File "annotated-extended-essay-sample-1.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/bm_econ/economics/page/36082/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1html
File size: 171.61 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Economics: Annotated extended essay sample 1</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="extended essayEconomics, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="Annotated extended essay sample 1. ThinkIB.net Economics is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202308071530" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=202305221900" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202305221900"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=2023061230"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "economics";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "1164ffdb5b0fa1709243f22ebefcb0a3", userTicket = "fd6a5e8a06cfccf2";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP Economics - Student pages</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: <br>Teacher: </em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../20131/start-here.html">Start here</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../27378/the-ib-core.html">The IB core</a></li><li><a href="../32112/textbook.html">Textbook</a></li><li><a href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><li><a href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><li><a href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><li><a href="../21380/assessment.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html">Exam style questions</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="economics/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Economics..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../thinkib/user/generic/32-generic-user.png">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Business Management</a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="padding: 0; border-radius: 3px; margin-left: -4px; margin-top: -1px;"><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-5.html?lg=51189"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 1</a></li><li><a href="../../../businessmanagement-6.html?lg=51192"><i class="fa fa-group gray fixwidth"></i> 2</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../../economics-1.html?lg=50735"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Economics</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-dashboard fixwidth colored"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-3.htm?pan=tasks"><i class="fa fa-pencil fixwidth colored"></i> All tasks</a></li><li><a href="../../../index-2.htm"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i> My profile</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li>
<a href="../../../index-2.htm?logout=1">
<i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth"></i> Log out
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div style="margin: 20px 0;"><a href="../../sitemap.html" class="btn btn-default btn-block"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></div><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20131/start-here.html" title="Start here">Start here</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46026/getting-started-for-students.html" title="Getting started for students">Getting started for students</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45198/predicted-grade-calculator.html" title="Predicted grade calculator">Predicted grade calculator</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Using the student access on the site ">Using the student access on the site </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32021/giving-students-access-to-the-inthinking-site.html" title="Giving students access to the Inthinking site">Giving students access to the Inthinking site</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20150/recommended-reading-.html" title="Recommended reading ">Recommended reading </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Economics games">Economics games</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26967/activities-and-simulations.html" title="Activities and simulations">Activities and simulations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41381/crosswords.html" title="Crosswords">Crosswords</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Old curriculum resources">Old curriculum resources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29986/price-discrimination-old-syllabus-hl.html" title="Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL">Price discrimination (old syllabus) HL</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../27378/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB core">The IB core</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../1583/extended-essay.html" title="Extended essay">Extended essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27917/the-5-year-rule-in-economics-.html" title="The 5 year rule in economics ">The 5 year rule in economics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21411/using-the-ee-markbands-.html" title="Using the EE markbands ">Using the EE markbands </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21412/focus-on-the-criteria-.html" title="Focus on the criteria ">Focus on the criteria </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20780/extended-essay-checklist.html" title="Extended essay checklist">Extended essay checklist</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20786/exemplar-extended-essay-.html" title="Exemplar extended essay ">Exemplar extended essay </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20819/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="annotated-extended-essay-sample-1.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1">Annotated extended essay sample 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36110/annotated-extended-essay-sample-1-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 1 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20792/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2">Annotated extended essay sample 2</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20820/annotated-extended-essay-sample-2-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 2 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26701/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3">Annotated extended essay sample 3</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26702/annotated-extended-essay-sample-3-grading-criteria.html" title="Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)">Annotated extended essay sample 3 (grading criteria)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32112/textbook.html" title="Textbook">Textbook</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33061/contents-page.html" title="Contents page">Contents page</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37990/textbook-approach-to-the-new-ib-economics-examination-specificat.html" title="Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification">Textbook approach to the new IB Economics examination specification</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33060/chapter-1-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics">Chapter 1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32395/unit-11-introduction-to-economics.html" title="Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics">Unit 1.1: Introduction to Economics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32541/unit-12-how-do-economists-approach-the-world.html" title="Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?">Unit 1.2: How do economists approach the world?</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33063/chapter-2-microeconomics.html" title="Chapter 2: Microeconomics">Chapter 2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32533/unit-21-demand-theory.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand theory">Unit 2.1: Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32555/unit-22-supply-theory.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply theory">Unit 2.2: Supply theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32567/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32575/unit-241-behavioural-economics-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)">Unit 2.4(1): Behavioural economics (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32798/unit-242-business-objectives-hl.html" title="Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)">Unit 2.4(2): Business objectives (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32663/unit-251-price-elasticity-of-demand-ped.html" title="Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)">Unit 2.5(1): Price elasticity of demand (PED)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32788/unit-252-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed--1.html" title="Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) ">Unit 2.5(2): Income elasticity of demand (YED) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32789/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply-pes--1.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) ">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply (PES) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33388/unit-271-governments-in-markets-tax-and-subsidy-.html" title="Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy ">Unit 2.7(1): Governments in markets - tax and subsidy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33424/unit-272-governments-in-markets-price-controls.html" title="Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls">Unit 2.7(2): Governments in markets - price controls</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33665/unit-281-market-failure-externalities.html" title="Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities">Unit 2.8(1): Market failure – externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33808/unit-282-market-failure-merit-goods-and-demerit-goods-.html" title="Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(2): Market failure - merit goods and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34054/unit-283-government-intervention-to-manage-externalities-merit-a.html" title="Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods ">Unit 2.8(3): Government intervention to manage externalities, merit and demerit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34082/unit-284-common-access-pool-resources.html" title="Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources">Unit 2.8(4): Common access (pool) resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34087/unit-29-public-goods.html" title="Unit 2.9: Public goods">Unit 2.9: Public goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34247/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35118/unit-2111-market-power-theory-of-production-and-costs-hl.html" title="Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)">Unit 2.11(1) Market power - Theory of production and costs (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35125/unit-2112-market-power-perfect-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(2) Market power - Perfect competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35147/unit-2113-market-power-monopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(3) Market power - Monopoly(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35151/unit-2114-market-power-monopolistic-competitionhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)">Unit 2.11(4) Market power - Monopolistic competition(HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35153/unit-2115-market-power-oligopolyhl.html" title="Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)">Unit 2.11(5) Market power - Oligopoly(HL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41603/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43378/opportunity-cost-and-production-possibility-curves.html" title="Opportunity cost and production possibility curves">Opportunity cost and production possibility curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42559/demand-theory.html" title="Demand theory">Demand theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41886/the-price-mechanism.html" title="The price mechanism">The price mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43188/market-demand-and-supply.html" title="Market demand and supply">Market demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41705/demerit-goods.html" title="Demerit goods">Demerit goods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42275/market-failure-and-climate-change.html" title="Market failure and climate change">Market failure and climate change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42925/market-power.html" title="Market power">Market power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42099/applying-game-theory.html" title="Applying game theory">Applying game theory</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34407/chapter-3-macroeconomics.html" title="Chapter 3: Macroeconomics">Chapter 3: Macroeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34355/unit-311-measuring-the-level-of-economic-activity.html" title="Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity">Unit 3.1(1): Measuring the level of economic activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34432/unit-312-measuring-economic-development.html" title="Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development">Unit 3.1(2): Measuring Economic Development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34485/unit-321-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-demand-ad-.html" title="Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) ">Unit 3.2(1): Variations in economic activity - aggregate demand (AD) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34487/unit-322-variations-in-economic-activity-aggregate-supplyas.html" title="Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)">Unit 3.2(2): Variations in economic activity - aggregate supply(AS)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34758/unit-331-macroeconomic-objectives-economic-growth.html" title="Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth">Unit 3.3(1) Macroeconomic objectives: economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34771/unit-332-macroeconomic-objectives-unemployment-.html" title="Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment ">Unit 3.3(2) Macroeconomic objectives: unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34778/unit-333-macroeconomic-objectives-inflation-and-deflation--1.html" title="Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation ">Unit 3.3(3) Macroeconomic objectives: inflation and deflation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34925/unit-341-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4(1) Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34946/unit-342-policies-to-improve-equality-equity-and-poverty.html" title="Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty">Unit 3.4(2) Policies to improve equality, equity and poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34993/unit-35-government-management-of-the-economy-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy">Unit 3.5 Government management of the economy – monetary policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34962/unit-36-government-management-of-the-economy-fiscal-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy">Unit 3.6 Government management of the economy – fiscal policy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35017/unit-371-market-based-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(1) Market based supply-side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35018/unit-372-interventionist-supply-side-policies-.html" title="Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies ">Unit 3.7(2) Interventionist supply-side policies </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45803/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material--1.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42639/measuring-economic-well-being-1.html" title="Measuring economic well-being">Measuring economic well-being</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43044/inflation.html" title="Inflation">Inflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42350/inequality.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41639/inequity-1.html" title="Inequity">Inequity</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35414/chapter-4-the-global-economy.html" title="Chapter 4: The Global Economy">Chapter 4: The Global Economy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35346/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade-1.html" title="Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1 Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35348/unit-4243-trade-protectionism-1.html" title="Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism">Unit 4.2/4.3 Trade protectionism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35407/unit-44-economic-integration-.html" title="Unit 4.4 Economic integration ">Unit 4.4 Economic integration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35409/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5 Exchange rates">Unit 4.5 Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35413/unit-46-balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Unit 4.6 Balance of payments ">Unit 4.6 Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35675/unit-47-sustainable-development.html" title="Unit 4.7 Sustainable development">Unit 4.7 Sustainable development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35685/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8 Measuring development ">Unit 4.8 Measuring development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35687/unit-49-barriers-to-economic-development-1.html" title="Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development">Unit 4.9 Barriers to economic development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35702/unit-410-economic-growth-and-economic-development-strategies.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and economic development strategies</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45804/economics-real-world-examples-and-extension-material-.html" title="Economics real world examples and extension material ">Economics real world examples and extension material </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41927/foreign-currency-1.html" title="Foreign currency">Foreign currency</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43532/exchange-rates-1.html" title="Exchange rates">Exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43804/balance-of-payments.html" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41796/economic-development-1.html" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20132/units-1-2-microeconomics.html" title="Units 1-2: Microeconomics">Units 1-2: Microeconomics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 1: Introduction to economics">Unit 1: Introduction to economics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20091/introductory-activity-1.html" title="Introductory activity">Introductory activity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20093/unit-11-scarcity-choice-and-opportunity-cost.html" title="Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost">Unit 1.1: Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21647/factors-of-production-1.html" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20114/economic-systems.html" title="Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20134/public-and-private-sectors-1.html" title="Public and private sectors">Public and private sectors</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28055/unit-12-economics-as-a-social-science-1.html" title="Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science">Unit 1.2: Economics as a social science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29921/circular-flow-of-national-income.html" title="Circular flow of national income">Circular flow of national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29829/unit-1-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 1: Review terms">Unit 1: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41600/introduction-to-economics-crossword-1.html" title="Introduction to economics crossword">Introduction to economics crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4331/unit-1-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 1: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20177/unit-21-23-competitive-markets-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply">Unit 2.1-2.3: Competitive markets - demand and supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28517/unit-21-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.1: Demand">Unit 2.1: Demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22349/determinants-of-demand-1.html" title="Determinants of demand">Determinants of demand</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29949/unit-22-supply-.html" title="Unit 2.2: Supply ">Unit 2.2: Supply </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20184/changes-to-supply-and-demand-.html" title="Changes to supply and demand ">Changes to supply and demand </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21992/practise-exercises-1.html" title="Practise exercises">Practise exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26112/gold-exchange-game-demand-and-supply-1.html" title="Gold exchange game: Demand and supply">Gold exchange game: Demand and supply</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20194/unit-23-competitive-market-equilibrium-1.html" title="Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium">Unit 2.3: Competitive market equilibrium</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20144/producer-and-consumer-surplus-1.html" title="Producer and consumer surplus">Producer and consumer surplus</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22351/veblen-goods-and-super-luxury-goods-1.html" title="Veblen goods and super luxury goods">Veblen goods and super luxury goods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25677/are-cryptocurrencies-the-new-tulipmania.html" title="Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?">Are Cryptocurrencies the new Tulipmania?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20472/unit-21-23-multiple-choice-quiz.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz">Unit 2.1-2.3: Multiple choice quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20113/unit-24-consumer-and-producer-behaviour-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)">Unit 2.4: Consumer and producer behaviour (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36073/behavioural-economics-consumer-biases-nudge-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)">Behavioural economics: Consumer biases / nudge theory (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20378/business-objectives-hl-only.html" title="Business objectives (HL only)">Business objectives (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28741/unit-21-24-review-terms--1.html" title="Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms ">Unit 2.1-2.4: Review terms </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20195/unit-25-26-elasticity-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity">Unit 2.5-2.6: Elasticity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28713/unit-25-price-elasticity-of-demand-1.html" title="Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand">Unit 2.5: Price elasticity of demand</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21545/determinants-of-price-elasticity-.html" title="Determinants of price elasticity ">Determinants of price elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21532/ped-elasticity-and-sales-revenue.html" title="PED elasticity and sales revenue?">PED elasticity and sales revenue?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21259/unit-25-income-elasticity-of-demand-yed.html" title="Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)">Unit 2.5: Income elasticity of demand (YED)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21200/unit-26-price-elasticity-of-supply.html" title="Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply">Unit 2.6: Price elasticity of supply</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20207/perfectly-elastic-inelastic-supply-curves.html" title="Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves">Perfectly elastic / inelastic supply curves</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20230/a-mathematical-note-about-elasticity-.html" title="A mathematical note about elasticity ">A mathematical note about elasticity </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39037/demand-and-supply-crossword.html" title="Demand and supply crossword">Demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29021/unit-25-26-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms">Unit 2.5-2.6: Review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20474/unit-25-26-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.5-2.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44474/unit-21-25-competitive-markets-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz">Unit 2.1- 2.5: Competitive markets quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20243/unit-27-the-role-of-government-in-microeconomics--1.html" title="Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics ">Unit 2.7: The role of government in microeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26590/indirect-taxation.html" title="Indirect taxation">Indirect taxation</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20246/ped-and-the-burden-of-tax-hl-only-.html" title="PED and the burden of tax (HL only) ">PED and the burden of tax (HL only) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20277/government-subsidies--1.html" title="Government subsidies ">Government subsidies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29117/unit-27-indirect-tax-and-subsidy-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms">Unit 2.7: Indirect tax and subsidy review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20287/price-controls-maximum-price--1.html" title="Price controls − maximum price ">Price controls − maximum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20288/minimum-price-.html" title="Minimum price ">Minimum price </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21540/minimum-wage-.html" title="Minimum wage ">Minimum wage </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38849/labour-market-crossword-1.html" title="Labour market crossword">Labour market crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29260/unit-27-price-controls-review-terms-1.html" title="Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms">Unit 2.7: Price controls review terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20303/unit-28-210-market-failure--1.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure ">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21543/unit-28-merit-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Merit goods ">Unit 2.8: Merit goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23123/unit-28-demerit-goods-negative-externalities-1.html" title="Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities">Unit 2.8: Demerit goods / negative externalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38850/market-failure-crossword-1.html" title="Market failure crossword">Market failure crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29262/unit-29-economics-of-the-environment-and-public-goods--1.html" title="Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods ">Unit 2.9: Economics of the environment and public goods </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20332/unit-210-asymmetric-information-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)">Unit 2.10: Asymmetric information (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29828/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29827/unit-28-210-market-failure-review-terms.html" title="Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms">Unit 2.8-2.10: Market failure review terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20479/unit-27-210-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 2.7-2.10: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44501/unit-27-210-government-failure-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz">Unit 2.7-2.10 Government failure revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20330/unit-211-market-power-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market power (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29835/assessment-map.html" title="Assessment map">Assessment map</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21528/production-hl-only.html" title="Production (HL only)">Production (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29978/revenue-theory-hl-only.html" title="Revenue theory (HL only)">Revenue theory (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20357/costs-of-production-hl-only.html" title="Costs of production (HL only)">Costs of production (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21286/economies-and-diseconomies-of-scale-hl-only.html" title="Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)">Economies and diseconomies of scale (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22494/long-run-average-cost-curves-hl-only.html" title="Long run average cost curves (HL only)">Long run average cost curves (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29838/breakeven-hl-only.html" title="Breakeven (HL only)">Breakeven (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20340/economic-profit-hl-only.html" title="Economic profit (HL only)">Economic profit (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39082/market-power-crossword.html" title="Market power crossword">Market power crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22495/revision-exercise-on-cost-and-revenue-hl-only.html" title="Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)">Revision exercise on cost and revenue (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29845/unit-211-costs-revenue-and-profit-review-sheet-hl-only.html" title="Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Costs, revenue and profit review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44484/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-sl-units-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (SL units)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29846/market-structures-hl-only-1.html" title="Market structures (HL only)">Market structures (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29981/perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Perfect competition (HL only)">Perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24486/profit-in-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit in perfect competition (HL only)">Profit in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21302/efficiency-in-perfect-competition-hl-only.html" title="Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)">Efficiency in perfect competition (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20430/monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopoly (HL only)">Monopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24529/profit-and-revenue-maximisation-in-monopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)">Profit and revenue maximisation in monopoly (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21306/a-comparison-of-monopoly-and-perfect-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)">A comparison of monopoly and perfect competition? (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20435/monopolistic-competition-hl-only-1.html" title="Monopolistic competition (HL only)">Monopolistic competition (HL only)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20436/oligopoly-hl-only-1.html" title="Oligopoly (HL only)">Oligopoly (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22310/game-theory-hl-only-1.html" title="Game theory (HL only)">Game theory (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29918/unit-211-market-structures-review-sheet-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Market structures review sheet (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32337/unit-211-diagram-revision-.html" title="Unit 2.11: Diagram revision ">Unit 2.11: Diagram revision </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20480/unit-211-multiple-choice-quiz-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)">Unit 2.11: Multiple choice quiz (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32425/unit-212-the-markets-inability-to-achieve-equity-hl-only-1.html" title="Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)">Unit 2.12: The market’s inability to achieve equity (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21842/unit-3-macroeconomics-.html" title="Unit 3: Macroeconomics ">Unit 3: Macroeconomics </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../3942/unit-31-measuring-economic-activity-and-illustrating-its-variati-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations">Unit 3.1: Measuring economic activity and illustrating its variations</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20558/calculating-national-income-1.html" title="Calculating national income">Calculating national income</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21297/gdp-gni-as-a-measure-of-living-standards.html" title="GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards">GDP / GNI as a measure of living standards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20567/national-income-statistics-1.html" title="National income statistics">National income statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21580/the-business-cycle-1.html" title="The business cycle">The business cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29931/unit-31-economic-activity-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet">Unit 3.1: Economic activity review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20592/unit-32-variations-in-economic-activityaggregate-demand-and-aggr-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply">Unit 3.2: Variations in economic activity—aggregate demand and aggregate supply</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29933/aggregate-demand-and-supply.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply">Aggregate demand and supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21582/components-of-aggregate-demand-1.html" title="Components of aggregate demand">Components of aggregate demand</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20634/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-neo-classical-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (neo-classical perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20439/equilibrium-in-macroeconomics-keynesian-perspective-1.html" title="Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)">Equilibrium in macroeconomics (keynesian perspective)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21349/john-maynard-keynes-1.html" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20650/keynesian-v-free-market-debate--1.html" title="Keynesian v free market debate ">Keynesian v free market debate </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21342/changes-in-the-long-run-aggregate-supply-1.html" title="Changes in the long run aggregate supply">Changes in the long run aggregate supply</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30055/unit-32-aggregate-demand-and-supply-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet">Unit 3.2: Aggregate demand and supply review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20610/unit-35-and-36-demand-management-fiscal-and-monetary-policy-1.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy">Unit 3.5 and 3.6: Demand management - fiscal and monetary policy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30058/government-budget.html" title="Government budget">Government budget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21585/fiscal-policy--1.html" title="Fiscal policy ">Fiscal policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21343/multiplier-hl-only.html" title="Multiplier (HL only)">Multiplier (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21795/monetary-policy--1.html" title="Monetary policy ">Monetary policy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30071/independent-central-banks-1.html" title="Independent central banks">Independent central banks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30083/unit-35-and-36-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet">Unit 3.5 and 3.6 review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20615/unit-37-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Supply side policies">Unit 3.7: Supply side policies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20651/the-role-of-supply-side-policies-1.html" title="The role of supply side policies">The role of supply side policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20622/market-based-and-interventionist-supply-side-policies--1.html" title="Market based and interventionist supply side policies ">Market based and interventionist supply side policies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39129/aggregate-demand-and-supply-crossword-1.html" title="Aggregate demand and supply crossword">Aggregate demand and supply crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30086/unit-37-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 3.7: Review sheet">Unit 3.7: Review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20755/unit-31-32-and-35-37-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz ">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Multiple choice quiz </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44522/unit-31-32-and-35-37-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz">Unit 3.1-3.2 and 3.5-3.7: Revision quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20686/unit-33-macroeconomic-objectives.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic objectives</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30118/unemployment.html" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21351/types-of-unemployment.html" title="Types of unemployment?">Types of unemployment?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21593/equilibrium-unemployment-.html" title="Equilibrium unemployment ">Equilibrium unemployment </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21594/disequilibrium-unemployment-1.html" title="Disequilibrium unemployment">Disequilibrium unemployment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30458/unemployment-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unemployment review sheet">Unemployment review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20713/inflation--1.html" title="Inflation ">Inflation </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20712/measuring-inflation-hl-only-1.html" title="Measuring inflation (HL only)">Measuring inflation (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20685/costs-of-inflation-and-deflation-1.html" title="Costs of inflation and deflation">Costs of inflation and deflation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30465/inflation-review-sheet.html" title="Inflation review sheet">Inflation review sheet</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20716/unemployment-v-inflation-trade-off-hl-only-1.html" title="Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)">Unemployment v inflation trade off (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39133/macroeconomic-objectives-crossword-1.html" title="Macroeconomic objectives crossword">Macroeconomic objectives crossword</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44511/unit-33-macroeconomic-indicators-revision-quiz-1.html" title="Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz">Unit 3.3: Macroeconomic indicators revision quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20741/unit-34-economics-of-inequality-and-poverty-1.html" title="Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty">Unit 3.4: Economics of inequality and poverty</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32398/inequality-1.html" title="Inequality">Inequality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21356/the-role-of-spending-and-taxation-on-inequality--1.html" title="The role of spending and taxation on inequality ">The role of spending and taxation on inequality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21313/consequences-of-economic-growth-1.html" title="Consequences of economic growth">Consequences of economic growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30257/economic-growth-and-inequality-review-sheet-1.html" title="Economic growth and inequality review sheet">Economic growth and inequality review sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20756/unit-33-34-multiple-choice-.html" title="Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice ">Unit 3.3-3.4: Multiple choice </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21844/unit-4-global-economy.html" title="Unit 4: Global economy">Unit 4: Global economy</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21367/unit-41-benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade">Unit 4.1: Benefits of international trade</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30529/benefits-of-international-trade.html" title="Benefits of international trade">Benefits of international trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20823/absolute-and-comparative-advantage-hl-only-1.html" title="Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)">Absolute and comparative advantage (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20845/unit-42-43-trade-protection-1.html" title="Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection">Unit 4.2-4.3: Trade protection</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32419/barriers-to-trade-calculations-are-hl-only-1.html" title="Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)">Barriers to trade (calculations are HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21610/case-study-on-tata-steel-1.html" title="Case study on Tata Steel">Case study on Tata Steel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23455/the-defence-industry-1.html" title="The Defence industry">The Defence industry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30610/unit-41-43-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet">Unit 4.1-4.3: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20894/unit-44-economic-integration--1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Economic integration ">Unit 4.4: Economic integration </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30634/economic-integration-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Economic integration (some HL tasks)">Economic integration (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20840/world-trade-organisation-wto-1.html" title="World trade organisation (WTO)">World trade organisation (WTO)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30635/unit-44-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.4: Review sheet">Unit 4.4: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20853/unit-45-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Exchange rates">Unit 4.5: Exchange rates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30611/floating-exchange-rates-1.html" title="Floating exchange rates">Floating exchange rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31824/fixed-managed-exchange-rate-systems-some-hl-tasks-1.html" title="Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)">Fixed / managed exchange rate systems (some HL tasks)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21624/the-market-for-foreign-exchange-1.html" title="The market for foreign exchange">The market for foreign exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30614/unit-45-review-sheet-1.html" title="Unit 4.5: Review sheet">Unit 4.5: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20859/unit-46-balance-of-payments-1.html" title="Unit 4.6: Balance of payments">Unit 4.6: Balance of payments</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30624/balance-of-payments--1.html" title="Balance of payments ">Balance of payments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21386/current-account-hl-only-1.html" title="Current account (HL only)">Current account (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20872/the-marshall-lerner-condition-j-curve-hl-only-1.html" title="The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)">The Marshall-Lerner condition / J curve (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20899/units-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz--1.html" title="Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz ">Units 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42989/unit-41-46-multiple-choice-quiz-ii-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II">Unit 4.1-4.6: Multiple choice quiz II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39438/unit-41-46-international-trade-crossword-1.html" title="Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword">Unit 4.1-4.6: International trade crossword</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32423/unit-47-sustainable-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.7: Sustainable development ">Unit 4.7: Sustainable development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26092/water-scarcity-activity-1.html" title="Water scarcity activity">Water scarcity activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32426/sustainable-development.html" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20928/unit-48-measuring-development--1.html" title="Unit 4.8: Measuring development ">Unit 4.8: Measuring development </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30686/measuring-development-1.html" title="Measuring development">Measuring development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21627/economic-development--1.html" title="Economic development ">Economic development </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30679/unit-47-48-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet">Unit 4.7-4.8: Review sheet</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Unit 4.9: Barriers to development">Unit 4.9: Barriers to development</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30727/barriers-to-development-in-international-trade-1.html" title="Barriers to development in International trade">Barriers to development in International trade</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32430/unit-410-economic-growth-andor-economic-development-strategies-1.html" title="Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies">Unit 4.10: Economic growth and/or economic development strategies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30687/the-role-of-domestic-factors-1.html" title="The role of domestic factors">The role of domestic factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30688/the-role-of-international-trade-and-development-1.html" title="The role of international trade and development">The role of international trade and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30689/the-role-of-foreign-direct-investment-fdi-1.html" title="The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)">The role of foreign direct investment (FDI)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25240/the-role-of-foreign-aid--1.html" title="The role of foreign aid ">The role of foreign aid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30819/multilateral-development-assistance-1.html" title="Multilateral development assistance">Multilateral development assistance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21632/the-role-of-international-debt-1.html" title="The role of international debt">The role of international debt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25242/the-balance-between-markets-and-intervention-1.html" title="The balance between markets and intervention">The balance between markets and intervention</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30926/unit-49-410-review-sheet.html" title="Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet">Unit 4.9 - 4.10: Review sheet</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21380/assessment.html" title="Assessment">Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Internal assessment ">Internal assessment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20608/how-to-write-your-ia-student-handout.html" title="How to write your IA? (student handout)">How to write your IA? (student handout)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21428/how-to-interpret-the-assessment-criteria-1.html" title="How to interpret the assessment criteria?">How to interpret the assessment criteria?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Grading practise ">Grading practise </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Sample 3a">Sample 3a</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32083/sample-3b-1.html" title="Sample 3b">Sample 3b</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32022/assessment-markbands-1.html" title="Assessment markbands">Assessment markbands</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../4332/exam-style-questions.html" title="Exam style questions">Exam style questions</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 1 style examination questions">Paper 1 style examination questions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40100/unit-211-212-questions.html" title="Unit 2.11-2.12 questions">Unit 2.11-2.12 questions</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45102/paper-1-guidance-on-essay-writing-1.html" title="Paper 1 guidance on essay writing">Paper 1 guidance on essay writing</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../thinkib/header-thinker-sib.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="annotated-extended-essay-sample-1" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Annotated extended essay sample 1</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../economics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">The IB core</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Extended essay</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Annotated extended essay sample 1</span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<div class="blueBg"><h3>Classroom activity</h3><p><em>Read the extended essay below, which came from a former Economics student. After doing so, apply the extended essay rubric and justify your marks. My comments are on the next page as well as an annotated copy of the EE.</em></p><p><strong>Title</strong>: How efficient was the solar panel energy system installed by the school?</p><p><strong>Word count</strong>: 3673 words</p></div><div class="blueBg"><h4><strong>Table of Contents</strong></h4><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Page number</strong></td></tr><tr><td><p style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628500">Introduction</a></p></td><td style="text-align: center;">2</td></tr><tr><td><p style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628501">Hypothesis</a></p></td><td style="text-align: center;">2</td></tr><tr><td><p style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628502">Method of Data Collection</a></p></td><td style="text-align: center;">2</td></tr><tr><td><p style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628503">Data & Analysis</a></p></td><td style="text-align: center;">3</td></tr><tr><td><p style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628504">Conclusion</a></p></td><td style="text-align: center;">11</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="scroll-to" data-target="_Toc2628505">References and Bibliography</a></td><td style="text-align: center;">13</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="blueBg"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>The current global issue regarding energy usage is due to the fact the majority of the world is using non-renewable energy which risks the future by harming the environment. However, there has been an increase in the usage and instalment of renewable energy production methods such as solar and wind power. One of these initiatives took place through the instalment of a solar power plantation in my school, located in Istanbul. The instalment of this power plant produced costs, benefits, and externalities (effect on third parties).</p><p>To evaluate these elements, the research question ‘‘<em>How efficient was the solar panel energy system installed by the school</em>’’ was formed.</p><h4>Hypothesis</h4><p>It was hypothesised that the newly-installed solar power plantation in the school was an efficient economic decision. This proposition was based on the fact that solar power is a renewable energy resource, making it available for a long term use. Furthermore, it is more environmentally friendly which imposes positive externalities on the school population, and residents around the school’s district. A positive externality is created when either the production or consumption of the good creates benefits for society. Since the school produces solar energy, this can be considered a positive externality of production.</p><h4>Method of Data Collection</h4><p>In order to investigate the research question thoroughly, the data collected and the analysis were aimed to be kept strictly specific to the school’s scenario. Brief information regarding the importance of renewable energy sources, solar power particularly in this case, was given only to provide a better understanding of the context. The data regarding renewable energy sources as a percentage to non-renewable energy sources was taken from The World Bank, and the information regarding Turkey was taken from the Ministry of Energy.</p><p>On the other hand, all the information regarding the instalment of the solar power plant in the school was gathered from the school’s facilities department. However, a limitation regarding this process was that some of the information couldn’t be acquired as the school restricted the sharing of some budget details with a student. For example, the data for the school’s monthly energy consumption and production could be acquired but the economic costs of labor during the instalment of the solar power plant was not provided and the cost to instal the plant itself had to be derived. Overall, there was more than sufficient information to determine whether the decision to instal a solar power plant to the school had been an economically efficient one or not.</p><h4>Data & Analysis</h4><p><strong>Renewable energies</strong> are sources of <strong>clean, inexhaustible and increasingly competitive energy</strong>. In contrast to fossil fuels, they are diverse, abundant and they possess potential for use anywhere on the planet, but more importantly <strong>they don’t produce greenhouse gases</strong> – which cause climate change – <strong>nor contribute to pollution</strong>. Due to the fact that their use is becoming more widespread, their costs are falling and at a sustainable rate. <strong>There has been a significant growth in the usage of clean energy resources</strong>, as reflected in statistics produced in 2015 by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Clean energy resources represented almost half of all new electricity generation capacity installed in 2014, when they were the second biggest source of electricity worldwide, behind coal.</p><p>According to the data collected by the International Energy Agency, world electricity demand is projected to rise by 70% by 2040 - its share of final energy use rising from 18 to 24% during the same period – fueled primarily by the emerging economies of India, China, Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia. <strong>The development of clean energy plays a key role to</strong> combat climate change and limit its most devastating effects. Furthermore, research reveals that the transition to a renewable energy production system has several economic benefits. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), doubling the percentage of renewable energy usage in relation to the world’s energy consumption, to 36% by 2030, would result in additional global growth of 1.1% by that year (equivalent to 1.3 trillion dollars), an increase in social welfare of 3.7% and in employment in the sector of up to more than 24 million people, compared to 9.2 million today.</p><p><span style="color:#000080;"><em>“Renewable Energy.” ACCIONA: Sustainable Infrastructure and Renewable Energy, www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/.</em></span></p><p>The increase in the usage of renewable energy sources was also the case with Turkey. The renewable energy consumption as a percentage of the total energy consumption, increased from 11.6% in 2014 to 13.4% in 2015. One of the most popular types of renewable energy production in Turkey was solar energy. According to the data shown through the Solar Energy Map (SEM) of Turkey prepared by the Renewable Energy General Directorate, it has been determined that the total annual insolation time is 2,741 hours (a total of 7,5 hours per day), and the total solar energy derived per year is 1,527 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> per year (total 4,18 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> per day). The total established solar collector area within the country as of 2017 was calculated as being close to 20,000,000 m<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, in 2017, close to 823,000 TEP (Tons Equivalent to Petrol) heat energy was produced using solar collectors. As of the end of June 2018, the total installed capacity of the PV solar power plant is 4,723 MW, with 4,703 MW unlicensed and 23 MW licensed. Overall, Turkey had a high solar energy potential due to its geographical location.</p><p><span style="color:#000080;"><em>“Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Solar.” Enerji.gov.tr, www.enerji.gov.tr/en-us/pages/solar.</em></span></p><p>On the other hand, the decision to install a solar power plant in the school can be analyzed through several different viewpoints. Another alternative which was discussed was wind energy. However due to the fact that wind speeds in the area would be insufficient to produce the appropriate amount of energy, and the size of the turbines would require a larger area of land, solar power was chosen. The area which was assigned to the construction of the solar power plant didn’t have a specific purpose of use previously and mostly composed of trees. The area first had to be deforested in order to construct the power plant. Although the deforestation of the area is a type of environmental harm, since trees absorb CO<sub>2</sub>, which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, the school board decided that it would be a small price to pay when compared to the projected long term benefits of the power plant. A picture of the power plant is below (Image 1), alongside a table which specifies the technical utilities of the power plant (Table 2).</p><p><u>Table 2 – Technical Specifications of the solar power plant in the school</u></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="605"><tbody><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p><strong>Panel Type</strong></p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p><strong>Monocrystalline</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Panel Brand / Country</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>Solar World / Germany</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Number of Panels / Panel Power per unit (… # / …Wp)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>3596 / 270 Wp</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Solar Tracker System</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>3 Solar Tracker Systems</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Inverter Brand / Country</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>Huawei / China</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Number of inverters / inverter power per unit</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>21 Units x 40 kW</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Control Systems Brand / Country</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>Huawei / China</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Construction Material</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>ST-37 (Hot Deep Galvanized Steel)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Area Used</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>18.400 m2</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:17px;"><p>Capacity (DC - Panel Output)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:17px;"><p>970,92 kWp (270W panels)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Projected Annual Solar Radiation Ratio (kWh/kWp)(İstanbul)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>1330 kWh / kWp <sup>(1)</sup></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Annual Production (kWh) *using projected value for Istanbul</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>1.291.000 kWh</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Panel Performance Loss (annual %)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p> %2.5 for first year, 0.7% for following years</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Panel Efficiency (After 25 years) (%)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>82%</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Solar Power Plant Performance (After 25 years) (%)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>0,8</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Solar Power Plant lifetime (years)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>40</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Production Guarantee (kWh/year)</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>1.187.000 kWh (First Year) <sup>(2)</sup> (270W panel)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Transformer Brand</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>ABB</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Cell Brand</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>Schneider </p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:13px;"><p>Transformer</p></td><td style="width:242px;height:13px;"><p>1250 kVA</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:363px;height:11px;"></td><td style="width:242px;height:11px;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p>(1) The projected value for annual solar radiation is based on the average for the values of the last thirty years. Due to the fact that the values for the last couple of years are above average, taking these values into account during calculations would produce incorrect results.</p><p>(2) The production guarantee is calculated using a +/- %8 uncertainty due to meteorological reasons which would result in possible power outages.</p><p>Factors of production in Economics are defined as resources or inputs which are used to produce all goods and services that people need and want. The four factors of production are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Looking at the table and image above, it can be said that all of the four factors are evident in the construction of this solar power plant. Land is used as an area of approximately 18.400 m<sup>2</sup> is deforested and used for construction. Another factor of production, labor is used as employees took part in the construction of this facility. Capital and entrepreneurship were also used in the sense that machines, tools, equipment, all construction is considered as physical capital and the process involved human effort which is used to organize the other three factors of production (capital, land, and labor).</p><p>As it can be seen from the table, the solar power plant has a maximum durability of 40 years, and stable production rate for approximately 25 years. This aspect, was one of the main reasons behind the school board’s decision to install the power plant since the long durability would offer a sustainable way to produce energy for the future.</p><p>Below is the graph for the electricity consumption and production for the solar power plant at The Koc School regarding the year 2017. The amount of energy produced by the power plant.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p><div><div id="ftn2"><p>In kW is shown in orange, whereas the school’s consumption is shown in yellow. As it can be seen in the graph, the consumption levels for each month is considerably higher than the production levels. Due to the fact that solar power production depends on the amount of radiation, the months with the highest levels of production are during spring and summer months. Moreover, during the months of autumn and winter, the consumption levels are considerably higher, 371.180 kW in September, 342.014 in December and 326.944 in January. These levels are higher because colder weather conditions would require the heating system at the school to consumer more energy. On the other hand, the consumption levels during the months April, and July are lowest (272.764 kW and 288.873 kW respectively) because these months include the spring break and the summer break, which would decrease the school population significantly due to the absence of the student body, which is approximately 1000. The average cost of the school’s monthly electricity usage can be calculated by obtaining the mean values for production and consumption values. The mean formula, which is stated below will used. The values for each month will be added and the sum will be divided to twelve, number of months in a year.</p><p><em>Mean=μ= (∑E)/12, E=amount of electricity produced or consumed within a year</em></p><p>Then the mean monthly value of production will be subtracted from the mean monthly value of consumption, and the result will be multiplied by the price of energy per kW to find the average monthly energy expenditure for the school. The sum of the energy consumption within a year equals to 3.838.740 kW, whereas the sum of the energy production within a year equals to 1.334.021 kW. When these two values are divided to twelve, it can be said that the monthly <img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/general/koc-1.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 300px; float: right;">energy consumption of the school is 319.895 kW. Considering the fact that the school pays about 0.133$/kW, the average total cost would have been 42.546$. However, after the instalment of the solar power plant, the school now has a monthly rate of energy production which is equal to 111.168 kW. When this value is multiplied with the price of energy per unit, which is 0.133$/kW, it can be derived that the solar power plant generates a monthly revenue of approximately 14.785$. Subtracting this value from the initial average total cost, the new average total cost for the school is 27.760$, which is a 34.75% decrease (calculations shown below.)</p><p>(Monthly Consumption-Monthly Production) Cost of Energy per unit =Average Total Cost</p><p>42.546- 14.785= 27.760 $</p><p>Percentage Change= (14.785 )/42.546× 100=34.75%</p><p>This relationship is shown below in the cost diagram for the school’s energy expenses. The y-axis, labeled “Costs”, refers to the school’s energy costs and the x-axis, labeled “Output” refers to the sum of energy that the school consumes and produces. The AFC (Average Fixed Costs) curve is not shown here because fixed costs refer to costs which does not vary with output such as payment of rent or insurance. The school didn’t provide any information regarding these costs. Besides, these costs won’t have such importance in this aspect of the analysis as the change in costs which result from the production of energy (a variable output) will be analyzed. The AVC (Average Variable Costs) curve represents costs which change as the production / consumption increases. As the consumption of energy in the school increases, the average variable costs increases, whereas, as the production of energy through the solar power plant increases the average variable cost decreases. The ATC (Average Total Cost) refers to the sum of the fixed in variable costs. Although there isn’t an Average Fixed Costs curve which is represented in the diagram, it can be seen that the ATC curve is significantly greater than the AVC curve. In this case, the AVC curve will refer to the school’s monthly energy costs. As it can be seen from the calculations above, the initial Average Total Cost will be assumed as 42.546$ because it is the total equivalent for the cost of school’s monthly energy consumption.</p><p>However, after the installment of the solar power plant, it can be seen that energy worth of 14.785$ is produced monthly in average. Whether the school chooses the use the energy which was produced through the solar power plant, or simply sell it for the same per-unit price used to buy it, there would be still decreases in costs. The 34.75% percent decrease in the school’s average variable costs (average total costs in this case) is represented with a downward shift of the ATC curve in Diagram 1. This decrease is shown with the change from ATC<sub>1</sub> to ATC<sub>2</sub>. The school told that the energy was sold to the government’s electrical network with the same per unit price of 0.133$/kW. There wasn’t any specific information regarding the specific the use of money, but it is added to the budget of the school’s foundation, Vehbi Koc Foundation, for other use such as the scholarships of students. So far, the solar power plant has shown itself to be a economically efficient since the production of energy enables the school to either cut the costs for energy consumption or simply spend the money for other purposes since foundations are legally bound to have zero profits.</p><p><strong>Diagram 2- Supply-Demand for Koc School's Energy Production</strong></p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/general/koc-2.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 263px; float: left;">However, if the solar power plant was the only method for school to acquire energy, it would be far from sufficient as the monthly amount of consumption is approximately three times the value of the energy produced by the power plant. This situation can be analyzed through the use of economic concepts of demand, supply, and shortage using a Supply-Demand diagram for the school’s energy production. <em>Demand</em> <em>refers to the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase a given quantity of a good or service at a given point in time or over a period in time. (3)</em></p><p>(3) “Definitions.” <em>Transition Economies</em>, www.economicsonline.co.uk/Definitions/Demand.html.</p><p><em> </em>In this case, the demand refers to the school’s monthly energy consumption.</p><div><p>Whereas, <em>supply of a good is the willingness and ability of producers to create goods and services to take them to market. (4)</em> The energy supply of the school refers to the amount of energy which is produced by the solar power plant. The school’s energy consumption exceeds the energy production so the Quantity Demanded exceeds Quantity Supplied (Q<sub>d</sub> > Q<sub>s</sub>). This creates a shortage, obligating the school to meet its remaining portion of the energy demand through purchasing it from the government’s electrical network. The stakeholders in this situation are the government, the school, and the students. Purchasing the remaining energy demand imposes economical costs on the school, since the school would have to pay extra money. Moreover, there would be opportunity costs involved in this situation. The term <em>opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is sacrificed as a result of making a choice. (5)</em></p><p><em>(4) Definitions.” Transition Economies, www.economicsonline.co.uk/Definitions/Supply.html.</em></p><p><em>(5) Tragakes, Ellie. IB Economics in a Nutshell: Exam Study Guide, page 1 Noema Press, 2015.</em></p><p>The school could have used the money which was spent on the rest of the energy demand for other purposes, however: the scarcity of resources (energy) necessities choice which involves opportunity costs. The government, another stakeholder, is the supplier as it earns revenue by selling energy to the school. It can’t be determined whether the government is worse off because the per unit price that the government pays to import the electricity from other countries is not known. If the per unit price for electricity that is paid by the government to import is greater than 0.133$/kW, then the government is worse off since they are experiencing losses when selling it. Whereas, if the per unit price is less than 0.133$/kW, then the government is better off since they are experiencing profits for each additional unit of electrical energy sold. Finally, although they are not a part of this transaction directly, students are also affected. Due to the fact that students have the biggest population within the school, most of the energy demand is resulting from their presence. This would reflect to the school’s tuition which is paid by the students (and their families). In the end, students would be the ones who are paying most of the school’s energy expenses although they are not a part of the transaction, making them worse off. This situation can be classified as an externality as external costs are imposed on a third party (the students). Overall, the installment of the solar power plant has effects on additional third parties alongside the students. This can be analyzed through the economic concept of positive externality of production.</p><p>An externality occurs when market fails to achieve allocative efficiency because marginal social benefits (MSB) are greater/less than the marginal social costs (MSC). The reason behind this inequality is that there are effects on third parties who are not involved in the transaction. The types of externalities are first divided to two as negative and positive externalities. Negative externalities arise from the overallocation of resources, too much is produced relative to the social optimum quantity. On the other hand, positive externalities arise from the under allocation of resources in which too little is produced in relation to the <img alt="" src="../../../ib/economics/images/general/koc-3.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 207px; float: right;">social optimum. A positive externality of production arise from the underproduction of a good/service which is beneficial for the third parties involved. Relating back to the school’s case, it can be said that solar power is beneficial for the third parties as it is a way to generate energy without harming the environment. This situation can be analyzed through the diagram to the right.</p><p><strong>Diagram 3 - Positive Externality of Production Graph</strong></p><div><p>In the diagram, the Marginal Private Cost (MPC) curve is equal to the supply curve and greater than the Marginal Social Cost (MSC) curve because producers create external benefits for the society. Solar energy is produced through the new power plant in the school, and this is beneficial for the society because solar energy is a type of renewable energy and a clean technology. The usage of clean technology contributes to the environmental sustainability of the area, as it produces very little or no environmental harm in relation to energy produced through the burning of fossil fuels. This is an external benefit enjoyed by not just the parties involved in the transaction, but society as well. Moreover, there are benefits other than environmental sustainability, such as the creation of an educative example for the students. Since the non-renewable methods of energy production is not sustainable, renewable methods such as solar power gains more importance every day. In order to encourage students to choose these energy methods in the future, the school has built a classroom next to the solar power plant, which is also operated through solar power, to have classes regarding solar energy and its importance alongside other renewable energy production methods. The solar power plant in the school is also the biggest one (in terms of output) in the Marmara region and it is the first one that is built by an educational organization/facility. So the solar power plant in the school is considered to be national example for any kind of organization. However, as it was analyzed earlier, the production of the solar power plant (Q<sub>1</sub>) is not sufficient to supply the school’s demand, which is represented as Q<sub>2</sub>, the social optimum point, in the diagram. The shaded area which results from this difference represents the deadweight/welfare loss of the society. A method that can be used in order to reduce this welfare loss can be Market-Based policies such as the provision of subsidy by the government. An involvement of a subsidy would shift the supply curve (MPC) towards the MSC curve, minimizing the area between the curves, and consequently the welfare loss. The government already buys the energy produced by the school’s solar power plant but a subsidy would be a more effective way since it would decrease the school’s energy costs even further. However, there are certain drawbacks in this method of solution such as difficulty in estimating the value of external benefits and the opportunity costs involved in the usage of government’s funds.</p><h4>Conclusion</h4><p>The installment of the solar power plant at the school meant that new costs, benefits, and externalities should be analyzed in order to determine whether this decision was economically efficient. Data collected from international and governmental organizations showed that the usage of renewable energy was increasing both in Turkey and across the world as the rapid environmental deterioration required clean and sustainable technologies for energy production. This was the main goal behind the school’s decision and it was hypothesized that these benefits, alongside additional ones that were discussed in the essay would render the solar power plant an economically efficient decision.</p><p>However, the collected data showed that the solar power plant’s energy production constituted only about 34.75% of the school’s energy consumption demand, obligating to school to buy the remaining from the government. This led to the creation of a shortage and a positive externality of production.</p><p>On the other hand, the school was able to cut its energy costs by selling the produced energy for the same unit price which was used to buy the electrical energy initially. This enabled the school to spend the money on elsewhere such as student scholarships or other educative projects. Moreover, there were additional benefits for the society as the solar power plant enabled a way to produce energy without imposing harm to the environment.</p><p>There were some limitations in the investigation. The most recent data for energy production and consumption of the school (2018) was not available at the time of research and this restricted the data set to a maximum of a year since the power plant began production in 2017. In addition, the facilities department was restricted to share certain information such as the overall cost of the investment. Finally, since the welfare loss/gain resulting from the environmental implications of the power plant posed difficulty to calculate, it was hard to determine the extent of the market failure.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blueBg"><h4><strong>References and Bibliography</strong></h4><p>“Renewable Energy.” <em>ACCIONA: Sustainable Infrastructure and Renewable Energy</em>, www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/.</p><p>Congdon, William J., et al. <em>Policy and Choice: Public Finance through the Lens of Behavioral Economics</em>. Brookings Institution Press, 2011.</p><p>Tragakes, Ellie. <em>Economics for the IB Diploma</em>. W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library, 2017.</p><p>Tragakes, Ellie. <em>IB Economics in a Nutshell: Exam Study Guide</em>. Noema Press, 2015.</p><p>“Renewable Energy Consumption (% of Total Final Energy Consumption).” <em> | Data</em>, data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?end=2015&locations=TR&name_desc=false&start=1990.</p><p>Holroyd, Stephen. <em>IB Economics</em>. Oxford Study Courses, 2004.</p><p>“Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Solar.” <em>Enerji.gov.tr</em>, www.enerji.gov.tr/en-us/pages/solar.</p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-7200"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
body {
--keycap-height: 39px;
--keycap-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-shift-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-small-font-size: 9px;
--keycap-extra-small-font-size: 9px;
--keyboard-toolbar-font-size: 16px;
--keycap-gap: 1px;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.95.4/dist/mathlive.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script src="../../../%40cortex-js/compute-engine%400.12.3/dist/compute-engine.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cortexjs-utils.min.js?v=20230810"></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=202305221900"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "economics/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=fd6a5e8a06cfccf2&x=28500';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZc+iZsoiQ1+jn2UjpCqiT2UM]i]VleIxZCo|u9Lvw8qNk)qIC8qNuYqNk)qInM+IY)2iw)2vScU-W[UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[bMLmTYqNu8/[g[qiTsqIbCowZ1qx/z]-]6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIj>u2vr[5[bg+NLc/[g[2|TMojTe+iTahNk[5[/Mn4&f][bZ';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '32d89a736212cc4104d84be7c4c80924';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=20230303">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202212191730">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$('img.ico[src="https://assets.inthinking.net/thinkib/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title");$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')});$(".tib-popover").popover({html:true,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();if(position.top>200){return"top"}if(position.left<515){return"right"}if(position.top<200){return"bottom"}if(position.left>515){return"left"}return"top"}}).click(function(e){e.preventDefault()});var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime});$(".tib-indicators > img").click(function(){var index=$(this).index();var container=$(this).closest(".carousel.slide");container.carousel(index)});setShowResultsListeners($("#container"));addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>