-cells-dsscs-1.html" title="MC test: Photovoltaic 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</div><section id="main-content"><h1><img alt="" height="22" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-32-1.png" title="" width="22"> Multiple choice test on D.9 Drug detection & analysis</h1><hr class="hidden"><p>Use the following 'quiz' to test your knowledge and understanding of this sub-topic. As this relates to a sub-topic on the options you may need access to the IB data booklet.</p><p>If you get an answer wrong, read through the explanation carefully to learn from your mistakes.</p><hr class="hidden"><div class="tib-quiz" data-quiz-id="494" data-structure="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" data-score-answers="6d4a526a457a48584f763758344a7649472f76324c53614b78524c393439595570496d5a5971374b38686f3d"><div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Which drugs will give a strong broad peak between 3200 and 3600 cm<sup>−1</sup> in their infrared spectrum?</p>
<p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/quiz/option-d/opiates.png" style="width: 601px; height: 185px;"></p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fb11b627e4760b5e2524a7af2daae6e8"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e6419af0165dac3130ce54bcb3f615f5"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong>,<strong> II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6e8f59490da4f8511cc6c35874c9aea1"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f66d74473eaa9d67d77a484a14d7ffce"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong> only</span></label></p>
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<p>The broad peak between 3200 and 3600 cm<sup>−1</sup> is due to the O−H vibration and heroin does not contain an O−H bond. (Primary amines also absorb between 3300 and 3500 cm<sup>−1 </sup>but all three of these opiates possess a tertiary (not primary) amine which does not contain a N−H bond).</p>
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<p>Which techniques are used to identify the possible presence of illicit anabolic steroids in a sample of an athlete's urine?</p>
<p><strong>I. </strong>GC-MS</p>
<p><strong>II. </strong>TLC-MS</p>
<p><strong>III.</strong> LC-MS</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f66d74473eaa9d67d77a484a14d7ffce"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fb11b627e4760b5e2524a7af2daae6e8"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e6419af0165dac3130ce54bcb3f615f5"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong>,<strong> II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6e8f59490da4f8511cc6c35874c9aea1"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>Gas-liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography can both be directly linked to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS and LC-MS) so that once the components have been separated by chromatography they can be passed directly into the mass spectrometer and the components identified. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) cannot be directly linked to a mass spectrometer.</p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine is a recreational drug commonly known as MDMA or ecstasy.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/quiz/option-d/ecstasy.png" style="width: 309px; height: 109px;"></p>
<p>How many signals will be present in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of ecstasy? (Ignore the signal due to TMS and assume the phenyl protons give just one signal).</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc"><input type="radio"><span> 6</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c"><input type="radio"><span> 4</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543"><input type="radio"><span> 7</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e4da3b7fbbce2345d7772b0674a318d5"><input type="radio"><span> 5</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>In total there are 15 protons in a molecule of ecstasy in seven different chemical environments.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/quiz/option-d/ecstasy-chem-environments.jpg" style="width: 338px; height: 175px;"></p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>When a motorist blows into a simple breathalyser bag the crystals will turn green if the motorist's alcohol concentration is over the legal limit. What causes the crystals to turn green?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="07415b69f3ac88e202a2449bba869e1f"><input type="radio"><span> The alcohol oxidises Mn(II) to Mn(VII)</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="963f821eb7246d2c04d871ae193d4e32"><input type="radio"><span> The alcohol oxidises Fe(II) to Fe(III)</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="11b7f209540aafcc23a8fe4520d7ec22"><input type="radio"><span> The alcohol reduces Mn(VII) to Mn(II)</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="0ac26b5f70660417b5dc63d57374944e"><input type="radio"><span> The alcohol reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III)</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>The acidified orange crystals of dichromate(VI), Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup>, are reduced by the alcohol to form green Cr<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Amphetamine and methamphetamine ('speed') are two stimulant drugs.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/quiz/option-d/amphetamines.png" style="width: 300px; height: 96px;"></p>
<p>Which are correct statements about amphetamine and methamphetamine?</p>
<p><strong>I. </strong>The molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum of amphetamine will have an <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>value 14 units lower than that of methamphetamine.</p>
<p><strong>II. </strong>A mixture of the two drugs can be separated into its individual components by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p>
<p><strong>III. </strong>There will be one extra signal in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of methamphetamine compared to the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of amphetamine.</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fb11b627e4760b5e2524a7af2daae6e8"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="a58f11663e39e7bbaafce66aa36d8891"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong>,<strong> II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6e8f59490da4f8511cc6c35874c9aea1"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f66d74473eaa9d67d77a484a14d7ffce"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong> only</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>The molar mass of methamphetamine, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>15</sub>N, is 14 g mol<sup>−1</sup> higher than that of amphetamine, C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>13</sub>N. Both can be separated from a mixture by either gas-liquid chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography. Methamphetamine will have one extra signal in its <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum due to the extra methyl group.</p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>The vapour pressures of propan-1-ol and ethanol are 13.3 and 29.3 kPa respectively at 50 <sup>o</sup>C. What will be the vapour pressure of the resulting solution at 50 <sup>o</sup>C when 1.0 mol of propan-1-ol and 0.5 mol of ethanol are mixed? Assume the mixture behaves like an ideal solution, i.e. it obeys Raoult's law.</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="9e3da41edc44dbb5f707cc4367295d8b"><input type="radio"><span> 28.0 kPa</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="4d71b2bc6ee0ad49222cb705e60d5c61"><input type="radio"><span> 29.3 kPa</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f5b529fa26d4fc21d624780173b69e54"><input type="radio"><span> 42.6 kPa</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d5256113a88ffd0d396bb0cd4d17e390"><input type="radio"><span> 18.6 kPa</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>Mole fraction of propan-1-ol = 1.0 ÷ 1.5 = 2/3, mole fraction of ethanol = 0.5 ÷ 1.5 = 1/3.<br>
<em>P</em>(propan-1-ol) = 2/3 x 13.3 = 8.87 kPa; <em>P</em>(ethanol) = 1/3 x 29.3 = 9.77 kPa<br>
<em>P</em>(total) = 8.87 + 9.77 = 18.6 kPa</p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Many pure drugs are solids at room temperature. In order to obtain their <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra they are often made into a solution by dissolving in deuterated trichloromethane, CDCl<sub>3</sub>. Which statement explains why deuterated trichloromethane, CDCl<sub>3 </sub>rather than normal trichloromethane, CHCl<sub>3</sub> is used as the solvent. </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="61cc20d6f83ddfe2ff5634fa36cfc357"><input type="radio"><span> CDCl<sub>3</sub> acts as a reference from which the chemical shifts can be calculated.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="c63ddc94272158aa30ced2ea8352f3d6"><input type="radio"><span> Because of the relatively large amount of solvent present, the signal due to the proton in CHCl<sub>3</sub> may mask the signals due to the protons in the drug. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b1ffff1bdb913367177c61adcbfd2bdf"><input type="radio"><span> Unlike CDCl<sub>3</sub>, CHCl<sub>3</sub> would affect the splitting patterns of the protons in the drug.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="82f99e42233cd6f2594a91cd3f2f388f"><input type="radio"><span> It is easier to obtain CDCl<sub>3</sub> in a purer state than CHCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>Because CDCl<sub>3</sub> contains no protons it does not give any signals in an <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum so all the signals can be attributed to the protons in the drug.</p>
</div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Which gases may be used as the mobile phase in gas-liquid chromatography?</p>
<p><strong>I. </strong>oxygen</p>
<p><strong>II.</strong> nitrogen</p>
<p><strong>III.</strong> helium</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e6419af0165dac3130ce54bcb3f615f5"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong>,<strong> II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f66d74473eaa9d67d77a484a14d7ffce"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>II</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6e8f59490da4f8511cc6c35874c9aea1"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>II</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fb11b627e4760b5e2524a7af2daae6e8"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I</strong> and <strong>III</strong> only</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>The mobile phase used to carry the sample through the column must be an inert gas. Oxygen might react either with the sample or with the material used to make the stationary phase.</p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Which will change the <em>R</em><sub>f</sub> value of a component during thin layer chromatography?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d86bd661add605cd8467731fe1009db0"><input type="radio"><span> Increasing the height of the solvent front by allowing it to move further up the thin layer plate.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="320cb2c657b0f00a12d6549482cca238"><input type="radio"><span> Increasing the amount of eluting solvent used.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8a811a2c9b055e163c8ff7290d927ba4"><input type="radio"><span> Increasing the polarity of the eluting solvent.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="9440693dee114609cb97fa4b449bf9d8"><input type="radio"><span> Increasing the concentration of the component in the sample mixture.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>The <em>R</em><sub>f</sub> value depends upon how the component distributes itself between the mobile and stationary phases. Altering the polarity of the mobile phase will affect this distribution.</p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>An analysis of a urine sample from a patient was undertaken. Which observations support the fact that paracetamol (acetaminophen) was present in the urine sample.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/quiz/option-d/screen-shot-2018-03-25-at-12.39.04.png" style="width: 168px; height: 167px;"></p>
<p>I. The <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of one of the components showed four signals with an integration trace ratio of 1:1:4:1.</p>
<p>II. The infrared spectrum of one of the components showed a broad absorption between 3200 - 3600 cm<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>III. The <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of one of the components showed three singlets together with one more complex signal.</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e6419af0165dac3130ce54bcb3f615f5"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I, II </strong>and <strong>III </strong></span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f66d74473eaa9d67d77a484a14d7ffce"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I </strong>and <strong>II </strong>only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6e8f59490da4f8511cc6c35874c9aea1"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>II </strong>and <strong>III </strong>only</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fb11b627e4760b5e2524a7af2daae6e8"><input type="radio"><span> <strong>I </strong>and <strong>III </strong>only</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p>The absorption at 3200 - 3600 cm<sup>−1</sup> shows the presence of an -OH group. Paracetamol will have three singlets and one more complex signal but the integration trace for these four signals will be 1:1:4:3.</p>
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