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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The following data are available for a natural gas power station that has a high efficiency.</p>
<table style="width: 522px; margin-left: 60px;">
<tbody style="padding-left: 60px;">
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Rate of consumption of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 14.6 kg s<sup>–1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Specific energy of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 55.5 MJ kg<sup>–1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Efficiency of electrical power generation</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 59.0 %</td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Mass of CO<sub>2</sub> generated per kg of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 2.75 kg</td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">One year</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 3.16 × 10<sup>7</sup> s </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, with a suitable unit, the electrical power output of the power station.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of CO<sub>2</sub> generated in a year assuming the power station operates continuously.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using your answer to (b), why countries are being asked to decrease their dependence on fossil fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of energy transfers, how thermal energy of the burning gas becomes electrical energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The ratio <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{distance of Mars from the Sun}}}}{{{\text{distance of Earth from the Sun}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>distance of Mars from the Sun</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>distance of Earth from the Sun</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 1.5.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the intensity of solar radiation at the orbit of Mars is about 600 W m<sup>–2</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine, in K, the mean surface temperature of Mars. Assume that Mars acts as a black body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The atmosphere of Mars is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and has a pressure less than 1 % of that on the Earth. Outline why the greenhouse effect is not significant on Mars.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric system.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. The specific energy available from the water is 2.7 kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>. Determine the maximum time for which the hydroelectric system can maintain full output when a mass of 1.5 x 10<sup>10</sup> kg of water passes through the turbines.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in the system. Explain <strong>one</strong> such loss.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At the location of the hydroelectric system, an average intensity of 180 W m<sup>–2</sup> arrives at the Earth’s surface from the Sun. Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells convert this solar energy with an efficiency of 22 %. The solar cells are to be arranged in a square array. Determine the length of one side of the array that would be required to replace the<br>hydroelectric system.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A cell is connected to an ideal voltmeter, a switch S and a resistor R. The resistance of R is 4.0 Ω.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>When S is open the reading on the voltmeter is 12 V. When S is closed the voltmeter reads 8.0 V.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Electricity can be generated using renewable resources.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the laws of conservation that are represented by Kirchhoff’s circuit laws.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the emf of the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the internal resistance of the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltmeter is used in another circuit that contains two secondary cells.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Cell A has an emf of 10 V and an internal resistance of 1.0 Ω. Cell B has an emf of 4.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω.</p>
<p>Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why electricity is a secondary energy source.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some fuel sources are renewable. Outline what is meant by renewable.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A fully charged cell of emf 6.0 V delivers a constant current of 5.0 A for a time of 0.25 hour until it is completely discharged.</p>
<p>The cell is then re-charged by a rectangular solar panel of dimensions 0.40 m × 0.15 m at a place where the maximum intensity of sunlight is 380 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<p>The overall efficiency of the re-charging process is 18 %.</p>
<p>Calculate the minimum time required to re-charge the cell fully.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why research into solar cell technology is important to society.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two renewable energy sources are solar and wind.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An alternative generation method is the use of wind turbines.</p>
<p>The following data are available:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 120px;">Length of turbine blade = 17 m<br>Density of air = 1.3 kg m<sup>–3</sup><br>Average wind speed = 7.5 m s<sup>–1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the difference between photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A solar farm is made up of photovoltaic cells of area 25 000 m<sup>2</sup>. The average solar intensity falling on the farm is 240 W m<sup>–2</sup> and the average power output of the farm is 1.6 MW. Calculate the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the minimum number of turbines needed to generate the same power as the solar farm.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain <strong>two</strong> reasons why the number of turbines required is likely to be greater than your answer to (c)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>235</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Xe</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>54</mn><mn>140</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Mass of one atom of U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>235</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>29</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235 gives rise to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math> of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kg</mi></math> of strontium-94 (Sr-94). Sr-94 is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">β</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>) decay into a daughter nuclide X. The reaction for this decay is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>e</mi></math>.</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="576" height="367"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often expressed in non-SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in the reaction is about <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>, the specific energy of U-235.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The power station has a useful power output of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>GW</mi></math> and an efficiency of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>36</mn><mo> </mo><mo>%</mo></math>. Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in one day.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the proton number of nuclide X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the half-life of Sr-94.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>10</mn></math> minutes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A satellite powered by solar cells directed towards the Sun is in a polar orbit about the Earth.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>The satellite is orbiting the Earth at a distance of 6600 km from the centre of the Earth.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The satellite carries an experiment that measures the peak wavelength emitted by different objects. The Sun emits radiation that has a peak wavelength <em>λ</em><sub>S</sub> of 509 nm. The peak wavelength <em>λ</em><sub>E</sub> of the radiation emitted by the Earth is 10.1 μm.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the orbital period for the satellite.</p>
<p>Mass of Earth = 6.0 x 10<sup>24</sup> kg</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the mean temperature of the Earth.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the difference between <em>λ</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>λ</em><sub>E</sub> helps to account for the greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Not all scientists agree that global warming is caused by the activities of man.</p>
<p>Outline how scientists try to ensure agreement on a scientific issue.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A planet orbits at a distance <em>d</em> from a star. The power emitted by the star is <em>P</em>. The total surface area of the planet is <em>A</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the power incident on the planet is</p>
<p> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mi>A</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>.</mo></math></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The albedo of the planet is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>p</mtext></msub></math>. The equilibrium surface temperature of the planet is <em>T</em>. Derive the expression</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mroot><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>p</mtext></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>16</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>e</mi><mi>σ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mn>4</mn></mroot></math></p>
<p>where <em>e</em> is the emissivity of the planet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On average, the Moon is the same distance from the Sun as the Earth. The Moon can be assumed to have an emissivity <em>e</em> = 1 and an albedo <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>M</mtext></msub></math> = 0.13. The solar constant is 1.36 × 103 W m<sup>−2</sup>. Calculate the surface temperature of the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A photovoltaic cell is supplying energy to an external circuit. The photovoltaic cell can be modelled as a practical electrical cell with internal resistance.</p>
<p>The intensity of solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic cell at a particular time is at a maximum for the place where the cell is positioned.</p>
<p>The following data are available for this particular time:</p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 150px;"> Operating current = 0.90 A<br>Output potential difference to external circuit = 14.5 V<br> Output emf of photovoltaic cell = 21.0 V<br> Area of panel = 350 mm × 450 mm</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the output potential difference to the external circuit and the output emf of the photovoltaic cell are different.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the internal resistance of the photovoltaic cell for the maximum intensity condition using the model for the cell.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The maximum intensity of sunlight incident on the photovoltaic cell at the place on the Earth’s surface is 680 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<p>A measure of the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is the ratio</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>energy available every second to the external circuit</mtext><mtext>energy arriving every second at the photovoltaic cell surface</mtext></mfrac><mo>.</mo></math></p>
<p>Determine the efficiency of this photovoltaic cell when the intensity incident upon it is at a maximum.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> reasons why future energy demands will be increasingly reliant on sources such as photovoltaic cells.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 (Be-10) undergoes beta minus (<em>β–</em>) decay to form a stable boron (B) nuclide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The initial number of nuclei in a pure sample of beryllium-10 is N<sub>0</sub>. The graph shows how the number of remaining <strong>beryllium </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An ice sample is moved to a laboratory for analysis. The temperature of the sample is –20 °C.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the missing information for this decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the graph, sketch how the number of <strong>boron </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After 4.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="\frac{{{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}}}{{{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}}} = 7.">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of produced boron nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of remaining beryllium nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7.</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p>Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10<sup>11</sup> atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by thermal radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a black body can be used to estimate the temperature of the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the radiation emitted by the ice sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Derive the units of intensity in terms of fundamental SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titan is a moon of Saturn. The Titan-Sun distance is 9.3 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the intensity of the solar radiation at the location of Titan is 16 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen. The albedo of the atmosphere is 0.22. The surface of Titan may be assumed to be a black body. Explain why the <strong>average </strong>intensity of solar radiation <strong>absorbed</strong> by the whole surface of Titan is 3.1 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the equilibrium surface temperature of Titan is about 90 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math> and the period of revolution is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi></math>.</p>
<p>Show that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> is the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 1.2 × 10<sup>9 </sup>m and the orbital period is 15.9 days. Estimate the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 °C to 84 °C. A mass of 55 g of milk enters the sterilizing unit every second.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 210px;">Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature of 84 °C. A small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate the power input.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between milk at 11 °C and milk at 84 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside of the metal pipe.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the pipe is 0.067 m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. Determine the energy lost every second from the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by the pipe surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>one</strong> other method by which significant amounts of energy can be transferred from the pipe to the surroundings.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The average temperature of ocean surface water is 289 K. Oceans behave as black bodies.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show that the intensity radiated by the oceans is about 400 W m<sup>-2</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Explain why some of this radiation is returned to the oceans from the atmosphere.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The Moon has no atmosphere and orbits the Earth. The diagram shows the Moon with rays of light from the Sun that are incident at 90° to the axis of rotation of the Moon.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A black body is on the Moon’s surface at point A. Show that the maximum temperature that this body can reach is 400 K. Assume that the Earth and the Moon are the same distance from the Sun.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.</p>
<p>Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the black body at point B is less than at point A.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The albedo of the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.28. Outline why the maximum temperature of a black body on the Earth when the Sun is overhead is less than that at point A on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why a force acts on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why this force does no work on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wind is incident on the blades of a wind turbine. The radius of the blades is 12 m. The following data are available for the air immediately before and after impact with the blades.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind by this turbine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why the answer in (a) is a maximum.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In a pumped storage hydroelectric system, water is stored in a dam of depth 34 m.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-12_om_13.07.03.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05"></p>
<p>The water leaving the upper lake descends a vertical distance of 110 m and turns the turbine of a generator before exiting into the lower lake.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Water flows out of the upper lake at a rate of 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>3</sup> per minute. The density of water is 1.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> kg m<sup>–3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the specific energy of water in this storage system, giving an appropriate unit for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the average rate at which the gravitational potential energy of the water decreases is 2.5 GW.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The storage system produces 1.8 GW of electrical power. Determine the overall efficiency of the storage system.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After the upper lake is emptied it must be refilled with water from the lower lake and this requires energy. Suggest how the operators of this storage system can still make a profit.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>